农村的癌症病人,去哪里看病?
<strong style="color: blue;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/FQoj8xqrsbBqtKELLmiaJOe2bg8YeAuiaicSnleialXZX9hjyBmFQDhLtPcvdY5iatLgVEYLZg5icn5jn2fjPLKaibhpQ/640?wx_fmt=gif&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">文</span> |《财经国家周刊》记者 张曙霞</span><span style="color: black;">“<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>县级医院<span style="color: black;">无</span>设置肿瘤科,每年157万农村新发癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>去哪里看病?<span style="color: black;">她们</span>又<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>能够得到规范化的诊治服务?”对着台下数百名县级医院院长和<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>,赵平如是发问。</span><p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">赵平是中国医学科学院肿瘤医院原院长,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是一名杰出的肿瘤外科专家。近年来,为了让广大农村癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>得到同质化诊疗服务,他<span style="color: black;">奔走</span>各地,致力于推动基层肿瘤中心建设,<span style="color: black;">提高</span>基层医疗<span style="color: black;">公司</span>癌症诊疗水平。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">国家癌症中心最新数据<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,2015年全国恶性肿瘤新发病约392.9万人,其中,农村地区新发病例约157.7万例,占比约40%。而<span style="color: black;">按照</span>癌症死亡率/发病率<span style="color: black;">评定</span>,2015年城市居民为56.6%,而农村为63.8%,比城市高7个百分点。</p>
<img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/FQoj8xqrsbA4R250obj1P85owMIc9UnlMkc8mjtj7xsG2KHP59LJnB8QPOUhz8A4LAibqUsFXnfmPNxk74LtYYw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">▲图/新华社发</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">“农村和城市数据的差异,在<span style="color: black;">必定</span>程度上反映了农村癌症诊疗能力、医疗资源配置存在<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的差距,加强农村和基层的肿瘤诊疗能力非常<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>。”原卫生部<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>预防<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>局副局长、中国癌症基金会副理事长孔灵芝<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">《财经国家周刊》记者调查采访<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,农村地区癌症防治短板<span style="color: black;">表现</span>在多个方面,如农村居民防癌<span style="color: black;">认识</span>相对薄弱、早筛早诊早治覆盖面<span style="color: black;">不足</span>、县域肿瘤专科配置不足、肿瘤专业人才匮乏、诊疗规范化和同质化水平参差不齐等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">赵平认为,我国癌症防治的短板在农村,短板影响整体水平的<span style="color: black;">提高</span>,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>农村癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">看病</span>问题未能妥善<span style="color: black;">处理</span>,将妨碍我国肿瘤整体防治战略<span style="color: black;">目的</span>的实现。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">国家层面<span style="color: black;">亦</span>已关切这一问题,今年6月初,国务院办公厅印发的《关于推动公立医院高质量发展的意见》<span style="color: black;">知道</span>提出,加强县级医院能力建设,<span style="color: black;">提高</span>核心专科、夯实支撑专科、打造<span style="color: black;">优良</span>专科,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>肿瘤、心脑血管、<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>、消化和感染性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>等防治能力,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>县域就诊率。</span></p><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/FQoj8xqrsbDShCRstE2ym9JdBR6icuvvONoGiaVjGRLBEJNpUuoGjJvg2j3UhsI5kwG6HZW1eZmESTP8tBbia8x4w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">跨省<span style="color: black;">看病</span>的得与失</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2020年初<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>的新冠肺炎疫情,曾让各地的癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>忧心。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">“<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">外区</span>病人进不来北京,<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是<span style="color: black;">青年</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>,觉得肿瘤<span style="color: black;">每日</span>在长,只能干着急。”北京某知名结直肠外科<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>在自己的社交平台写道,去年北京疫情防控形势最紧张的那段时间,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>院感防控的<span style="color: black;">需求</span>,他一度<span style="color: black;">每日</span>只能接诊10个号。</span></p><span style="color: black;">让他惋惜的是一个<span style="color: black;">外区</span>直肠癌病例,“当地的诊断和<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的诊断相差<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>,而肿瘤的诊疗水平会直接影响病人的治疗效果<span style="color: black;">。</span>”</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在我国,癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>是异地<span style="color: black;">看病</span>的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>人群。国家卫健委《2019年国家医疗服务与质量安全报告》<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,2018年,1754家三级医院501.6万省外<span style="color: black;">看病</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>中,<span style="color: black;">根据</span>出院科室统计,肿瘤科省外<span style="color: black;">病人</span>人数占比达9.23%,这一比例在2016年、2017年分别为7.97%、8.41%。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">由此可见,越来越多的肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>跨省<span style="color: black;">看病</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">从病种看,省外<span style="color: black;">看病</span>人次最多的前10位病种中,和肿瘤<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的有4个,分别为肿瘤化疗、放射治疗、未特指的支气管或肺恶性肿瘤以及未特指的乳房恶性肿瘤。其中,肿瘤化疗排在首位,占比高达9.5%。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">三级医院接诊的省外<span style="color: black;">看病</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>群体中,有相当比例是来自农村地区的癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">例如,瑞金是江西省赣州市代管县级市,辖区人口约70万人。江西省瑞金市人民医院业务副院长曾瑞亮透露,<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>每年癌症新发病例800多人,但留在当地就诊的不到10%。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">而据福建省汀州医院院长曹金来统计,医院所在的长汀县,每年新发癌症病人有700多人,其中约65%都<span style="color: black;">选取</span>了外出<span style="color: black;">看病</span>,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>去向是福州、广州、上海等地的大型三甲医院。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/FQoj8xqrsbAlAbXmfa6N2pcIfj5Jhiaib7mI5G9P3E9kiaGwHBwSN7YDytNicpeUfKk6xIQyv8Q4iaaaq3ZpKyzWksQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">▲<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>在查看<span style="color: black;">病人</span>肺部CT片,<span style="color: black;">科研</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>。图/新华社发</span></p><span style="color: black;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">对大部分农村癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,<span style="color: black;">选取</span>出县乃至跨省<span style="color: black;">看病</span>,可能能得到更全面专业的诊治,但出去看病并不<span style="color: black;">容易</span>。除了就诊难、两地<span style="color: black;">奔走</span><span style="color: black;">疲劳</span>,医疗费、差旅住宿费等开销<span style="color: black;">亦</span>让部分<span style="color: black;">病人</span>及家庭吃不消。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">前述知名结直肠外科<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>说,一位来自农村的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>家属曾催促他尽快治疗,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>“从<span style="color: black;">外区</span>赶过来,光做<span style="color: black;">检测</span>就两个礼拜,吃饭住宿的消费不说,病人<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有点受不了”,<span style="color: black;">另一</span>“放疗再等二十多天,<span style="color: black;">每日</span>的旅馆费就要400多元”。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">这不是个例。<span style="color: black;">按照</span>《2019年国家医疗服务与质量安全报告》,省外<span style="color: black;">看病</span><span style="color: black;">花费</span><span style="color: black;">广泛</span>高于本省<span style="color: black;">看病</span>。例如,肿瘤放疗单次住院<span style="color: black;">花费</span>,本省<span style="color: black;">看病</span>只需1.05万元,省外<span style="color: black;">看病</span>达到5.12万元,放疗本省<span style="color: black;">看病</span>单次住院<span style="color: black;">花费</span>为3.34万元,省外<span style="color: black;">看病</span>则高达16.6万元。这还不<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>及陪护家属旅途及食宿<span style="color: black;">花费</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">有学者曾<span style="color: black;">科研</span>过农村癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>首诊<span style="color: black;">公司</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>的影响<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,结果<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,“距离近”“口碑好,服务质量好”是癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>最为看重的。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">广大县级医院显然离农村<span style="color: black;">病人</span>更近,但<span style="color: black;">病人</span>依然<span style="color: black;">选取</span>异地<span style="color: black;">看病</span>,<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>当地的诊疗服务水平<span style="color: black;">无</span>得到充分的认可。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>这一问题,国家卫健委《2018年国家医疗服务与质量安全报告》有过<span style="color: black;">知道</span>总结:现有的肿瘤防治资源不足,分配不均,服务<span style="color: black;">供给</span>与群众需求存在<span style="color: black;">明显</span>矛盾,肿瘤规范化诊治水平地区差异<span style="color: black;">显著</span>,尤其是西部地区和地市级以下医疗<span style="color: black;">公司</span>肿瘤诊疗能力<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>较弱,诊疗服务欠规范,<span style="color: black;">海量</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>涌入大城市三级医院,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>大医院<span style="color: black;">处在</span>超负荷运转状态。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">而对县级医院而言,<span style="color: black;">病人</span>外流,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>带走了大笔<span style="color: black;">医疗保险</span>基金,这反过来<span style="color: black;">亦</span>影响了医院的能力建设和<span style="color: black;">提高</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/FQoj8xqrsbA4R250obj1P85owMIc9UnlQRM3IHTGnNfJQB1alLb9RiaicEGp8rgCiaqY3rz4UtDV2cLQlCnHndUsg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">▲图/新华社发</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">曹金来算过一笔账:以长汀县每年新发癌症外出<span style="color: black;">看病</span>比例计算,按每人每年10万元的<span style="color: black;">花费</span>,三甲医院报销45%,带走的<span style="color: black;">医疗保险</span>资金就超过2000万元。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">河北唐县人民医院高级业务总监杨玉霞<span style="color: black;">亦</span>估算过,唐县人民医院转诊率最高的<span style="color: black;">便是</span>癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>去往石家庄、北京等地大型三甲医院,带走的<span style="color: black;">医疗保险</span>资金占比约1/3。</span></p><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/FQoj8xqrsbDShCRstE2ym9JdBR6icuvvOicewNeaFsrMXqlhd1leibROmmoAC4zZITb30Mjgia04NwN6WWnRcX8R6w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">县域大病专科建设仍是薄弱环节</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在我国2800多个县级行政单位中,分布着上万家县级医疗<span style="color: black;">公司</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">分级诊疗背景下,县级医院<span style="color: black;">做为</span>城乡医疗卫生服务体系承接的纽带,承担着县域居民<span style="color: black;">平常</span>病、多发病的诊疗、危急重症<span style="color: black;">救治</span>与疑难病转诊的任务,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是落实分级诊疗制度和医联体建设的<span style="color: black;">重要</span>环节。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/FQoj8xqrsbA4R250obj1P85owMIc9UnljeujY6Fg9m6IEx0anWF9hhiak3kicbbmxyad61MIicOasEuKI8CsmJVYA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">▲</span>贵州遵义某县级医院的病房。图/新华社发</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">为此,近年来,国家大力扶持县级医院<span style="color: black;">提高</span>服务能力和建设水平,成效<span style="color: black;">亦</span>很<span style="color: black;">明显</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>赵平的观察,县域医疗水平、资源配置<span style="color: black;">始终</span>在改善和<span style="color: black;">提高</span>,基层医疗队伍基本<span style="color: black;">能够</span>满足<span style="color: black;">平常</span>病、多发病的诊治,<span style="color: black;">不外</span>,大病专科建设依然是薄弱环节,尤其是癌症的诊断和治疗能力不足。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">遵义市<span style="color: black;">第1</span>人民医院院长袁正强认为,和城市地区相比,县域内癌症医疗服务水平的差距<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">表现</span>在三方面:一是防癌宣教缺失,老<span style="color: black;">大众</span><span style="color: black;">针对</span>癌症的高危致病<span style="color: black;">原因</span>缺少认知,缺乏预防<span style="color: black;">认识</span>和知识;二是早筛早诊能力不足;三是癌症规范化诊疗水平相对较低。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">不论是老<span style="color: black;">大众</span>的防癌科普、早筛早诊还是癌症的规范化诊疗的推进,都离不开县级肿瘤中心的系统建设。但<span style="color: black;">针对</span>基层而言,<span style="color: black;">创立</span>和发展肿瘤中心,还存在多重现实困难。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">例如</span>,最典型的病床紧张,就难倒了<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>县级医院负责人。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在瑞金市人民医院,“肿瘤科<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>24张病床,但<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>住院的病人远超30人。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>肿瘤病人是‘一床难求’。”曾瑞亮说。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">曹金来<span style="color: black;">一样</span>为病床紧张的问题所<span style="color: black;">困惑</span>,他所在的福建汀州医院肿瘤科成立已超过15年,但“<span style="color: black;">迄今</span><span style="color: black;">仅有</span>45张床位,<span style="color: black;">每日</span>的住院病人有六七十个,只能<span style="color: black;">持续</span>加床”<span style="color: black;">。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">东中部地区的县域尚且如此,西部偏远地区更不必说。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">贵州毕节市共有900多万人,每年新发癌症病人约1.74万。但毕节市<span style="color: black;">第1</span>人民医院肿瘤科<span style="color: black;">专家</span>王天武介绍,全市<span style="color: black;">仅有</span><span style="color: black;">她们</span>一家三甲医院,2004年成立了肿瘤科,共有60多张床位,诊疗能力<span style="color: black;">显著</span>严重不足,<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>病人只能去重庆、成都、贵阳等地看病。</span></p><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/FQoj8xqrsbDShCRstE2ym9JdBR6icuvvOLwu3UpZ89ryE7Mt8AaSZLF40ZOic2otdBR5pRWLjUx3znPl8QoOC7Mg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">设备与技术短缺问题待解</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">除了病床不足,缺设备、治疗手段相对单一,则是制约县级医院癌症诊疗服务水平的另一个<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">重庆市肿瘤医院原院长周琦介绍,癌症的治疗方式<span style="color: black;">区别</span>于其它<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,在恶性肿瘤切除手术后<span style="color: black;">常常</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>接受6~7次化疗或放疗。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>在医疗<span style="color: black;">要求</span>相对成熟的县级医院设立肿瘤科,将<span style="color: black;">病人</span>留在县域内化疗或放疗,将大大减轻<span style="color: black;">病人</span>经济<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">从<span style="color: black;">日前</span>县级医院<span style="color: black;">状况</span>看,开展化疗的相对较多,但能做放疗的很少。究其<span style="color: black;">原由</span>,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>还是缺设备、缺技术。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">公开资料<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,大约70%的恶性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>在治疗过程中<span style="color: black;">必须</span>接受放射治疗,而对肿瘤的治愈,在<span style="color: black;">有些</span>发达国家,手术、放疗、化疗的贡献率大约是49%、40%和11%的水平。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在我国,这一治疗恶性肿瘤的利器,还未得到充分利用。<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>,我国每年新发429万恶性肿瘤病例,<span style="color: black;">根据</span>比例,约300万<span style="color: black;">病人</span>应该接受放疗,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>复发肿瘤放疗和姑息放疗,但每年放疗<span style="color: black;">公司</span><span style="color: black;">实质</span>收治<span style="color: black;">病人</span>数量为92万。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">放疗应用率相对较低的<span style="color: black;">暗地里</span>,是<span style="color: black;">做为</span>放疗主流设备的医用加速器配备不足且区域之间存在<span style="color: black;">显著</span>不<span style="color: black;">平衡</span>性。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>世界卫生组织的<span style="color: black;">意见</span>,平均每百万人应配置2~4台医用加速器。四川省癌症防治中心<span style="color: black;">专家</span>、中华医学会第八届放射肿瘤学分会<span style="color: black;">专家</span>委员郎锦义曾撰文<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,2015年,我国百万人口加速器的<span style="color: black;">持有</span>量为1.42台,在经济欠发达的省市,如西藏、云南、贵州,百万人口加速器<span style="color: black;">持有</span>量分别为0.33、0.62和0.54台。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">详细</span>到县级医院,放疗设备短缺的问题更为典型。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">“唐县人民医院肿瘤科成立于2010年,<span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>开展化疗、射频消融术、放射性粒子组织间<span style="color: black;">移植</span>治疗、高频热疗等项目,放疗<span style="color: black;">始终</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>落地。”杨玉霞说。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">曾瑞亮<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,瑞金市人民医院<span style="color: black;">日前</span>并未配备放疗设备,治疗手段比较单一,大部分癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>还是以终末期治疗为主。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">王天武介绍,毕节市900多万人口,<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>3家医院配备了医用加速器,相当于百万人口加速器<span style="color: black;">持有</span>量0.33%,缺口<span style="color: black;">很强</span>。<span style="color: black;">况且</span>,其所在的毕节市<span style="color: black;">第1</span>人民医院,于2012年开展放疗,如今设备<span style="color: black;">已然</span>老旧,<span style="color: black;">一月</span>就要维修一两次,对病人<span style="color: black;">平常</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">导致</span>不良影响,急需更新换代。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">遵义的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>更<span style="color: black;">明显</span>。袁正强介绍,遵义市约800万人口,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>有<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>1家医院配备了加速器,<span style="color: black;">另一</span>两家医院正在采购中。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">中国医学科学院肿瘤<span style="color: black;">科研</span>所<span style="color: black;">科研</span>员胡逸民认为,医用加速器仍是放射治疗的主流设备,应适当配置到50万人口以上的大县二级甲等医院。到2025年,我国应<span style="color: black;">最少</span>配置3000~5000台医用加速器。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">多位县级医院负责人<span style="color: black;">亦</span>正在寻求放疗<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">曹金来告诉《财经国家周刊》记者,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>当地癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">实质</span>需求及医院发展规划,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>福建汀州医院的新院区正在建设,预计3年<span style="color: black;">上下</span>完成,届时将会配备放疗中心,从而让医院诊疗能力辐射三明等周边县市,<span style="color: black;">作为</span>闽西区域肿瘤中心。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>县级医院购买放疗设备、开展放疗服务,北京协和医院教育处处长、放射治疗科首席<span style="color: black;">理学</span>师邱杰<span style="color: black;">意见</span>,要结合当地<span style="color: black;">详细</span>癌种以及医院综合实力量力而行,县级医院应该首选自动化程度高、稳定性水平高的放疗设备,而<span style="color: black;">不该</span><span style="color: black;">茫然</span>追求功能齐全。</span></p><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/FQoj8xqrsbDShCRstE2ym9JdBR6icuvvO9w89sINDyib0HYWEsNibRRIt8BYARTfjPVVxicicuGSDppxA1cC9kib0geg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">最头疼的还是“人才荒”</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">床位、设备不足,还不算最棘手的,县级医院负责人更头疼的,还是人才问题。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>就诊医院,最在乎的<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>诊疗服务能力水平。不少县级医院负责人都很清楚,能否取得癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>信任、将其留在县域内治疗,取决于院内<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>团队<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>能<span style="color: black;">供给</span>规范化、同质化的诊疗服务。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">要做到这一点,人才是<span style="color: black;">重要</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">“<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>人才引进存在不小的困难,尤其是近几年,别说硕士、博士,就连本科生都<span style="color: black;">欠好</span>引进,<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>的技术<span style="color: black;">亦</span>相对匮乏,医院的肿瘤规范化治疗水平亟待<span style="color: black;">提高</span>。”曾瑞亮说。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">王天武<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,针对人才短缺的问题,近年来毕节市<span style="color: black;">第1</span>人民医院<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">加强</span>招聘<span style="color: black;">薪水</span>等<span style="color: black;">措施</span>引进人才,但毕竟地处偏远、脱贫不久,各项<span style="color: black;">要求</span>都有限,对医务人员的吸引力还<span style="color: black;">不足</span>大。</p>
<img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/FQoj8xqrsbA4R250obj1P85owMIc9Unl71picxicUD9YHIPIp9KHDRpryhMvyYFbhJQU9MhMorbXGlpKac0r6SOw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">▲图/新华社发</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">以放疗为例,放疗依赖设备和技术,而放疗质控是决定癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>治疗成败的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>环节,是放疗的生命线,合格的放疗医师、<span style="color: black;">理学</span>师的配备则是<span style="color: black;">保证</span>放疗质控的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">知名放疗专家、中国医学科学院肿瘤医院深圳医院院长王绿化曾公开<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,我国肿瘤放射治疗欠规范化、缺乏培训,存在放射性<span style="color: black;">损害</span>和放射病。仅有30%的医学<span style="color: black;">理学</span>师在国内<span style="color: black;">重点</span>放疗中心接受系统培训。在国内某省,<span style="color: black;">持有</span>116家放疗<span style="color: black;">公司</span>,但仅有59名医学<span style="color: black;">理学</span>师。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">国家卫健委医院管理<span style="color: black;">科研</span>所特聘专家徐洪波<span style="color: black;">意见</span>,基层医院建设肿瘤中心是一个<span style="color: black;">长时间</span><span style="color: black;">连续</span>发展的过程,在人才方面应以选拔为起点,<span style="color: black;">想要</span>走得远走得稳,<span style="color: black;">必定</span>要注重培养。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">有些</span>基层医院<span style="color: black;">选取</span>请来上级医院大牌专家。山东沂南县人民医院副院长王淑军就<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,当前医院技术力量还比较薄弱,请专家的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>目的是带动学科发展,让本院<span style="color: black;">医生</span>能有<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>学习和交流的机会。<span style="color: black;">不外</span>,他<span style="color: black;">亦</span>直言,请专家<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是大专家的<span style="color: black;">花费</span>比较高,但从医院长远发展看,有上级专家<span style="color: black;">定时</span>坐诊,相当于给当地老<span style="color: black;">大众</span>吃下定心丸,会逐步<span style="color: black;">增多</span>对县医院能力的信任。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">“<span style="color: black;">不但</span>要请专家下来坐诊<span style="color: black;">指点</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>还要把自己的<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>送出去学,请和学两者要结合。”赵平认为。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">据<span style="color: black;">认识</span>,针对广大县级医院肿瘤<span style="color: black;">关联</span>人才缺乏的<span style="color: black;">实质</span>问题,2016年,中国癌症基金会开展了全国万名<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>肿瘤学公益培训项目。随后,又推出“基层肿瘤中心建设培训项目”,<span style="color: black;">截止</span>2020年12月初,已有863家县级医院、2000位学员参加了“基层肿瘤中心建设培训项目”。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>这一培训项目仍在继续。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/FQoj8xqrsbAbXsZzDkZCMwLY25oKGbBFGXsj5g80umuI3jf0TyEqvdDr9hicFEZQIjOdczs94g9ZljkRcZzAPHg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">▲图/视觉中国</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">关于基层医院人才培养,邱杰<span style="color: black;">意见</span>,基层医院应积极利用网络平台、信息化等技术手段与上级医院形成机制化、常态化的合作交流。例如,北京协和医院就<span style="color: black;">经过</span>“云放疗”系统,远程<span style="color: black;">指点</span>多家基层医院进行高质量的放射治疗。在这个过程中,放疗质控逐步实现远程化,北京协和医院高标准的质控<span style="color: black;">需求</span>直接影响到基层医院的<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>和<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,让基层医院的放疗有了“协和标准”。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">另外</span>,不论是选拔还是培养的人才,要将其留在基层,赵平认为,医院还<span style="color: black;">必要</span>在经济<span style="color: black;">薪水</span>和事业发展两方面多下功夫。</span></p><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/FQoj8xqrsbDShCRstE2ym9JdBR6icuvvOJicV8q4WnOqxuoHeNOL7CEac80X7fNx8ocv2YFO8AP5CXtA3l1yoVYQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">由易到难逐步补短板</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">基层医院加强肿瘤能力建设,是一个<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>的系统工程。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">“基层肿瘤中心建设并非一蹴而就。县级医院<span style="color: black;">提高</span>肿瘤防治能力,促进<span style="color: black;">大众</span>健康,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>做的事情有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>。”孔灵芝认为,资源相对匮乏的地区,县级医院建设肿瘤中心之前应充分<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">自己</span>财力物力和人才,由易到难一步步补短板,<span style="color: black;">得到</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>群体的信任,并在可承担的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上,朝着更高的<span style="color: black;">目的</span>迈进,切忌<span style="color: black;">不顾及</span>当地民众收入水平、病人基数以及医院承受能力等<span style="color: black;">要求</span>,<span style="color: black;">茫然</span>引进昂贵的高端设备。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">有专家提示,县级医院应<span style="color: black;">注意</span>预防功能的发挥,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>癌症防治认知,<span style="color: black;">提高</span>早筛早诊<span style="color: black;">认识</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在袁正强看来,基层肿瘤中心建设,<span style="color: black;">不可</span>局限于治疗层面,要把重心转向预防,做好基层老<span style="color: black;">大众</span>早筛早诊,让其得到<span style="color: black;">即时</span>治疗。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在基层肿瘤中心建设过程中,<span style="color: black;">保准</span>诊疗“规范化”<span style="color: black;">更加是</span>头等大事。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">周琦<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,中国肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">广泛</span>的诊疗模式是,谁<span style="color: black;">第1</span>个“抓到”<span style="color: black;">病人</span>谁看,外科“抓到”外科看,内科“抓到”内科看,假如<span style="color: black;">病人</span>咨询多个科室,有可能得到多个<span style="color: black;">区别</span><span style="color: black;">乃至</span>相悖的治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>,治疗的科学性和规范性都难以<span style="color: black;">保准</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">对此,多位专家认为,二级医院开展<span style="color: black;">平常</span>恶性肿瘤多学科综合诊治(MDT)模式是必然趋势。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">所说</span>MDT模式,是<span style="color: black;">经过</span>定人、<span style="color: black;">按时</span>、<span style="color: black;">选定</span>的会诊形式,针对某一特定的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,商定最佳治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>,继而由<span style="color: black;">关联</span>学科单独或多学科联合执行的临床诊疗模式。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">辽宁省肿瘤医院副院长赵岩<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,MDT能为肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>更<span style="color: black;">有效</span>、更经济、更科学的治疗,已<span style="color: black;">作为</span>肿瘤诊疗体系的科学模式。县级医院肿瘤专科建设有必要对MDT模式的实施做好规划。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">有些</span><span style="color: black;">地区</span>医院<span style="color: black;">亦</span>在尝试做出探索,海安市人民医院党委书记张建平介绍,医院在2015年6月就<span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">起步</span>恶性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>多学科联合会诊,规定肺结节、食管肿瘤、结直肠肿瘤等恶性肿瘤治疗前须经<span style="color: black;">太多</span>学科会诊,这确实为部分<span style="color: black;">病人</span>降低了治疗<span style="color: black;">花费</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span>改善其预后。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">不外</span>,张建平<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有困惑,一方面,县级医院对肿瘤治疗缺乏全局观,学科和病种划分模糊,肿瘤病人尤其是化疗病人的收治<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>界定,<span style="color: black;">病人</span>分布于<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>内科、外科、肿瘤科等各科室,而各科室对治疗标准的执行<span style="color: black;">状况</span>存在差异。另一方面,肿瘤需开展MDT病种较多,医院高水平会诊专家偏少,会诊专家尤其外科系统专家MDT时间难以<span style="color: black;">保证</span>。这些现实问题都呼唤更接地气的<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">“县级医院肿瘤科建设要有一个过程,不论是<span style="color: black;">自己</span>能力还是资金投入等方面都要量力而行,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>没能力,还是要做好向上级医院的转诊工作。”山西省肿瘤医院副院长赵国良说。</span></p><span style="color: black;">赵平<span style="color: black;">亦</span>提醒,并非国内所有的县医院都<span style="color: black;">必须</span>马上<span style="color: black;">创立</span>肿瘤科、引进放疗设备,还是要基于人口数量、经济发展水平等客观要素,有<span style="color: black;">要求</span>的积极发展,成熟一个发展一个,<span style="color: black;">要求</span>尚不成熟的不要硬上。</span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">
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