6hz7vif 发表于 2024-6-28 01:33:12

癌症病人必看:怎么样避免过度治疗,选取最适合自己的治疗办法!


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q9.itc.cn/images01/20240603/2d135a7554c94759a0adc09b2956c74f.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">引言</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">过度治疗的概念最早可追溯至1967年,流行病学家杰克·温伯格进行的调查<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,<span style="color: black;">区别</span>地区对同一<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span>不尽相同,这种<span style="color: black;">选取</span>并不完全<span style="color: black;">按照</span>临床指南。这个<span style="color: black;">发掘</span><span style="color: black;">逐步</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span><span style="color: black;">大众</span>对“过度治疗”的<span style="color: black;">注意</span>。国际上<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>将“Unnecessary health care”直译为:不必要的卫生保健。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2008年,JAMA将过度治疗定义为:过量的或花费过高的治疗。这种治疗在癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的救治过程非常<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>过度治疗是<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>违背医学规范和伦理准则,脱离病情<span style="color: black;">实质</span>需求,实施不恰当、不规范、不道德的医疗<span style="color: black;">行径</span>。确实,<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">大夫</span>为了延长<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的<span style="color: black;">存活</span>期,就会<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>放化疗剂量来进行改善,但这种做法<span style="color: black;">常常</span>得不偿失,可能还会加速<span style="color: black;">病人</span>死亡。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">1 <span style="color: black;">平常</span>的四种癌症过度治疗<span style="color: black;">行径</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q0.itc.cn/images01/20240603/b22885e441c943c39703511cd538c7a5.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>种是对<strong style="color: blue;"> 癌症手术</strong>,<span style="color: black;">茫然</span>鼓励多切除<span style="color: black;">周边</span>的正常组织,正常组织越切越大,<span style="color: black;">或</span>是在<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>需进行手术的前提下为了稳妥和保险而<span style="color: black;">选取</span>“一刀切”。严重地影响了<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的<span style="color: black;">存活</span>质量与后期功能<span style="color: black;">恢复</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">中国抗癌协会乳腺癌专业委员发起的我国首个针对中国<span style="color: black;">初期</span>乳腺癌外科诊疗<span style="color: black;">状况</span>的调研,该调研数据<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>在乳腺癌外科手术<span style="color: black;">行业</span>,<strong style="color: blue;">保乳手术只占所有乳腺癌手术的22%</strong>。但做<strong style="color: blue;">保乳手术的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>与<span style="color: black;">所有</span>切除乳房的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>相比,20年和30年的<span style="color: black;">长时间</span><span style="color: black;">存活</span>率是<span style="color: black;">无</span>差别的。</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">第二种是<strong style="color: blue;">化疗剂量与次数越来越大、越来越多</strong>。许多<span style="color: black;">病人</span>求生欲望<span style="color: black;">剧烈</span>,做完正常化疗,仍不<span style="color: black;">安心</span>,另选他家医院与<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>继续化疗,杀死了<span style="color: black;">海量</span>人体的健康组织与正常细胞。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">第三是<strong style="color: blue;">放疗</strong>。<span style="color: black;">茫然</span><span style="color: black;">需求</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>放疗次数,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>放疗剂量,许多对放疗极不<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>的癌症治疗<span style="color: black;">亦</span>被<span style="color: black;">选取</span>了放疗,结果是得不偿失。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">第四是<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">选取</span>许多偏方</strong>、新药等药理尚未证实,药效尚未<span style="color: black;">认识</span>的手段,进行<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">茫然</span>治疗</strong>、死马当作活马医,以毒攻毒,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>肿瘤病人的<span style="color: black;">损伤</span>与<span style="color: black;">损害</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其实,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,过度治疗可使<span style="color: black;">本来</span>虚弱的体能状态继续下降,不仅加重心理负担,还会破坏<span style="color: black;">自己</span>免疫,过分耗竭机体<span style="color: black;">潜能</span>,某种<span style="color: black;">方向</span>来讲是医源性地缩短<span style="color: black;">存活</span>时间。这将常<span style="color: black;">导致</span>严重并发症,<span style="color: black;">导致</span><span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>并非<span style="color: black;">亡于</span>癌症本身,而是<span style="color: black;">亡于</span>过度治疗。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在抗癌<span style="color: black;">方法</span>的<span style="color: black;">选取</span>上,<span style="color: black;">保证</span>治疗的<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>性、规范性和科学性<span style="color: black;">显出</span>尤为<span style="color: black;">重要</span>。为实现这一<span style="color: black;">目的</span>,免疫细胞治疗<span style="color: black;">做为</span>一种前沿疗法,正<span style="color: black;">作为</span>综合治疗的一大<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>方向。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">2 免疫细胞疗法安全、有效</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q2.itc.cn/images01/20240603/00066fc0b76c40ec8cca25e540d167aa.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">(DC-CIK治疗不会影响<span style="color: black;">病人</span>肝肾功能、凝血功能)</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2023年10月首都医科大学<span style="color: black;">附庸</span>北京世纪坛医院和美国马萨诸塞州总医院的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>团队在行业期刊American Journal Of Cancer Research上<span style="color: black;">发布</span>了题为Safety of dendritic cell and cytokine-induced killer (DC-CIK) cell-based immunotherapy in patients with solid tumor: aretrospective study in China的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>成果。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">该<span style="color: black;">科研</span>证实了DC-CIK细胞疗法不仅<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>良好的安全性,<span style="color: black;">况且</span><span style="color: black;">拥有</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span>的治疗效果。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">科研</span>人员对2012年8月—2022年8月<span style="color: black;">时期</span>参与DC-CIK治疗<span style="color: black;">实验</span>的1100例<span style="color: black;">病人</span>(共<span style="color: black;">触及</span>2504个治疗周期)的数据进行了回顾性分析。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">所有<span style="color: black;">病人</span>均接受了基于DC-CIK细胞疗法的单一或联合治疗。其中,癌症类型<span style="color: black;">包含</span>肺癌(23%)、胃肠道肿瘤(16%)、乳腺癌(10%)、恶性肝胆肿瘤(10%),黑色素瘤(0.5%)、肉瘤(1%)和神经系统肿瘤(1.5%)等。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,这些肿瘤<span style="color: black;">重点</span>为IV期(64%),<span style="color: black;">少许</span>恶性肿瘤已侵犯胸膜和腹膜(3%)。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">半数<span style="color: black;">病人</span>(46%)接受DC联合CIK治疗,其余<span style="color: black;">病人</span>仅接受CIK治疗(54%),<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>周期输注DC-CIK细胞的中位数为5.96×109。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">370名<span style="color: black;">病人</span>(34%)参加了联合化疗,联合放疗的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>较少(0.4%),20 名(2%)<span style="color: black;">病人</span>联合靶向治疗,41名 (4%)<span style="color: black;">病人</span>联合抗 PD1治疗。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">该<span style="color: black;">科研</span>重点关注DC-CIK治疗的安全性,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>有以下几个<span style="color: black;">科研</span>结果:</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">共有548例<span style="color: black;">病人</span>(870个周期)<span style="color: black;">显现</span> AE(不良事件)。常规外周血<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>,单次应用DC-CIK治疗不会<span style="color: black;">导致</span>肝肾功能和凝血功能指标的任何变化。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">DC-CIK治疗中<span style="color: black;">显现</span>胃肠道反应、营养问题和血液系统<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的AE分级,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>与化疗<span style="color: black;">关联</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">没</span>论DC-CIK<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>联合化疗,多线治疗均比一线治疗更易<span style="color: black;">显现</span>恶心、厌食、乏力、贫血和白细胞减少。单独<span style="color: black;">增多</span>DC-CIK治疗的周期数<span style="color: black;">能够</span>降低疲劳、厌食和焦虑的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>不会<span style="color: black;">增多</span>其他副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>的频率。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">DC-CIK治疗<span style="color: black;">时期</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>的大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>不良副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>与联合或既往化疗<span style="color: black;">相关</span>。DC-CIK治疗前化疗线的<span style="color: black;">增多</span><span style="color: black;">更易</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">有些</span>不良副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,如恶心、呕吐、厌食、白细胞<span style="color: black;">增加</span>、贫血和疲劳。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">3 输注NK细胞,晚期肝癌<span style="color: black;">存活</span>期超48个月</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">国外知名杂志Oncotargets and Therapy的一例<span style="color: black;">实验</span>报告<span style="color: black;">表示</span>:NK细胞疗法让晚期肝癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>肿瘤<span style="color: black;">明显</span>缩小,从<span style="color: black;">存活</span>期仅3个月到超过4年。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2016年6月,一名<span style="color: black;">身患</span>晚期弥漫性肝细胞癌(HCC)的59岁男性,同年10月—12月<span style="color: black;">时期</span>,他在全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>下接受了腹膜穿刺手术和<span style="color: black;">药品</span>注射(重组人血管内皮<span style="color: black;">控制</span>素、顺铂、洛铂);2017年3月,他接受了腹腔内灌注(重组人血管内皮<span style="color: black;">控制</span>素)。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2017年3月—2018年7月,该<span style="color: black;">病人</span>完<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>17个疗程的NK细胞治疗。<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>疗程每月输注一次,并连续两天输注,且<span style="color: black;">病人</span>在NK细胞治疗<span style="color: black;">时期</span>未接受其他治疗。NK细胞输注后,<span style="color: black;">病人</span>获益<span style="color: black;">显著</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6个疗程后,<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的胸水和腹水<span style="color: black;">显著</span>减少。自治疗结束<span style="color: black;">败兴</span>,<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">始终</span>保持这种状态。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,<span style="color: black;">病人</span>多次重复治疗周期以巩固治疗效果,在17个疗程的NK细胞治疗后,右肝叶中的多个肿瘤病灶减小。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">值得一提的是,该名<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的<span style="color: black;">存活</span>时间>48个月,即超过4年!</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">如今能让癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>获益的治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span><span style="color: black;">非常多</span>,医疗水平的进步正逐步使得癌症<span style="color: black;">作为</span>一种<span style="color: black;">能够</span>调控的慢性病,而不是绝症。<span style="color: black;">病人</span>及<span style="color: black;">病人</span>家属应在充分<span style="color: black;">认识</span><span style="color: black;">自己</span>病情的前提下,与<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>沟通,权衡利<span style="color: black;">坏处</span>,<span style="color: black;">选取</span><span style="color: black;">恰当</span>、科学的治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>前沿的免疫细胞治疗技术,以<span style="color: black;">提高</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>的生活质量,减少复发和转移的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,<span style="color: black;">从而</span>尽可能地延长<span style="color: black;">存活</span>期,实现“带瘤<span style="color: black;">存活</span>”的<span style="color: black;">目的</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">参考资料:</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Wang Shuo, et al. Safety of dendritic cell and cytokine-induced killer (DC-CIK) cell-based immunotherapy in patients with solid tumor: a retrospective study in China. American Journal of Cancer Research, 2023, 13(10): 4767-4782.</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Li Wei, et al. Cytokine-induced killer cell therapy for advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A case report and review of the literature. Oncology Letters, 2013, 5(4 ): 1427-1429.</p>
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