癌症有期盼被处理吗？倘若有，大约多久？
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">现今<span style="color: black;">专家</span>提出了<span style="color: black;">加强</span>免疫能力的新疗法<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>给<span style="color: black;">解决</span>癌症带来了<span style="color: black;">期盼</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">包含</span>人体在内的<span style="color: black;">各样</span>生命<span style="color: black;">身体</span>都有一套完备的免疫系统<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>它是生命体抵御外敌入侵的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>防线<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>免疫系统不给力或被攻破<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>那<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的身体就会<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">各样</span>各样的病症<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">乃至</span>面临死亡的威胁<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>美国<span style="color: black;">专家</span>詹姆斯·艾利森和日本<span style="color: black;">专家</span>本庶佑找到了免疫系统被肿瘤细胞攻击时不给力的<span style="color: black;">原由</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>并提出了相应的<span style="color: black;">处理</span>办法<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">加强</span>抗癌的免疫活力<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">她们</span><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span> 2018 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span></p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">包含</span>人体在内的<span style="color: black;">各样</span>生命<span style="color: black;">身体</span>都有一套完备的免疫系统<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>它是生命体抵御外敌入侵的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>防线<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>免疫系统不给力或被攻破<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>那<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的身体就会<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">各样</span>各样的病症<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">乃至</span>面临死亡的威胁<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>美国<span style="color: black;">专家</span>詹姆斯·艾利森和日本<span style="color: black;">专家</span>本庶佑找到了免疫系统被肿瘤细胞攻击时不给力的<span style="color: black;">原由</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>并提出了相应的<span style="color: black;">处理</span>办法<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">加强</span>抗癌的免疫活力<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">她们</span><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span> 2018 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span></p>
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<h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">抗癌尖兵遭遇<span style="color: black;">绑缚</span></h3>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">近百年来<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>癌症<span style="color: black;">作为</span>人类最害怕的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">解决</span>癌症<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">作为</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>数<span style="color: black;">专家</span>和医学人士殚精竭虑<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">、</span></span>孜孜以求的<span style="color: black;">目的</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>各路人马纷纷上阵<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">各样</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>层出不穷<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>但大<span style="color: black;">都数</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>都在癌症强大的防御面前溃不成军<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>近年来<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">专家</span><span style="color: black;">认识</span>到<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">没</span>论是<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗还是放射治疗<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>都是治标不治本的<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>许多癌症暂时被治好后又多次复发<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span><span style="color: black;">那样</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>治本的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>又是是什么呢<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">？</span></span>那<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">加强</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">自己</span>的免疫能力<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>让<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">身体</span>的免疫系统来对抗癌症<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">人们之<span style="color: black;">因此</span>会患癌症<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>那是<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">身体</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>了由癌细胞<span style="color: black;">形成</span>的恶性肿瘤<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>癌细胞是个坏家伙<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>但其实<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>它们曾经<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是健康的<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">因为</span>遭受了<span style="color: black;">各样</span>刺激后<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">「</span></span>变坏<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">」</span></span>了<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>癌细胞<span style="color: black;">不仅</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>正常的生理机能<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>还挤占<span style="color: black;">身体</span>健康细胞的<span style="color: black;">存活</span>空间<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>癌细胞比健康细胞的分化要快得多<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>生长会加速并失去<span style="color: black;">掌控</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">乃至</span>向身体其他部位转移<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">最后</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>人体<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>单个或多个<span style="color: black;">重要</span>器官衰竭而死亡<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>不是还有对付坏家伙的免疫系统吗<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">？</span></span>免疫系统的基本属性是区分<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">「</span></span>自我<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">」</span></span>和<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">「</span></span>非自我<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">」</span></span>的能力<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">这般</span>入侵的病原体和其他危险性毒素就<span style="color: black;">能够</span>被攻击和消除<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>免疫系统<span style="color: black;">每日</span>都在<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>对付<span style="color: black;">海量</span>的危险<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">哪些</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>异变的癌细胞<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>不少癌细胞被它们扼杀在摇篮之中<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>这一过程被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">「</span></span>癌症免疫<span style="color: black;">监测</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">」</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">专家</span>曾经认为癌细胞很凶猛<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>免疫系统会因斗<span style="color: black;">不外</span>它们而溃败<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>尤其是<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">哪些</span>免疫系统较弱的人<span style="color: black;">来讲</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>分癌细胞可逃脱<span style="color: black;">监测</span>并<span style="color: black;">起始</span>快速增殖<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">最后</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>癌症<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>事实上<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">专家</span>后来还<span style="color: black;">发掘</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>癌细胞<span style="color: black;">不仅</span>很凶猛<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>还很狡猾<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span><span style="color: black;">有些</span>癌细胞还会在<span style="color: black;">有些</span>特殊的化学物质<span style="color: black;">掩盖</span>和<span style="color: black;">帮助</span>下大举进攻<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>这些化学物质像强力胶水那样粘在免疫细胞上<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>让免疫系统内的抗癌<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">「</span></span>尖兵<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">」</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">（</span></span>T 细胞<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">、</span></span>白细胞等<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">）</span></span>如同遭受<span style="color: black;">绑缚</span><span style="color: black;">同样</span><span style="color: black;">活动</span>不得<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>它们被分子生物学家<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为免疫负调控因子<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">亦</span>有不少人把免疫系统比作一辆汽车<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>触发全面免疫反应的蛋白质<span style="color: black;">便是</span>油门<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>而<span style="color: black;">控制</span>免疫反应的蛋白质<span style="color: black;">便是</span>刹车<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span><span style="color: black;">专家</span>要做的事情<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>适当加大免疫系统的油门<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>并在<span style="color: black;">必须</span>的时候松开免疫系统的刹车<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span></p>
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<h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>癌细胞的<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">「</span></span><span style="color: black;">走狗</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">」</span></span></h3>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">20 世纪 60 年代<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>人员从胸腺中鉴定出一类免疫细胞<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>命名为<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">「</span></span>T 细胞<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">」</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>后来证实这些 T 细胞负责对癌细胞的<span style="color: black;">监测</span>和杀伤<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>T 细胞是一种淋巴细胞<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">源自</span>于骨髓的多能干细胞<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>在人体胚胎期和初生期<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>骨髓中的一部分多能干细胞或前 T 细胞迁移到胸腺内<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>在胸腺激素的诱导下分化成熟<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">作为</span><span style="color: black;">拥有</span>免疫活性的 T 细胞<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">成熟的 T 细胞经血流分布至外周免疫器官的胸腺依赖区定居<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>并可经淋巴管<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">、</span></span>外周血和组织液等进行再循环<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>发挥细胞免疫及免疫调节等功能<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>T 细胞的再循环有利于广泛接触进入<span style="color: black;">身体</span>的抗原物质<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>加强免疫应答<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>较<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>保持免疫记忆<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>T 细胞的细胞膜上有许多<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的标志<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>是表面抗原和表面受体<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>这些表面标志都是结合在细胞膜上的巨蛋白分子<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1987 年<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>法国的一个<span style="color: black;">科研</span>小组从激活 T 细胞中<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>了一种 CTIA-4 分子<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>并推测其<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>免疫激活<span style="color: black;">功效</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>1992 年<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>另一个<span style="color: black;">科研</span>小组进一步用实验证实了这一推测<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>随后的实验却<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>这些<span style="color: black;">科研</span>存在<span style="color: black;">必定</span>问题<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>艾利森在内的几个小组<span style="color: black;">发掘</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">：</span></span>体外<span style="color: black;">控制</span> CTIA-4 活性<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>T 细胞活性不降反升<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">；</span></span><span style="color: black;">身体</span>完全破坏小鼠 CTLA-4 分子<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>小鼠<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">亡于</span>免疫力低下<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>却<span style="color: black;">亡于</span>免疫过度激活<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的多器官功能衰竭<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>这些事实清晰<span style="color: black;">显示</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>CTIA-4 应该是一种免疫<span style="color: black;">控制</span>分子或<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">「</span></span>免疫负调控因子<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">」</span></span>才对<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>艾利森认为<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>CTIA-4 并非<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span> T 细胞杀死癌细胞的助手<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>而是<span style="color: black;">绑缚</span>抗 T 细胞的胶水<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>CTIA-4 是一种抗原类蛋白质<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>有一个非常拗口的全<span style="color: black;">叫作</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">：</span></span>细胞毒 T 淋巴细胞<span style="color: black;">关联</span>抗原 4<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>非常有意思的是<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>艾利森还为自己的轿车申办了号码为 CTIA-4 的车牌<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span>CTLA-4 是一种刺激免疫系统<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>的抗原<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span><span style="color: black;">然则</span>它对免疫系统的调节不是<span style="color: black;">加强</span>而是削弱的<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">「</span></span>负调节抗原<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">」</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">CTLA-4 <span style="color: black;">并不</span>是天生的坏家伙<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>只是在<span style="color: black;">显现</span>癌细胞时<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>它们会被细胞利用<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">绑缚</span> T 细胞<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span><span style="color: black;">帮助</span>癌细胞攻击 T 细胞<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span><span style="color: black;">由于</span>它们<span style="color: black;">不仅</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>和 T 细胞结合<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">，</span></span>还可和白细胞结合<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">。</span></span></p>
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