超过95%的肠癌完全能够避免?对话中国医学院肿瘤医院结直肠外科专家医师刘骞
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">近期,中国国家癌症中心(NCC)<span style="color: black;">颁布</span>了2022年中国新发癌症发病率和死亡率的最新预估数据,预计国内新增癌症病例和癌症死亡病例约为482.47万例和257.42万例,较往年均有所<span style="color: black;">增多</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其中,结直肠癌新发病例和死亡病例约为51.71万人和24万人,在男性和女性恶性肿瘤中的发病率排名第<span style="color: black;">2、</span>第四,死亡率排名第<span style="color: black;">4、</span>第二,对<span style="color: black;">百姓</span>健康构<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>沉重的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">包袱</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">值得<span style="color: black;">重视</span>的是,结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">拥有</span><span style="color: black;">知道</span>的癌前病变和成熟的检测、去除手段,<span style="color: black;">曾经被</span>视为第二个有望被人类“消除”的癌症,但国内结直肠癌的发病率以每年2%—3%的速度递增,且患病人群愈发<span style="color: black;">青年</span>化。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4月18日,中国医学院肿瘤医院结直肠外科<span style="color: black;">专家</span>医师、教授、博士生导师刘骞接受《每日经济<span style="color: black;">资讯</span>》记者采访,他<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>超过95%的结直肠癌完全<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>早检避免。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q4.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240422/50fe836ab7924cb4ab6cb7334530e8dd.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">具备被人类“清除”的可能,但<span style="color: black;">初期</span>就诊率仍不足15% </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">尽管结直肠癌与宫颈癌<span style="color: black;">区别</span>,<span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>可用于预防用途的疫苗,但它的癌前病变<span style="color: black;">知道</span>,检测和去除手段相对简单且成本较低,被业内视作第二个有望被人类消除的癌症。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">刘骞<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,结直肠癌的发展过程<span style="color: black;">一般</span>是由良性的腺瘤息肉<span style="color: black;">起始</span>,经历<span style="color: black;">长期</span>的生长和变化,<span style="color: black;">最后</span>可能恶变为癌症。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>在这一过程中<span style="color: black;">经过</span>肠镜等检测手段<span style="color: black;">即时</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>并进行<span style="color: black;">干涉</span>,就有可能终止癌变过程。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其中,有两个数据值得关注:一是从良性病变到癌变,<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>8到15年的时间;二是业内曾认为约80%的结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>腺瘤息肉和其他炎症性肠道<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>恶变而来,但随着检测技术的进步,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>认为95%以上的结直肠癌都<span style="color: black;">是由于</span><span style="color: black;">知道</span>的癌前病变发展而来。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">刘骞<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,在中国,结直肠癌的诊断<span style="color: black;">状况</span>以<span style="color: black;">发展</span>期病例为主,大<span style="color: black;">都数</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>是在<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>症状后才寻求医疗<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>体检筛查<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>比例相对较低。近年来,随着公众健康<span style="color: black;">认识</span>的<span style="color: black;">加强</span>,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>有创或<span style="color: black;">没</span>创筛查<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>问题并主动<span style="color: black;">看病</span>的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>比例<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>上升,但仍<span style="color: black;">小于</span>15%。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这与国内早筛渗透率较低直接<span style="color: black;">关联</span>。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>,肠镜<span style="color: black;">作为</span>筛查结直肠癌的“金标准”,<span style="color: black;">优良</span>在于直观观察、即时活检和治疗操作。<span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,借助肠镜,<span style="color: black;">大夫</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>在直视下观察肠道,<span style="color: black;">运用</span>特殊染色和背景照明等手段,使微小病变清晰可见;肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>中<span style="color: black;">能够</span>即时进行活检和病理分析,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>进行病变的切除、剥离等操作。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">不过,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>部分人群<span style="color: black;">针对</span>肠镜仍有抵触心理,非侵入性筛查手段如便潜血<span style="color: black;">检测</span>、粪便DNA检测和甲基化检测<span style="color: black;">制品</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>在<span style="color: black;">持续</span>发展。刘骞提出,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>对肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>有恐惧或因身体<span style="color: black;">原由</span>不适合进行肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>的人群,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>先<span style="color: black;">运用</span>非侵入性筛查<span style="color: black;">制品</span><span style="color: black;">做为</span>初筛,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>初筛结果提示可能存在问题,再进行肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,这是一种稳妥的筛查策略。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">但<span style="color: black;">必须</span>提醒的是,虽然粪便检测完全<span style="color: black;">没</span>创、<span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">方便</span>,且其灵敏度和特异度正在<span style="color: black;">持续</span><span style="color: black;">提高</span>,但<span style="color: black;">日前</span>还<span style="color: black;">不可</span>完全替代肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>;<span style="color: black;">况且</span><span style="color: black;">因为</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>法获取病理组织,粪便检测<span style="color: black;">没</span>法进行病理分析、开展治疗。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">初期</span>结直肠癌可直接肠镜切除,晚期治疗效果仍待<span style="color: black;">加强</span> </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">与其他恶性肿瘤类似,<span style="color: black;">病患</span>结直肠癌的<span style="color: black;">都数</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>都是等到有<span style="color: black;">知道</span>症状才<span style="color: black;">看病</span>,但已丧失最佳治疗<span style="color: black;">机会</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“没有<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>就<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着<span style="color: black;">无</span>肿瘤,这是一种过时且危险的观念。”刘骞<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,<span style="color: black;">初期</span>的肠癌<span style="color: black;">无</span>任何特异性症状,<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>的便血、粘液便(排便习惯和排便性状改变)等症状,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>是肿瘤占位效应<span style="color: black;">明显</span>的表现。例如,<span style="color: black;">便签</span>变细<span style="color: black;">一般</span>在肠道被肿瘤阻塞到<span style="color: black;">必定</span>程度(95%以上)时才会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,这<span style="color: black;">显示</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span>可能已<span style="color: black;">处在</span>相当晚期。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">数据<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,中国结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>首次确诊时,83%<span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">处在</span>中晚期,这<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着筛查是结直肠癌的<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>任务,但治疗是结直肠癌面临的现实问题。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">据刘骞介绍,结直肠癌共分为四期,其中Ⅰ期可分为ⅠA和ⅠB<span style="color: black;">周期</span>,ⅠA期结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>肠镜下切除,治疗体验类似一次肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,是真正的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>;ⅠB期及之后的结直肠癌浸润深度<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,转移<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">提升</span>,被统<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为<span style="color: black;">发展</span>期,其治疗策略是以外科手术为核心的综合治疗。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其中,外科手术、<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗和放射治疗是结直肠癌的三大<span style="color: black;">基本</span>治疗手段。<span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,切除肿瘤是<span style="color: black;">包含</span>肠癌在内的绝大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>实体肿瘤的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>治疗手段;<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">包含</span>化疗、靶向<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗、免疫<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗,免疫<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗近年来<span style="color: black;">表示</span>出良好前景;放射治疗<span style="color: black;">运用</span>特殊射线杀灭肿瘤细胞,是一种经典且传统的治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。<span style="color: black;">另一</span>,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>生物治疗、介入治疗、中医药在内的<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>在结直肠癌的治疗中发挥独特<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">刘骞告诉记者,在国内医疗发达地区,<span style="color: black;">发展</span>期肠癌的五年<span style="color: black;">存活</span>率<span style="color: black;">已然</span>稳定在60%以上,并且还在<span style="color: black;">持续</span><span style="color: black;">提升</span>,但国内整体治疗效果和欧美发达国家还有<span style="color: black;">必定</span>差距,尚未达到最理想的水平。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“随着期数的<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,结直肠癌的预后呈现下降趋势。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>Ⅰ期肠癌的总体五年<span style="color: black;">存活</span>率在90%以上,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>Ⅱ期可能<span style="color: black;">便是</span>在80%<span style="color: black;">上下</span>,以此类推。肯定是期数越早,<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的预后越好。”刘骞说。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">95%以上的肠癌完全可避免,年龄并非<span style="color: black;">独一</span>高危<span style="color: black;">原因</span> </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">数据<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,结直肠癌的高发年龄是45岁以后的中年人,这<span style="color: black;">是不是</span><span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着45岁以下的<span style="color: black;">青年</span>人<span style="color: black;">没</span>需做肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>呢?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">答案<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>定的。刘骞<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">拥有</span><span style="color: black;">必定</span>的遗传易感性,有肠癌家族病史的人<span style="color: black;">病患</span>肠癌的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>远高于<span style="color: black;">通常</span>人群,<span style="color: black;">必须</span>尽早进行肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>和监测;<span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>排便不规律、腹泻便秘交替、腹部坠痛或隐痛不适等症状的人群<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">身患</span>肠道<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,而溃疡性结肠炎和克隆氏病<span style="color: black;">病人</span>都是结直肠癌的高发人群。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">值得<span style="color: black;">重视</span>的是,这些肠道炎性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">常常</span>与生活节奏加快、人体免疫功能下降<span style="color: black;">相关</span>。<span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,肠道炎性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>可能<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肠粘膜的破坏,人体在修复这些受损粘膜时,细胞会经历增殖和分裂。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>这种破坏和修复的过程反复<span style="color: black;">出现</span>,细胞的增殖可能会失去正常的调控,<span style="color: black;">从而</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>肿瘤产生的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span>感到不适(尤其是经常有排便冲动或排便习惯改变)的<span style="color: black;">青年</span>人群,仍<span style="color: black;">意见</span>尽快进行肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">刘骞告诉记者,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结果完全正常,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>每五年进行一次复查;<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>在肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>中<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>了腺瘤、息肉或炎症等<span style="color: black;">反常</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>,复查的时间间隔<span style="color: black;">必须</span>缩短,<span style="color: black;">例如</span><span style="color: black;">第1</span>次复查可能<span style="color: black;">必须</span>在一年后进行,之后的复查时间间隔<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">按照</span>后续<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结果和<span style="color: black;">大夫</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>适当延长。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">刘骞还<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,肠道健康与<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>习惯紧密<span style="color: black;">关联</span>。例如蛋白质和脂肪的代谢产物中含有可能对肠道粘膜<span style="color: black;">导致</span>刺激的有毒物质,这些物质可能促进肠道细胞的<span style="color: black;">反常</span>增殖<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>恶变。当<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>过于精细,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>排便次数减少时,这些有害物质在肠道内的停留时间延长,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>了它们与肠道粘膜细胞接触的机会,从而可能诱导细胞<span style="color: black;">出现</span>非正常的增殖,<span style="color: black;">长时间</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>下可能逐步发展为腺瘤,乃至进一步恶变为肿瘤。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,频繁食用烧烤和腌制食品、缺乏运动、<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>久坐和熬夜等习惯都会<span style="color: black;">增多</span>结直肠癌的发病率。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">不外</span>,“吃素就不会得癌”“<span style="color: black;">每日</span>跑步10<span style="color: black;">千米</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>远离一切肿瘤”等流传说法<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是不正确的。刘骞<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,预防结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">不可</span>仅依赖于单一的<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>习惯或运动,<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>在保持良好生活习惯和<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>习惯的<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">注意</span>体检或主动筛查,“95%以上的肠癌完全<span style="color: black;">能够</span>预防和避免”。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">而<span style="color: black;">针对</span>不幸<span style="color: black;">病患</span>结直肠癌的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,刘骞<span style="color: black;">意见</span><span style="color: black;">必定</span>要遵循临床<span style="color: black;">大夫</span><span style="color: black;">指点</span>,进行规范化治疗。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“中国人的肠癌发病率是直肠癌占比高,尤其是低位直肠癌占比高。<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>对造口、切除肛门的治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>充满恐惧,不到正规的医疗<span style="color: black;">公司</span><span style="color: black;">看病</span>反而选<span style="color: black;">有些</span>非正规的治疗,等<span style="color: black;">她们</span>再次来医院的时候<span style="color: black;">常常</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>了严重症状,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>完全梗阻、<span style="color: black;">海量</span>出血、肿瘤穿孔、广泛转移等,<span style="color: black;">此时</span>候<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">常常</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>回天乏力,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>失去治疗<span style="color: black;">机会</span><span style="color: black;">尤其</span>可怕。”刘骞说。</p>
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