科普 | HIV-1和HIV-2有什么区别？
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">本公众号由</span><span style="color: black;">云南省防治艾滋病局</span><span style="color: black;">云南防艾</span><span style="color: black;">”进行关注。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">人免疫缺陷病毒又<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>艾滋病病毒<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span>，可分为两种类型，即HIV-1和HIV-2。这两种HIV有<span style="color: black;">那些</span>区别呢？</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">HIV-1和HIV-2基因<span style="color: black;">构成</span>和<span style="color: black;">源自</span><span style="color: black;">区别</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">HIV-1和黑猩猩免疫缺陷病毒（SIVcpz）的基因<span style="color: black;">构成</span><span style="color: black;">非常</span>接近，很可能是SIVcpz经跨物种传播给人类的<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span>。而HIV-2的基因组与乌白眉猴免疫缺陷病毒（SIVsm）<span style="color: black;">非常</span>接近，HIV-2很可能<span style="color: black;">源自</span>于此<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span>。HIV-1和HIV-2氨基酸水平的同源性仅为40%-60%<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">黑猩猩</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q1.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240521/7d12f2ba950a40f3b39f166693cad2c5.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q3.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240521/d1b539f09f8d4ec9b68678c35710e7e9.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">乌白眉猴</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q3.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240521/988ea8c6a52c4fc8ad8c3fba749ac1dd.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">HIV-1和HIV-2的流行区域<span style="color: black;">区别</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">HIV-1遍布世界各地，95%的感染都<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>HIV-1<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span>。HIV-2<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>于西非，<span style="color: black;">平常</span>于非洲<span style="color: black;">少许</span>国家，呈现局部流行趋势<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">HIV-1和HIV-2有<span style="color: black;">显著</span>的遗传差异</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">HIV-1可分为多个组和亚型，<span style="color: black;">重点</span>有四个组：M组、N组、O组和P组。M组病毒占全世界病例的大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>，是艾滋病流行的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>，其又<span style="color: black;">能够</span>进一步分为A-D，F-H，J和K亚型<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span>。N、O 和 P 组的病毒并不<span style="color: black;">平常</span>，主要<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>于非洲某些地区。HIV-2可分为A-H共8组亚型，以A组和B组最为<span style="color: black;">平常</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q9.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240521/c4557ebfba9649b5a6c5e169105b6108.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">HIV-1和HIV-2的免疫反应<span style="color: black;">区别</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">HIV-1和HIV-2是<span style="color: black;">区别</span>类型的病毒，人类免疫系统对它们的反应<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">区别</span>。HIV-2感染后会产生比HIV-1更强、更有效的免疫反应。相反，HIV-1<span style="color: black;">更易</span>逃避免疫系统，并且不会诱导强烈的免疫反应。如未经抗病毒治疗，HIV-1 会<span style="color: black;">快速</span>繁殖。感染HIV-1后<span style="color: black;">发展</span>为AIDS的时间中位数为6.2年，<span style="color: black;">存活</span>时间中位数为8.2年；感染HIV-2后<span style="color: black;">发展</span>为AIDS的时间中位数为14.3年，<span style="color: black;">存活</span>时间中位数为15.6年<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q7.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240521/19b0befba9824c7c8b74fbe520bca301.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">HIV-1和HIV-2病毒载量水平和传播<span style="color: black;">区别</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">相较于HIV-2，HIV-1有更短的<span style="color: black;">隐藏</span>期，更高的发病率和传播率。HIV-2相对<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>病毒载量较低，感染的死亡率<span style="color: black;">亦</span>比HIV-1低<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">HIV-1和HIV-2的诊断</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span>HIV抗体检测是在固相载体上包被HIV-1和HIV-2重组特异性抗原/抗体的混合物进行联合筛查，临床上<span style="color: black;">重点</span>应用第三代和第四代试剂筛查HIV。第三代筛查试剂采用双抗原夹心法，酶标记物为特异性HIV-1/HIV-2抗原，检测靶物质为HIV-1/HIV-2 IgG抗体、HIV-1/HIV-2 IgM抗体。第四代筛查试剂是在第三代试剂的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上，包被物与酶标记物中分别加入HIV-1 p24抗原的检测<span style="color: black;">成份</span>，检测靶物质为HIV-1/HIV-2 IgG抗体、HIV-1/HIV-2 IgM抗体和HIV-1 p24抗原<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">参考文献：</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. HIV | Deion &Facts(2020–02–27). https://www.britannica.com/science/HIV.</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> HUET T,CHEYNIER R,MEYERHANS A,et al. Genetic Organization of a Chimpanzee Lentivirus Related to HIV-1:6273.Nature,1990,345(6273):356–359. DOI:10.1038/345356a0</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">HIRSCH V M, OLMSTED R A, MURPHEY-CORB M, et al. An AfricanPrimate Lentivirus (SIV Sm Closely Related to HIV-2:6223.Nature,1989,339(6223):389–392. DOI:10.1038/339389a0</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">彭瑾瑜,郑军,贺健梅,等.湖南首次诊断2例非输入性HIV-2感<span style="color: black;">患病</span>例和流行病学个案调查.中华流行病学杂志,2018,39(08):1077-1081.</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">HIV strains and types. (2019, February 26). Retrieved fromhttps://www.avert.org/professionals.</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">Clavel F, Guestard D, Brun-Vezinet F,et al.Isolation of a new human retrovims from West African patients with AIDS.Science,1986,233(4746):343-346.</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">中华医学会感<span style="color: black;">患病</span>分会艾滋病丙型肝炎学组,中国<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>预防<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>中心.中国艾滋病诊疗指南（2021年版）.协和医学杂志,2022,13(2):203-226.doi:10.12290/xhyxzz.2022-0097.</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> Esbjornsson J, Mansson F, Kvist A, et al.Long-term follow-up of HIV-2-related AIDS and mortality in Guinea-Bissau: a prospective open cohort study. Lancent HIV. 2018;S2352-3018(18)30254-6.</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> HIV-2 Infection Considerations for Antiretroviral Use in Special Patient Populations Adult and Adolescent ARV. (2019, July 10). Retrieved from https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidel</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> 李恒. HIV ELISA体外诊断试剂技术改进项目<span style="color: black;">科研</span>.中国科学院大学（工程管理与信息技术学院）,2014.</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">源自</span>：中国疾控艾防中心、四川省<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>预防<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>中心</span></p>
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