【红桥科普】HIV/艾滋病对全世界的影响
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">自1981年<span style="color: black;">报告</span>首例艾滋病(Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, AIDS)病例<span style="color: black;">败兴</span>,这种由人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV)感染<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的慢性传染性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">起始</span>在<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>流行,HIV疫情<span style="color: black;">逐步</span><span style="color: black;">作为</span>威胁人类健康的重大公共卫生问题。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q1.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240527/f70e21895e0745e8ba1816f7ea2fd9b9.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">全世界</span>艾滋病感染<span style="color: black;">状况</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2022年,<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>有3900万艾滋病毒感染者,130万新感染者,63万人<span style="color: black;">亡于</span>艾滋病<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,有2980万人<span style="color: black;">得到</span>抗逆转录病毒治疗。自艾滋病<span style="color: black;">起始</span>流行<span style="color: black;">败兴</span>,已有8560万人感染了HIV,4040万人<span style="color: black;">亡于</span>艾滋病<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">传播途径 </strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">HIV的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>传播途径<span style="color: black;">包含</span>性传播、血液传播和母婴传播。在<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>范围内,性传播已<span style="color: black;">作为</span>HIV感染的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>方式。2022年,<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>成人(15-49岁)中位HIV流行率为0.7%,但重点人群的患病率中位数较高,重点人群<span style="color: black;">包含</span>:性工作者、男男性<span style="color: black;">行径</span>者、注射吸毒者、跨性别者和在监狱服刑人员,分别占<span style="color: black;">所有</span>感染者的2.5%、7.5%、5.0%、10.3%和1.4%。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">社会经济<span style="color: black;">包袱</span> </strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">艾滋病对全球社会经济造<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>巨大的<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>。许多城市的艾滋病<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>很高,在“快速通道城市项目”<span style="color: black;">第1</span>年纳入的城市中,各城市的艾滋病<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>在全国所占比例如下图所示。卢旺达所有感染者中有四分之<span style="color: black;">一辈子</span>活在基加利,仅一个城市就承担了高达25%的国家艾滋病<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>。虽然雅加达人口仅占印度尼西亚总人口的4%,但该市却占全国艾滋病<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>的17%。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q2.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240527/fcd156a9d5e84d21a41a60e1ad7b4bf6.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">社会心理影响 </strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">艾滋病不仅对感染者的身体健康<span style="color: black;">导致</span>威胁,还对其心理健康和社会融入产生<span style="color: black;">消极</span>影响。HIV感染者常常面临<span style="color: black;">卑视</span>、排斥和孤立,这可能<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">她们</span>产生自卑、抑郁和焦虑等心理问题。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,呼吁社会减少对艾滋病人的<span style="color: black;">卑视</span>,加强心理健康<span style="color: black;">干涉</span>和社会支持<span style="color: black;">针对</span>改善HIV感染者的生活质量和心理健康至关<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">防治策略与挑战</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">预防HIV感染是<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>抗击艾滋病的<span style="color: black;">重要</span>。<span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>的预防策略<span style="color: black;">包含</span>普及安全性<span style="color: black;">行径</span>知识、推广避孕套<span style="color: black;">运用</span>、加强血液安全管理、减少母婴传播、强化<span style="color: black;">行径</span><span style="color: black;">干涉</span>、生物医学<span style="color: black;">干涉</span>等综合<span style="color: black;">干涉</span>模式。然而,实施这些<span style="color: black;">办法</span>面临着<span style="color: black;">许多</span>挑战,如文化和社会<span style="color: black;">原因</span>的制约、公众认知不足以及资源限制等。随着“检出即治疗”、“治疗即预防”、“病毒<span style="color: black;">控制</span>的HIV感染者不<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>传染性”等HIV/AIDS防治策略的推广,我国<span style="color: black;">经过</span>扩大HIV检测和抗病毒治疗的覆盖面<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>和治疗了<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的感染者,但迄今为止仍有<span style="color: black;">必定</span>数量的HIV感染者尚未诊断。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,HIV感染者的未<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>和晚<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>是当前世界各国在HIV/AIDS防治过程中面临的巨大挑战。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">国际合作与援助 </strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">面对艾滋病的全球威胁,国际社会加强了合作与援助。许多国家和国际组织纷纷投入资金和人力资源,支持发展中国家开展艾滋病防治工作。<span style="color: black;">跨境</span><span style="color: black;">公司</span>、非政府组织和民间团体等<span style="color: black;">亦</span>在艾滋病防治<span style="color: black;">行业</span>发挥了积极<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">综上所述,艾滋病对<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>健康产生了广泛而深远的影响。面对这一严峻挑战,国际社会<span style="color: black;">必须</span>加强合作与援助,<span style="color: black;">一起</span>应对艾滋病的威胁。<span style="color: black;">经过</span>普及预防知识、<span style="color: black;">加强</span>公众认识、加强医疗资源和<span style="color: black;">研究</span>投入等<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>有望逐步减少HIV感染者的数量,改善感染者的生活质量,<span style="color: black;">最后</span>实现<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>艾滋病的<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>和消除。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">参考文献:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> UNAIDS.Global HIV & AIDS statistics—Fact sheet-2023 fact sheet. . https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> UNAIDS. HIV: a heavy burden on many cities. . https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2019/april/20190408_gow_cities.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 吴尊友.中国<span style="color: black;">特殊</span>的艾滋病防治策略.中华<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>杂志,2019,23(8): 885-889.</p>
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