最新颁布!2024版中国艾滋病诊疗指南
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本文<span style="color: black;">源自</span>:选自《中华传<span style="color: black;">患病</span>杂志》, 2024,42:网络预<span style="color: black;">发布</span>.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">中华医学会感<span style="color: black;">患病</span>学分会艾滋病丙型肝炎学组于2005年制订了我国《艾滋病诊疗指南》(简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>《指南》),2024版《指南》是在2021年第5版《指南》的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上参照国内外最新<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span>修订而成。<strong style="color: blue;">新版《指南》重点对抗病毒治疗、全程管理、机会性感染、人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)合并肿瘤、HIV感染的预防与<span style="color: black;">干涉</span>等内容进行了更新,并新增"艾滋病免疫功能重建不全"这部分内容,首次提出了"艾滋病脆弱人群"的概念,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>了诊治<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见及其<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>证据和<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>强度。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本文仅对指南的<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见进行阐述,感兴趣读者可点击【阅读原文】进行免费全文阅读。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">一、流行病学</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见1:</strong>对HIV/AIDS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的配偶和性伴、与HIV/AIDS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>共用注射器的静脉<span style="color: black;">药品</span>依赖者、HIV/AIDS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>所生子女,以及<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>疑似HIV感染高危<span style="color: black;">行径</span>和(或)临床症状的临床就诊者,医务人员应主动<span style="color: black;">供给</span>HIV<span style="color: black;">关联</span>检测及相应的咨询服务(C1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3、</span>实验室检测</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见2:</strong>HIV筛查<span style="color: black;">实验</span>阳性者需进一步<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">弥补</span><span style="color: black;">实验</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>抗体<span style="color: black;">弥补</span><span style="color: black;">实验</span>(HIV-1/2抗体确证<span style="color: black;">实验</span>)和核酸<span style="color: black;">弥补</span><span style="color: black;">实验</span>(HIV-1核酸定性和定量检测)来确认HIV感染(A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见3:</strong>初治HIV感染者在<span style="color: black;">起步</span>ART之前应进行基因型耐药检测。新确诊HIV感染者或<span style="color: black;">运用</span>CAB-LA进行PrEP后仍感染HIV的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,如<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>存在HIV对INSTI耐药,则应进行整合酶基因突变检测(C1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">6、</span>诊断标准</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见4:</strong>HIV感染的全过程可分三个期,即急性期、<span style="color: black;">没</span>症状期和AIDS期;HIV/AIDS的诊断需结合流行病学史、临床表现和实验室<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结果进行综合分析,<span style="color: black;">谨慎</span>做出诊断,并进行临床分期(A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">7、</span><span style="color: black;">平常</span>机会性感染</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(一)PCP</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见5:</strong>PCP的病原治疗首选SMZ-TMP,甲氧苄啶15~20 mg·<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>-1·d-1,SMZ 75~100 mg·<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>-1·d-1,分3~4次用,疗程为21 d;重症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>(PaO2<70 mmHg或肺泡-动脉血氧分压差>35 mmHg)<span style="color: black;">初期</span>(72 h内)可应用糖皮质激素(泼尼松或静脉用甲泼尼龙)治疗,激素总疗程为21 d(A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见6:</strong>CD4+T淋巴细胞计数<200/µL的HIV/AIDS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>应<span style="color: black;">运用</span>SMZ-TMP预防PCP,一级预防为1片/d,二级预防为2片/d;ART后CD4+T淋巴细胞计数<span style="color: black;">增多</span>到>200/µL并<span style="color: black;">连续</span>≥3~6个月可停止预防用药(A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(二)结核病</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见7:</strong>HIV/AIDS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>在每次就诊时均应系统接受结核病筛查,临床上应<span style="color: black;">重视</span>结合病史、结核病典型症状和体征,以及影像学和实验室<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,系统筛查结核病的可能(B1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见8:</strong>HIV/AIDS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>结核病的治疗原则与普通结核病<span style="color: black;">病人</span>相同,但抗结核<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>时应<span style="color: black;">重视</span>与抗病毒<span style="color: black;">药品</span>之间的相互<span style="color: black;">功效</span>及配伍禁忌(A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见9:</strong>所有合并结核病的HIV/AIDS<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>论CD4+T淋巴细胞计数水平的高低均应尽早接受ART,<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>在抗结核治疗后2周内尽早<span style="color: black;">起步</span>ART。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>合并耐药结核病的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,在<span style="color: black;">运用</span>二线抗结核<span style="color: black;">药品</span>后8周内<span style="color: black;">起始</span>ART;<span style="color: black;">针对</span>中枢神经系统结核<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">意见</span>在抗结核后的4~8周<span style="color: black;">起步</span>ART(C1),<span style="color: black;">运用</span>糖皮质激素治疗的AIDS合并结核性脑膜炎的患者,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>在<span style="color: black;">起步</span>抗结核治疗后2周内<span style="color: black;">起步</span>ART。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(三)NTM感染</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见10:</strong><strong style="color: blue;">HIV/AIDS</strong>合并NTM感染<span style="color: black;">重点</span>为MAC感染,确诊MAC病有赖于从<span style="color: black;">病人</span>血液、淋巴结、骨髓及其他<span style="color: black;">没</span>菌组织或体液中培养出MAC(A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见11:</strong>MAC病首选病原治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>为:克拉霉素500 mg/次,2次/d(或阿奇毒素500 mg/d)+乙胺丁醇15 mg·<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>-1·d-1,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>联合应用利福布汀(300~600 mg/d)。严重感染及严重免疫<span style="color: black;">控制</span>(CD4+T淋巴细胞计数<50/µL)<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可加用阿米卡星(10 mg·<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>-1·d-1,肌内注射,1次/d)或喹诺酮类抗菌<span style="color: black;">药品</span>如左氧氟沙星或莫西沙星(B1)。疗程<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">最少</span>为12个月。抗MAC治疗<span style="color: black;">起始</span>2周后尽快<span style="color: black;">起步</span>ART(B1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(四)CMV感染</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见12:</strong>CMV性视网膜炎的确诊有赖于检眼镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,治疗可<span style="color: black;">选取</span>更昔洛韦、缬更昔洛韦、膦甲酸钠,疗程为2~3周;局部治疗:玻璃<span style="color: black;">身体</span>注射更昔洛韦或膦甲酸,每周重复1次,疗程到视网膜病变被<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>、病变不活动为止(A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见13:</strong>不<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>HIV/AIDS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>对CMV感染进行一级预防。二级预防<span style="color: black;">方法</span><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>首选更昔洛韦(1.0,3次/d,口服),在CD4+T淋巴细胞计数>100/µL且<span style="color: black;">连续</span>3~6个月以上时可<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>停止二级预防(B1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(六)弓形虫脑病</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见14:</strong>弓形虫脑病病原治疗首选乙胺嘧啶(负荷量为100 mg,口服,2次/d,此后50~75 mg/d维持)+磺胺嘧啶(1~1.5 g,口服,4次/d),替代治疗:SMZ-TMP(3片,每日3次口服)联合克林霉素(600 mg/次,静脉给药,每6 h 1次)或阿奇霉素(0.5 g/d)。疗程<span style="color: black;">最少</span>为6周(A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见15:</strong>对<span style="color: black;">没</span>弓形虫脑病病史但CD4+T淋巴细胞计数<200/µL且弓形虫IgG抗体阳性的HIV/AIDS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>应<span style="color: black;">运用</span>SMZ-TMP(2片/次,1次/d)来预防弓形虫脑病(B1)。接受ART后,CD4+T淋巴细胞计数<span style="color: black;">增多</span>到>200/µL并<span style="color: black;">连续</span>>3个月,可停止预防用药(A1);或ART后CD4+T淋巴细胞计数在100~200/µL,病毒载量<span style="color: black;">连续</span><span style="color: black;">小于</span>检测下限3~6个月,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>停止预防用药(B1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见16:</strong>对既往患过弓形虫脑病者要<span style="color: black;">长时间</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>乙胺嘧啶(25~50 mg/d)联合磺胺嘧啶(2~4 g/d)预防,直至CD4+T淋巴细胞计数<span style="color: black;">增多</span>到>200/µL并<span style="color: black;">连续</span>≥6个月(A1)。一旦CD4+T淋巴细胞计数下降到<200/µL,需重启预防用药(C1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(七)真菌感染</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">推荐意见17:</strong>HIV/AIDS合并隐球菌性脑膜炎的病原体治疗分为诱导期、巩固期、维持期3个<span style="color: black;">周期</span>,诱导期首选两性霉素B(0.5~0.7 mg·<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>-1·d-1)或L-AMB(3~4 mg·<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>-1·d-1)+氟胞嘧啶(100 mg·<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>-1·d-1),诱导期<span style="color: black;">最少</span>4周,巩固期首选氟康唑(600~800 mg/d)治疗<span style="color: black;">最少</span>6周,维持期<span style="color: black;">选取</span>氟康唑(200 mg/d),维持期<span style="color: black;">最少</span>1年,<span style="color: black;">连续</span>至<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>ART后CD4+T淋巴细胞计数>100/µL并<span style="color: black;">连续</span><span style="color: black;">最少</span>6个月时可停药(A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见18:</strong>HIV/AIDS合并隐球菌性脑膜炎诱导期可首选单次L-AMB 10 mg/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>联合<span style="color: black;">运用</span>2周的氟胞嘧啶(100 mg·kg-1·d-1)和氟康唑(600~800 mg/d)进行治疗(A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见19:</strong>HIV/AIDS合并隐球菌性脑膜炎<span style="color: black;">病人</span>正规抗隐球菌治疗4~6周后<span style="color: black;">起步</span>ART (A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见20:</strong>合并隐球菌性抗原血症的HIV/AIDS<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">意见</span>给予氟康唑400~800 mg/d口服10周,而后改为200 mg/d口服预防性治疗,总疗程为6~12个月(C1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见21:</strong>HIV/AIDS合并马尔尼菲篮状菌病诱导期抗真菌治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>首选两性霉素B(0.5~0.7 mg·<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>-1·d-1)或L-AMB(3~5 mg·<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>-1·d-1)或两性霉素B胆固醇硫酸酯复合物(3~4 mg·<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>-1·d-1),静脉滴注2周(A1);巩固期为口服伊曲康唑或伏立康唑200 mg,每12 h 1次,共10周;随后进行二级预防,口服伊曲康唑200 mg,1次/d(B1),至<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>ART后CD4+T淋巴细胞计数>100/µL,并<span style="color: black;">连续</span><span style="color: black;">最少</span>6个月可停药(B1)。一旦CD4+T淋巴细胞计数<100/µL,<span style="color: black;">必须</span>重启预防治疗(C1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">8、</span>抗病毒治疗</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(三)成人及青少年抗病毒治疗<span style="color: black;">机会</span>与<span style="color: black;">方法</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">1.成人及青少年<span style="color: black;">起步</span>ART的<span style="color: black;">机会</span>:</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见22:</strong>所有HIV感染<span style="color: black;">没</span>论CD4+T淋巴细胞水平高低均<span style="color: black;">意见</span>尽早<span style="color: black;">起始</span>ART,以降低发病率和病死率,并预防HIV传播(B1);有<span style="color: black;">要求</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">意见</span>快速<span style="color: black;">起步</span>ART(确诊后7 d内)或确诊当天<span style="color: black;">起步</span>ART(A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">2.成人及青少年初始ART<span style="color: black;">方法</span>:</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见23:</strong>成人初治<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>ART<span style="color: black;">方法</span><span style="color: black;">一般</span>由2种NRTI类骨干<span style="color: black;">药品</span>联合第三类<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">构成</span>,第三类<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>为INSTI或NNRTI<span style="color: black;">或</span><span style="color: black;">加强</span>型PI(含利托那韦或考比司他);<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">选择</span>STR(A1);<span style="color: black;">针对</span>HBsAg阴性、病毒载量<5×105拷贝/mL的初治<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可首选多替拉韦/拉米夫定的ART<span style="color: black;">方法</span>(A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(四)特殊人群抗病毒治疗</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">1.儿童:</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见24:</strong>儿童一旦确诊HIV感染,<span style="color: black;">没</span>论CD4+T淋巴细胞水平高低,均<span style="color: black;">意见</span>立即<span style="color: black;">起始</span>ART(B1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见25:</strong>儿童初治<span style="color: black;">病人</span>ART<span style="color: black;">方法</span><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>为2种NRTI类骨干<span style="color: black;">药品</span>联合第三类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗,第三类<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>为INSTI或NNRTI<span style="color: black;">或</span><span style="color: black;">加强</span>型PI(含利托那韦或考比司他)(B1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">4.合并结核分枝杆菌感染者:</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见26:</strong>HIV/AIDS合并结核病<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>首选ART<span style="color: black;">方法</span>为替诺福韦(齐多夫定)+拉米夫定(恩曲他滨)+依非韦伦或多替拉韦(A1),与利福平合用时,多替拉韦的剂量<span style="color: black;">意见</span>加倍(50 mg,2次/d)(A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">6.合并HBV感染者:</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见27:</strong>HIV/HBV合并感染者不论CD4+T淋巴细胞计数水平<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>,均<span style="color: black;">意见</span>尽早<span style="color: black;">起步</span>ART,ART<span style="color: black;">方法</span>中应<span style="color: black;">包括</span>2种<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>抗HBV活性的抗病毒<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,ART骨干<span style="color: black;">药品</span>中的核苷类<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">举荐</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>替诺福韦(或TAF)+拉米夫定(或恩曲他滨)(B1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">7.合并HCV感染者:</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见28:</strong>HIV合并HCV感染者应尽早<span style="color: black;">起步</span>ART和积极抗HCV治疗,抗HCV治疗的<span style="color: black;">方法</span>和疗程与单纯HCV感染者相同,应<span style="color: black;">重视</span>与ART<span style="color: black;">药品</span>间的相互<span style="color: black;">功效</span>(A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(五)抗病毒治疗监测</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见29:</strong><span style="color: black;">起步</span>ART后<span style="color: black;">意见</span>每3~6个月进行病毒学、免疫学和临床<span style="color: black;">状况</span>随访以<span style="color: black;">评估</span>ART的疗效,<span style="color: black;">即时</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>抗病毒<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的不良反应及<span style="color: black;">是不是</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>病毒耐药等,以便<span style="color: black;">即时</span>更换<span style="color: black;">药品</span>而<span style="color: black;">保准</span>ART成功(C1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(七)<span style="color: black;">药品</span>相互<span style="color: black;">功效</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见30:</strong><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>病毒载量检测<span style="color: black;">做为</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>和确认抗病毒治疗失败的首选<span style="color: black;">办法</span>(C1);一旦确认抗病毒治疗失败,则应尽快进行HIV耐药检测(C1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见31:</strong><span style="color: black;">显现</span>病毒学失败时应<span style="color: black;">首要</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>的治疗依从性、<span style="color: black;">药品</span>-<span style="color: black;">药品</span>或<span style="color: black;">药品</span>-<span style="color: black;">食品</span>相互<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,尤其服药依从性是治疗成败的决定<span style="color: black;">原因</span>。ART失败的患者应<span style="color: black;">按照</span>HIV耐药检测结果来进行ART<span style="color: black;">方法</span><span style="color: black;">调节</span>,<span style="color: black;">方法</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>的原则是更换<span style="color: black;">最少</span>2种ART<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,最好<span style="color: black;">选取</span>3种<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>抗病毒活性的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>;新的ART<span style="color: black;">方法</span><span style="color: black;">一般</span>应<span style="color: black;">包含</span>1种<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>完全抗病毒活性的<span style="color: black;">加强</span>PI或INSTI或未曾<span style="color: black;">运用</span>过的新的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>机制<span style="color: black;">药品</span>如衣壳<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂和FI,或<span style="color: black;">以上</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>联合应用(A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见32:</strong>LLV需<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>的依从性、耐受性和<span style="color: black;">药品</span>不良反应、<span style="color: black;">药品</span>相互<span style="color: black;">功效</span>(A1)。LLV<span style="color: black;">一般</span>不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>改变治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>(B1),但需每3个月监测1次HIV RNA,以<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">是不是</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">调节</span>ART<span style="color: black;">方法</span>(C1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">9、</span>IRIS</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见33:</strong>HIV感染者接受ART后<span style="color: black;">显现</span>如发热、<span style="color: black;">隐藏</span>感染变成活动性感染、原有感染的加重或恶化等炎症<span style="color: black;">关联</span>表现时,应<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>存在IRIS的可能,但应<span style="color: black;">重视</span>排除由HIV<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span>、新发感染、HIV<span style="color: black;">关联</span>肿瘤、<span style="color: black;">药品</span>不良反应、治疗失败等<span style="color: black;">状况</span>。临床上应<span style="color: black;">按照</span>IRIS的严重程度,<span style="color: black;">起始</span>或继续治疗<span style="color: black;">关联</span>机会性感染,严重者可短期应用糖皮质激素或非甾体类抗炎药(C1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">十、免疫功能重建不全</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见34:</strong>接受ART 4年以上,外周血病毒载量<span style="color: black;">小于</span>检测下限(<50拷贝/mL)超过3年,CD4+T淋巴细胞计数仍<span style="color: black;">连续</span><span style="color: black;">小于</span>350/μL,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>除外其他可能<span style="color: black;">引起</span>CD4+T淋巴细胞计数<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>低下的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>,需<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>为免疫功能重建不全(B1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见35:</strong>免疫功能重建不全缺乏<span style="color: black;">知道</span>有效的治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,临床应<span style="color: black;">定时</span>监测,并需<span style="color: black;">按照</span>CD4+T淋巴细胞水平进行机会性感染的预防和NADE的筛查。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>已实现病毒学<span style="color: black;">控制</span>的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,不<span style="color: black;">意见</span>为改善免疫重建而随意进行ART<span style="color: black;">调节</span>(B1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">十<span style="color: black;">1、</span>AIDS<span style="color: black;">关联</span>肿瘤</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见36:</strong>HIV感染者在随访过程中应<span style="color: black;">重视</span>筛查AIDS定义性肿瘤和非AIDS定义性肿瘤。年龄在25岁以上的女性HIV感染者,<span style="color: black;">意见</span><span style="color: black;">定时</span>进行宫颈癌的筛查(C1)。所有AIDS合并肿瘤的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>均<span style="color: black;">意见</span>尽早启动ART,需<span style="color: black;">重视</span>抗病毒<span style="color: black;">药品</span>和抗肿瘤<span style="color: black;">药品</span>之间的相互<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,应<span style="color: black;">选择</span>骨髓<span style="color: black;">控制</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>和<span style="color: black;">药品</span>相互<span style="color: black;">功效</span>小的ART<span style="color: black;">方法</span>。提倡MDT模式来为HIV合并肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>标准化诊疗(C1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">十<span style="color: black;">2、</span>HIV母婴传播阻断及单阳家庭生育</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(一)抗反转录病毒<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">干涉</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见37:</strong>所有感染HIV的孕妇不论其CD4+T淋巴细胞计数多少或<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>临床分期<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>,均应尽早终身接受ART(B1);孕妇ART首选<span style="color: black;">包括</span>多替拉韦或拉替拉韦的三联ART<span style="color: black;">方法</span>(A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见38:</strong>HIV感染母亲所生婴儿应在出生后尽早(6 h内)预防性<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>抗病毒<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,并<span style="color: black;">按照</span>暴露<span style="color: black;">危害</span>来确定服药<span style="color: black;">方法</span>(B1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(三)产后喂养<span style="color: black;">指点</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见39:</strong>HIV阳性孕产妇所生婴儿<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>科学喂养,避免母乳喂养,杜绝混合喂养(A1);对因不具备人工喂养<span style="color: black;">要求</span>而<span style="color: black;">选取</span>母乳喂养的感染产妇及其家人,要做好充分的咨询和知情,<span style="color: black;">指点</span>其<span style="color: black;">保持</span>正确的纯母乳喂养,且在<span style="color: black;">全部</span>哺乳<span style="color: black;">时期</span><span style="color: black;">必要</span><span style="color: black;">保持</span>ART,喂养时间不超过6个月(A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">十<span style="color: black;">3、</span>HIV暴露前后预防与阻断</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(一)PEP</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见40:</strong>HIV预防阻断前<span style="color: black;">意见</span>进行HIV RNA检测,尤其对既往有阻断用药史的求询者(A1);在<span style="color: black;">出现</span>HIV暴露后尽可能在最短的时间内(尽可能在2 h内)进行预防性用药,最好在24 h内,但不超过72 h,连续<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>28 d(C1);暴露后阻断<span style="color: black;">方法</span>首选FTC/TDF(或FTC/TAF)联合INSTI(BIC或多替拉韦或拉替拉韦)的<span style="color: black;">方法</span>(C1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(二)PrEP</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见41:</strong>实施PrEP前应做好HIV暴露<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>和医学及适应性<span style="color: black;">评定</span>(C1),PrEP的口服<span style="color: black;">方法</span>有两种,分别为每日服药<span style="color: black;">方法</span>和事件驱动服药<span style="color: black;">方法</span>,<span style="color: black;">药品</span>可<span style="color: black;">选取</span>FTC/TDF (或FTC/TAF)(A1);<span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>口服<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的可<span style="color: black;">选取</span>CAB-LA肌内注射的<span style="color: black;">方法</span>(A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">十<span style="color: black;">4、</span>HIV感染的全程管理</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见42:</strong>所有HIV感染者均<span style="color: black;">举荐</span><span style="color: black;">根据</span>全程管理的模式来进行管理(C1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见43:</strong>
</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>晚<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>的HIV感染者尤其是<span style="color: black;">处在</span>HIV感染<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>晚期的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>要进行<span style="color: black;">各样</span>机会性感染的筛查,应将结核病和隐球菌病的筛查<span style="color: black;">做为</span>临床诊疗常规(A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见44:</strong><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>对CD4+T淋巴细胞计数<200/μL的HIV感染者开展血清CrAg筛查,阳性者应进行脑脊液<span style="color: black;">检测</span>以排除隐球菌性脑膜炎的可能(B1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见45:</strong><span style="color: black;">起步</span>ART之前,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>进行相应的基线检测和<span style="color: black;">评定</span>,这些检测<span style="color: black;">包含</span>:HIV RNA、CD4+T淋巴细胞计数、HIV耐药检测、血常规、尿常规、肝肾功能、血糖、血脂、<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>存在合并感染(如病毒性肝炎、隐球菌病、结核病、STI等)的相关检测等(C1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见46:</strong>需<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>关注脆弱人群抗病毒治疗和随访的<span style="color: black;">关联</span>问题,脆弱人群<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>:年龄超过50岁的老年<span style="color: black;">病人</span>、儿童<span style="color: black;">病人</span>、孕妇、<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>多种<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>、免疫高度<span style="color: black;">控制</span>的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>如CD4+T淋巴细胞计数<50/µL、ART后免疫功能重建不全的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。这类<span style="color: black;">病人</span>要更为积极地进行ART,积极治疗<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,<span style="color: black;">重视</span>多学科协作诊治(C1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见47:</strong><span style="color: black;">针对</span>ART后病毒得到有效<span style="color: black;">控制</span>的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,不<span style="color: black;">意见</span>随意进行治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>的<span style="color: black;">调节</span>。优化治疗应当以维持病毒<span style="color: black;">控制</span>为<span style="color: black;">基本</span>,并且不对<span style="color: black;">将来</span>的<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span><span style="color: black;">形成</span>威胁。在进行ART<span style="color: black;">方法</span>优化时,应<span style="color: black;">尤其</span><span style="color: black;">重视</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>之前<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>存在HIV耐药及有<span style="color: black;">没</span>合并HBV或HCV感染的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>(A1);病毒学<span style="color: black;">控制</span>且<span style="color: black;">没</span>传播性或<span style="color: black;">得到</span>性HIV耐药史的HIV感染者,<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>转换为任何首选<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>的初始ART<span style="color: black;">方法</span>并维持病毒学<span style="color: black;">控制</span>(A1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见48:</strong>所有HIV感染者均应<span style="color: black;">定时</span>接受CVD<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>、筛查和预防<span style="color: black;">干涉</span>,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>CVD<span style="color: black;">危害</span>高的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,应相应<span style="color: black;">调节</span>ART<span style="color: black;">方法</span>,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>积极<span style="color: black;">掌控</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>CVD<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>如戒烟、血糖、血脂、<span style="color: black;">肥壮</span>和血压等(C1)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见49:</strong>应创造<span style="color: black;">各样</span><span style="color: black;">要求</span>促进HIV/AIDS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>便利接受<span style="color: black;">各样</span>诊疗服务,<span style="color: black;">保证</span>医疗服务的可<span style="color: black;">连续</span>性(B1);应对HIV/AIDS<span style="color: black;">病人</span>进行疫苗接种<span style="color: black;">指点</span>(C1)。</p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">源自</span></span><span style="color: black;">:</span><span style="color: black;">中华医学期刊网</span>
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