j8typz 发表于 2024-7-12 16:17:10

原创 宋朝官员的帽子为么有两个长长的翅子,它有什么功效?


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">宋代官帽以有对长长翅子而闻名。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>问谁发明的?网络上铺天盖地的回答:宋太祖赵匡胤,他是这种官帽原创“设计师”。是为了“防止朝臣在上朝的时候交头接耳,窃窃私语,品论朝政”。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">实质</span>真是如此吗? 错,这只是后人杜撰出来的一个故事。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q0.itc.cn/images01/20240511/77af2e510b1b4dc9af6a1a24279b4388.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">宋朝的官帽叫“幞(fú)头”,是从隋唐时的幞头演变而来,宋代正式文献中依然直接<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为“幞头”或“折上巾”。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“幞头,一谓之四角,乃四带<span style="color: black;">亦</span>。二带系脑后垂之,二带反系头上,令曲折附顶,故<span style="color: black;">也</span>谓之‘折上巾’。”</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">幞头原来是<span style="color: black;">一起</span>黑色的方形织物,有四个角,盖在头顶以后,两角在后面打结下垂,两角反折到头顶上打结固定,<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>叫“折上巾”。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q1.itc.cn/images01/20240511/998f379e60b743169d823b1e294127f8.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">关于幞头,宋代的官方文献以及文人笔记里本就有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>论述,但在诸多宋代文献中,<span style="color: black;">无</span>一处提及直脚幞头<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>本朝宋太祖为官员而发明。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">宋人<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>自己<span style="color: black;">亦</span>搞不懂<span style="color: black;">为么</span>要展角,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>宋代程大昌在《演繁露》中说:</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“幞头之制,裁纱覆首,尽韬其发,两角系脑后……其改为硬角,史不载所始,莫知其的,自何时<span style="color: black;">亦</span>。”</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">反而<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>宋代文献提及硬角、平角幞头唐五代早已有之。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">幞头后面打结的两个角,<span style="color: black;">便是</span>“长帽翅”的前身。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">两个小小的幞头角打结后,垂在后面飘摇,人们<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>觉得<span style="color: black;">不足</span>美观或<span style="color: black;">不足</span>庄重,于是想方设法做<span style="color: black;">各样</span>夸张改造,并加以固定,两角就<span style="color: black;">作为</span>幞头的装饰重点。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q0.itc.cn/images01/20240511/85527f9a75f245a2b596e702653752bc.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“唐武德初,置平头小样巾子……折上巾以余帛折之而上系,今谓之幞头小角,其所垂两角稍屈而上,曰朝天巾。后又为两阔角,短而锐者,名牛耳幞头,唐谓之软裹。至中末以后,浸为展角者,今所服是<span style="color: black;">亦</span>。然则制度靡一,出于人之私好<span style="color: black;">罢了</span>。”</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">从这段文字描述,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>看出,从初唐起,人们就<span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">持续</span>地在帽子的两角上做<span style="color: black;">文案</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">从初唐到晚唐三百年间,变得越来越长,并且加了骨架,拗成<span style="color: black;">各样</span>固定造型。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">或成八字外撇、或<span style="color: black;">上下</span>平伸、或斜向上、或朝天、或一边倒、或舒张开、或交叉,又<span style="color: black;">显现</span>长角、展角、交角、花角、局角、软角、舒角<span style="color: black;">各样</span>造型。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">晚唐五代壁画中的幞头,几乎360度<span style="color: black;">各样</span>都有,其中就<span style="color: black;">包含</span>平直的展角,长度<span style="color: black;">已然</span>超过肩膀,和北宋类似了。敦煌壁画里的五代男供养人,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>几乎尽数头戴展角幞头。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q6.itc.cn/images01/20240511/efdb34ab0d554e2a99dc540b5790df32.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">到<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>明白,宋朝官帽上一对长长的翅子其实<span style="color: black;">便是</span>展角幞头,宋代只是延续晚唐五代的这种发展趋势,并且进一步夸张化。人们以其长、挺为美。<span style="color: black;">便是</span>一种流行的帽子装饰,是一种外露装饰的夸张装饰化<span style="color: black;">罢了</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">况且</span>,这<span style="color: black;">亦</span>并不是专供上朝的官帽,<span style="color: black;">各样</span>宋代文献里面,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>都记录了展角幞头其实是上下通用的帽子。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">《宋史·舆服志》说“五代渐变平直。国朝之制,君臣通服平角……平施两角,以铁为之”。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当时上自天子、皇太子,到百官诸臣,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>乐师、仪卫、戏子,谁都<span style="color: black;">能够</span>用,<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>场合都会用。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>从壁画中<span style="color: black;">能够</span>看到,唐、五代、辽、宋、金,不少门卫、伎乐,甚干活的仆人都<span style="color: black;">运用</span>展角幞头。自然更不可能是赵匡胤为了防止官员而专门设计的。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">沈括在《梦溪笔谈》<span style="color: black;">亦</span>对此有一番论述,<span style="color: black;">不外</span>他认为加骨架的硬角幞头在唐代是君王<span style="color: black;">运用</span>,皇帝自己先<span style="color: black;">喜欢</span>戴这种帽子,晚唐被<span style="color: black;">地区</span>藩镇僭用,到了宋代,直角<span style="color: black;">作为</span>贵贱通用的样式:</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“唐制,唯人主得用硬角。晚唐方镇擅命,始僭用硬角。本朝幞头有直角、局角、交角、朝天、顺风,凡五等。唯直角贵贱通服之。”</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在流行史<span style="color: black;">科研</span>里,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>常常会看到这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,当一个本<span style="color: black;">拥有</span><span style="color: black;">实质</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>功能的结构,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>露在外被人们加以夸张装饰。当夸张的趋势一旦<span style="color: black;">起始</span>,就一发不可收拾发展到极端,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>脱离了原始的结构功能,变成后人<span style="color: black;">没</span>法理解的样子。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">而原来普通的“幞头”到了宋朝,演变成长长的一对翅子,并且以长、硬挺为美,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>夸张到了极端。当发展得太夸张影响了<span style="color: black;">实质</span>生活<span style="color: black;">运用</span>以后,又会<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>消失。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q8.itc.cn/images01/20240511/aa36676824694b71969e1171beafe0ab.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">从<span style="color: black;">实质</span>结构功能发展为彰显装饰,在服饰发展史中其实很<span style="color: black;">平常</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">类似的例子<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>清末民初旗人女性头顶尺高的“旗头”,缅甸<span style="color: black;">有些</span><span style="color: black;">女性</span>脖子上多到像长颈鹿<span style="color: black;">同样</span>的项圈,还有欧洲中世纪长度超过两尺的鞋尖,其实<span style="color: black;">亦</span>并<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">实质</span>功能<span style="color: black;">或</span>脱离了本来的<span style="color: black;">实质</span>功能,都属于装饰<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>夸张化并以其为美的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">后人看起来<span style="color: black;">难以置信</span>,为解释这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,<span style="color: black;">常常</span>就会附会为某位名人的<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>故事,<span style="color: black;">大众</span>喜闻乐见而传播,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span><span style="color: black;">区别</span>版本附会的<span style="color: black;">名人</span><span style="color: black;">常常</span>还不<span style="color: black;">同样</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">宋代冠帽两边长长的耳朵,其实<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是本来起到打结<span style="color: black;">功效</span>的幞头角,在数百年来<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>演变中,<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>硬挺化、威仪化,发展形成的一种夸张装饰。当伸长的平角幞头在晚唐五代流行以后,宋代继承并发展<span style="color: black;">作为</span>上下通用的首服。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q1.itc.cn/images01/20240511/16a43cf469764493b187364fe415f002.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这种首服被五代、辽、宋、金,各阶层、各民族、各时代广泛接受和<span style="color: black;">运用</span>。当长到极致时,客观上<span style="color: black;">亦</span>起到了庄重端正的效果。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">元代时,展角幞头<span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">再也不</span>在<span style="color: black;">平常</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>,变<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>官员公服专用的一种帽子。又<span style="color: black;">由于</span>太过不方便而在明代越用越少,<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>消失。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">爱好</span><span style="color: black;">文案</span>加个关注,欢迎转发<span style="color: black;">保藏</span>。<a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">返回<span style="color: black;">外链论坛:www.fok120.com</span>,查看<span style="color: black;">更加多</span></span></a></p>

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qzmjef 发表于 2024-10-11 21:07:41

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