医学生笔记(内科口诀)(个人笔记,仅供参考)
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1新旧血压单位换算口诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">血压mmHg,加倍再加倍, </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">除3再除10,即得 kpa值。 </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">举例:收缩压120mmHg加倍为240,再加倍为480,除以3得160,再除以10,即16kpa;反之,血压kpa乘10再乘3,减半再减半,可得mmHg值;其实,更好的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>是<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>只要记住“7.5”这个数值<span style="color: black;">就可</span>,用不着记一长串糖葫芦。题目中若给出Kpa值,乘以7.5<span style="color: black;">就可</span>;反之,除以7.5就OK了。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2右心衰的体征口诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">三水两大及其他</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">内容解释:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">三水:水肿、胸水、腹水; </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">两大:肝肿大和压痛、颈静脉充盈或怒张; </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其他:右心奔马律、收缩期吹风性杂音、紫绀;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3洋地黄类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的禁忌症口诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肥厚梗阻二尖窄,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">急性心梗伴心衰;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">二度高度房室阻,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">预激病窦<span style="color: black;">不该</span>该。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">内容解释:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)肥厚型心肌病<span style="color: black;">没</span>论有<span style="color: black;">没</span>流出道梗阻均为舒张功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,梗阻型者单独<span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>洋地黄在内的正性肌力<span style="color: black;">药品</span>又会加重流出道梗阻。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,<span style="color: black;">没</span>心衰时仅用改善舒张功能的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>、忌用洋地黄等正性肌力药;晚期心脏扩大合并收缩性心衰或合并室上速、快速房扑及房颤时,应在改善舒张功能<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">基本</span>上合用洋地黄;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)单纯二尖瓣狭窄窦性<span style="color: black;">心率</span>忌用洋地黄。二狭时,左室负荷并不重,<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>减慢心率、延长舒张期,方能<span style="color: black;">增多</span>左房对左室的充盈以减轻肺淤血,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>心排血量。洋地黄减慢窦性心率<span style="color: black;">功效</span>不<span style="color: black;">显著</span>,用后反会因右室收缩加强、进入肺循环血量<span style="color: black;">增多</span>而加重肺淤血;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)急性心肌梗死(AMI)、尤其是头24h内<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span><span style="color: black;">不消</span>洋地黄。此时心衰<span style="color: black;">重点</span>由心肌坏死和缺血<span style="color: black;">导致</span>,洋地黄仅<span style="color: black;">增多</span>正常心肌收缩力,对坏死心肌并<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>;洋地黄还会<span style="color: black;">增多</span>心脏收缩的不协调性及心肌耗氧量;加之此时交感神经过度兴奋及缺血心肌对洋地黄的<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>性<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,又会诱发<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常。若AMI心衰合并快速房扑、房颤或房速时可<span style="color: black;">运用</span>洋地黄,但应酌情<span style="color: black;">减少</span>,且宜用快速制剂;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(4)治疗剂量的洋地黄用于<span style="color: black;">通常</span>窦缓、<span style="color: black;">没</span>症状短暂窦停搏很少使病情加重,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不至延长心动过速后窦停搏时间;但在病窦综合症时可能会使病情恶化。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,病窦<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>及Ⅱ度以上房室传导阻滞(AVB)禁用洋地黄。I度AVB慎用洋地黄;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(5)预激综合证合并旁道前传的房扑和房颤禁用洋地黄,因其缩短旁道<span style="color: black;">不该</span>期,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>延长正道<span style="color: black;">不该</span>期,用后会使旁道下传的心室率进一步加快、有诱发室速和室颤的危险。预激综合证合并逆向型室上性心动过速<span style="color: black;">亦</span>应慎用洋地黄;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(6)治疗剂量的洋地黄用于<span style="color: black;">通常</span>窦缓、<span style="color: black;">没</span>症状短暂窦停搏很少使病情加重,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不至延长心动过速后窦停搏时间;但在病窦综合症时可能会使病情恶化。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,病窦<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>及Ⅱ度以上房室传导阻滞(AVB)禁用洋地黄。I度AVB慎用洋地黄。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4阵发性室上性心动过速的治疗口诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">刺迷胆碱洋地黄,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">升压电复抗失常。 </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">内容解释:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)刺激迷走神经:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①用压舌板刺激悬雍垂诱发恶心呕吐。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②深吸气后摒气,再用力作呼气动作或深呼气后摒气,再用力作吸气动作。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">③颈动脉窦按摩;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">④压迫眼球,如<span style="color: black;">没</span>专业人员<span style="color: black;">指点</span>不<span style="color: black;">意见</span>行颈动脉窦按摩和压迫眼球;以上<span style="color: black;">办法</span>原理为迷走神经<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>负性自律、负性收缩、负性传导的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①异搏定。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②西地兰。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">③升压<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">④三磷酸腺苷酶;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)伴有血流动力学<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>或<span style="color: black;">以上</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>效时可<span style="color: black;">选择</span>同步直流电复律,能量在100-200焦耳为宜,但洋地黄中毒或低血钾者禁用;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(4)预防复发:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">爆发</span>频繁的病人,可<span style="color: black;">选择</span>能<span style="color: black;">掌控</span><span style="color: black;">爆发</span>的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>口服,如异搏定,<span style="color: black;">心率</span>平、或胺碘酮口服期维持。并应避免<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>的诱因。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5继发性高血压的病因口诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">两肾原醛嗜铬瘤</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">皮质动脉和妊高</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">内容解释:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">两肾:肾实质性高血压、肾血管性高血压; </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">原醛:原发性醛固酮<span style="color: black;">增加</span>症; </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">嗜铬瘤:嗜铬细胞瘤; </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">皮质:皮质醇<span style="color: black;">增加</span>症; </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">动脉:主动脉缩窄; </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">妊高:妊娠高血压。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6心梗的并发症口诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心梗并发五种症,动脉栓塞心室膨; </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">乳头断裂心脏破,梗塞后期综合症。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">内容解释:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)附壁血栓形成</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">多见于左心室。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>梗死区内膜粗糙,室壁瘤处<span style="color: black;">显现</span>涡流等<span style="color: black;">原由</span>而诱发血栓形成。血栓可<span style="color: black;">出现</span>机化,<span style="color: black;">少许</span>血栓因心脏舒缩而脱落<span style="color: black;">导致</span>动脉系统栓塞;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)室壁瘤</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">可<span style="color: black;">出现</span>在心肌梗死<span style="color: black;">初期</span>或梗死灶已纤维化的愈合期,由梗死心肌或瘢痕组织在心室内压力<span style="color: black;">功效</span>下,局限性的向外膨隆而形成室壁瘤。室壁瘤可继发附壁血栓、<span style="color: black;">心率</span>不齐及心功能不全;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)乳头肌断裂</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">多<span style="color: black;">出现</span>于急性心肌梗死后5~7天,<span style="color: black;">少许</span>在3周内;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(4)心脏破裂</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">常<span style="color: black;">出现</span>在心肌梗死后1~2周内,好发于左心室前壁下1/3处。<span style="color: black;">原由</span>是梗死灶失去弹性,心肌坏死、中性粒细胞和单核细胞释放水解酶<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的酶性溶解<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>心壁破裂,心室内血液进入心包,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>心包填塞而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>猝死;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(5)心肌梗死后<span style="color: black;">综合症</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">通常</span>在急性心肌梗死后2~3周或数月内<span style="color: black;">出现</span>,表现为心包炎、胸膜炎、或肺炎,有发热、胸痛等症状,可反复<span style="color: black;">出现</span>,可能为机体对心肌坏死形成的<span style="color: black;">自己</span>抗原的过敏反应。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">7大叶性肺炎七绝诗句</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">充血水肿红色变,灰色肝变溶解散,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">胸痛咳嗽铁锈痰,<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难肺实变。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">内容解释:大叶性肺炎<span style="color: black;">通常</span>分为4期:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)充血水肿期:在发病后1--2天 肺大呈暗红色,肺泡内浆液性渗出;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)红色样变期:在发病3-4天,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是<span style="color: black;">海量</span>红细胞渗出;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)灰色样变期:在发病后5-6天<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是<span style="color: black;">海量</span>纤维素渗出,这个时候有<span style="color: black;">海量</span>的中性粒细胞;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(4)溶解消散期:在发病后7天,这个时候是巨噬细胞为主;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其临床表现为:起病急骤,寒战、高热、胸痛、咳嗽、咳铁锈色痰。病变广泛者可伴气促和发绀。<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>急促,鼻翼煽动。部分<span style="color: black;">病人</span>口唇和鼻周有疱疹。因肺实变可有<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">8急性左心衰临床表现及治疗口诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">端坐位,腿下垂,吸氧打吗啡,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">快强心,速利尿,茶碱扩管药。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">内容解释:临床常表现为强迫坐位、大汗、口唇轻微发绀、两肺底可听到水泡音、双下肢下垂等,病情危急,可<span style="color: black;">快速</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>心源性休克、<span style="color: black;">晕倒</span>而<span style="color: black;">引起</span>死亡;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)吸氧:<span style="color: black;">快速</span>改善<span style="color: black;">病人</span>通气<span style="color: black;">状况</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)镇静:当患儿极度烦躁不安时,此药有<span style="color: black;">控制</span>过度兴奋的<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>中枢的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>缓解<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难,且可使<span style="color: black;">周边</span>血容量<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,减少静脉回流。用时<span style="color: black;">重视</span><span style="color: black;">把握</span>剂量,新生儿及休克、<span style="color: black;">晕倒</span>、<span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>禁用,婴幼儿慎用;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)强心:快速洋地黄化,<span style="color: black;">选择</span>地高辛或西地兰静脉注射;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(4)利尿:可<span style="color: black;">选择</span>速尿或利尿酸静脉注射,<span style="color: black;">促进</span>钠和水的排泄,消除水肿,降低前后负荷;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(5)减少静脉回流:患儿采取半卧位或坐位,两腿下垂以减少静脉回心血量;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(6)血管扩张剂乌拉地尔、硝普钠、酚妥拉明、茶碱等静脉滴注,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可降低前负荷。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">9抗高血压<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">重视</span>口诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">酶尿<span style="color: black;">不消</span>孕,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">杯阻<span style="color: black;">不可</span>肺,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">尿杯<span style="color: black;">不消</span>糖尿病,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心衰<span style="color: black;">不消</span>钙杯。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">内容解释:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)“酶”指血管紧张素转化酶<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂即ACEI累<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,“尿”指利尿剂,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>ACEI类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>影响胎儿<span style="color: black;">亦</span>勿用;利尿剂因减少血容量,<span style="color: black;">不该</span>用于孕妇;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)“杯阻”指β受体阻滞剂,<span style="color: black;">不可</span>用于哮踹和COPD,<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>支气管狭窄;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)“尿杯”指利尿剂和β受体阻滞剂,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>前者干扰糖耐量,后者可掩盖低血糖症状;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(4)“钙杯”指的是钙拮抗剂和β受体阻滞剂,钙离子及B受体阻滞剂<span style="color: black;">不可</span>用于心衰。<span style="color: black;">由于</span>会降低心脏的收缩力。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">10急性肺水肿治疗口诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">坐起来打三针</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(吗啡、速尿、氨茶碱)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">内容解释:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)镇静剂:皮下或肌内注射吗啡5-10mg或哌替啶50mg,<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">晕倒</span>休克严重肺部<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>禁用。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)利尿剂:静注快速利尿剂,减少回心血量。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)氨茶碱:解除支气管痉挛,稀释后缓慢静注</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">简单的口诀,详尽的解释,<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>这些口诀能够加深<span style="color: black;">大众</span>的理解,对<span style="color: black;">大众</span>的临床工作有比<span style="color: black;">很强</span>的<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>。</p>
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