第1137期|伪装成感冒的心衰
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2019年5月第13期 总第1137期</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/oC1WL2FJFGzqomuhHPex2noHH9HNfZek3AyMSMsV5hDKPB7nAeOiacHVCAiapKbAWic8wIwTVBNVsXyeSobLibEBdg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">78岁的朱老先生患冠心病<span style="color: black;">数年</span>,平时用<span style="color: black;">药品</span>维持,病情稳定。近<span style="color: black;">1星期</span>来,他总是<span style="color: black;">没</span>缘<span style="color: black;">没</span>故地咳嗽,<span style="color: black;">无</span>痰,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不发热。<span style="color: black;">夜晚</span>睡觉时,咳嗽症状会<span style="color: black;">显著</span>加重,他<span style="color: black;">必要</span>坐起来,才感觉好受<span style="color: black;">有些</span>。起初,朱老先生以为咳嗽是感冒<span style="color: black;">导致</span>,便吃了些消炎药。<span style="color: black;">不想</span>几天以后,他的咳嗽不仅<span style="color: black;">无</span>好转,反而越发严重,<span style="color: black;">夜晚</span>一躺下来就咳嗽,只能坐着。家人很着急,连忙陪老人去医院就诊。经<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>诊断朱老先生患了左心衰,经抗心衰治疗后,咳嗽便缓解了。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"> 心脏病<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会<span style="color: black;">导致</span>咳嗽</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心衰分左心衰、右心衰和全心衰。左心衰<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现为频繁咳嗽(多为干咳)、胸闷、气短,活动后尤其<span style="color: black;">显著</span>,这种咳嗽在临床上被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为“心源性咳嗽”。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> <span style="color: black;">因为</span>老年人常合并<span style="color: black;">身患</span>多种慢性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>道<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,如慢性支气管炎、肺气肿等,故当左心衰以<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>道症状(心源性咳嗽)为<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现时,常被误认为是支气管炎或哮喘<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心源性咳嗽与体位关系密切,卧位时症状加重,坐位时症状减轻,且常在夜间<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>。除合并感染外,心源性咳嗽<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>发热或脓痰,抗生素疗效不<span style="color: black;">显著</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"> <span style="color: black;">那些</span>人最容易<span style="color: black;">出现</span>心衰?</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 心衰分为急性心衰和慢性心衰两大类。急性心衰来得快、病情重、紧急处理之后恢复的<span style="color: black;">亦</span>快。慢性心衰是一种慢性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>状态,适当<span style="color: black;">药品</span>能舒缓病情,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>心功能并可延长生命,但<span style="color: black;">不可</span>恢复如正常心功能状态。两者的<span style="color: black;">一起</span>点是常常都<span style="color: black;">出现</span>于有心脏结构、功能<span style="color: black;">反常</span>的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/oC1WL2FJFGzmwNadAehgFr5VOgnRzTRGkAjGh0pN8jln3zrA1FcZECYa4k5KjHWtV5LO494myBicxRuW4kj3OjA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">然则</span>心脏结构、功能正常的人<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有可能<span style="color: black;">出现</span>急性心衰。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>输液时速度过快、输液量过大,就有可能<span style="color: black;">引起</span>急性心衰<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 当然还是有心脏病的<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">更易</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>心衰,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>冠心病、高血压、老年性退行性心瓣膜病、风湿性心瓣膜病、扩张型心肌病、急性重症心肌炎等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">平常</span>的诱发<span style="color: black;">原因</span>为:慢性心衰治疗缺乏依从性、心脏容量超负荷、肺部感染、严重颅脑损害、剧烈的精神心理紧张、大手术后、肾功能<span style="color: black;">衰退</span>、急性<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常、支气管哮喘<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>、肺动脉栓塞、高心排血量<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>、应用负性肌力<span style="color: black;">药品</span>(如美托洛尔、比索洛尔、阿替洛尔等)等。最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的是肺部感染,<span style="color: black;">或</span>是一次感冒就可能使原有的心脏病雪上加霜、心脏不堪重负而<span style="color: black;">忽然</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>急性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"> 7大特征<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>识别心衰</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.稍活动或劳动,即感心慌、胸闷、气促。<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>系统<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>的咳嗽,常伴有咳痰,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>咳痰的颜色有改变,还可能会伴有发烧等。而心功能不全<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的咳嗽,多半跟体力活动<span style="color: black;">关联</span>,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>稍微活动,咳嗽的症状就会加重。<span style="color: black;">由于</span>活动会使心脏的<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>加重,相应的咳嗽<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会加重,但<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>之后会得到缓解。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.尿量减少,<span style="color: black;">短期</span>内体重<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>。若<span style="color: black;">没</span>肾脏疾患,多提示心脏功能已<span style="color: black;">处在</span>失代偿状态。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/oC1WL2FJFGzqomuhHPex2noHH9HNfZekpE1PJOlXooYU7OmsrLatQHzJ7UV8OlcaMypflWlicgt3pDQmjTHuICQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 3.夜间<span style="color: black;">忽然</span>憋醒,或伴有<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>急促或喘息,坐起来后症状<span style="color: black;">火速</span>消失。<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>心脑血管精品<span style="color: black;">文案</span>,请关注<span style="color: black;">微X</span>公众号:名家心讲堂。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4.<span style="color: black;">不可</span>完全平卧,平卧后即感到胸闷气短,需垫高枕头或取半卧位才舒适。心功能不全<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的咳嗽与体位<span style="color: black;">关联</span>。一躺下,回心血量<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,就会加重心脏的<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>,心衰的症状就会加重,咳嗽<span style="color: black;">亦</span>就会<span style="color: black;">显著</span>加重;<span style="color: black;">然则</span>一坐起来,回心血量减少,这种咳嗽就会好转。<span style="color: black;">显现</span>这些症状时,说明心衰症状已进一步加重。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 5.咳嗽、咯少量白痰。当<span style="color: black;">出现</span>急性左心衰时,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现为咯<span style="color: black;">海量</span>白色<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>或洗肉水样痰,并伴有口唇或面色青紫、大汗淋漓、喘息等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6.心衰<span style="color: black;">出现</span>以后,因大脑供血不足,不少老年病人会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>精神症状,如心情烦躁、焦虑、恐惧、嗜睡等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 7.当病人<span style="color: black;">出现</span>右心衰或全心衰(左、右心功能不全)时,因全身静脉回流不畅,会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>颈部血管(静脉)<span style="color: black;">显著</span>充盈或怒张、肝脾肿大、下肢或全身水肿等静脉淤血症状。此时,病人可能感觉不适症状较以前有所好转,但<span style="color: black;">实质</span>上却是病情加重的表现。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"> 左心衰急救策略</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当病人<span style="color: black;">出现</span>急性左心衰时,家属在拨打120急救<span style="color: black;">tel</span>后,可采取<span style="color: black;">有些</span>急救<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,减轻心衰症状:1.取半卧位,以减少回心血量,缓解<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难;2.若家里配备氧气,可立即给病人吸氧;3.让病人舌下含服硝酸甘油或消心痛,以扩张血管,减轻心脏负荷;4.若病人有焦虑或烦躁症状,应给予适当安慰。若有可能,可给予少量镇静剂。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">源自</span>:健客网</p>
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