心功能不全病人的护理重点
<h2 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">循环系统<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>病人的护理:</h2>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心功能不全病人的护理</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点必背</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点1:充血性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span><span style="color: black;">指的是</span><span style="color: black;">各样</span>心脏<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>心肌收缩力下降,心排出量<span style="color: black;">不可</span>满足机体代谢的<span style="color: black;">必须</span>,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>器官、组织血液灌注不足,肺循环和(或)体循环淤血为<span style="color: black;">重点</span>特征的一组临床<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点2:舒张性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span><span style="color: black;">指的是</span>心肌收缩力尚可,心排出量维持正常,但<span style="color: black;">因为</span><span style="color: black;">各样</span>原因<span style="color: black;">导致</span>左心室充盈压<span style="color: black;">反常</span><span style="color: black;">升高</span>,致使肺静脉血液回流受阻而<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肺循环淤血。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点3:心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>按其<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的部位可分为左心、右心和全心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>;按有<span style="color: black;">没</span>舒缩功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>又可分为收缩性和舒张性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点4:心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>是一种<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>的临床<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>,特定的症状是<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难、乏力,特定的体征是水肿,这些<span style="color: black;">状况</span>可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>器官功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,影响生活质量。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点5:慢性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>表现为心脏收缩功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>指标是射血分数下降,<span style="color: black;">通常</span><40%。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点6:心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的严重程度<span style="color: black;">一般</span>采用美国纽约心脏病学会的心功能分级<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点7:心脏病病人,男性,体力活动轻度受限,<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>时<span style="color: black;">没</span>自觉症状,在活动下<span style="color: black;">显现</span>心衰症状。此病人为Ⅱ级心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点8:慢性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的病因有心肌损害、心脏负荷过重等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点9:心肌代谢<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>以糖尿病、心肌病最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点10:感染是慢性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>和最<span style="color: black;">重点</span>的诱因,<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>道感染。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点11:左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>最早<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的症状是劳力性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难,经<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>后缓解。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点12:咳嗽、咳痰在左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span><span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">就可</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>,多<span style="color: black;">出现</span>在夜间,坐、立位可减轻。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点13:左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>病人<span style="color: black;">初期</span>的痰液特点为白色<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>样,如<span style="color: black;">出现</span>急性肺水肿,则咳<span style="color: black;">海量</span>粉红色<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>痰,为肺泡和支气管淤血<span style="color: black;">导致</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点14:左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>病人<span style="color: black;">显现</span>交替脉,是左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的特征性体征。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点15:右心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>病人<span style="color: black;">初期</span>在身体的下垂部位和组织疏松部位可出的凹陷陷性水肿。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点16:全心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>病人表现为右心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的症状时,肺於血的临床表现可减轻。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点17:慢性心力竭x线<span style="color: black;">检测</span>中,<span style="color: black;">初期</span>肺静脉压<span style="color: black;">升高</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现为肺门血管影<span style="color: black;">加强</span>;肺动脉压力<span style="color: black;">升高</span>可见右下肺动脉增宽。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点18:慢性心力竭X线<span style="color: black;">检测</span>中,肺小叶间隔内积液可表现为KerleyB线是在肺野外侧清晰可见的水平线状影,是慢性肺淤血的特征性表现。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点19:超声心动图是诊断心力竭最主要的仪器<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点20:射血分数可反映心脏收缩功能,正常射血分数>50%。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点21:慢性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>辅助<span style="color: black;">检测</span>中,有创性血流动力学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>多采用漂浮导管在床边进行,经静脉插管直至肺小动脉.可测定各部位的压力及血液含氧量,计算心脏指数(CI)及肺小动脉楔压(PCWP),直接反映左心功能,正常时CI>2.5L/(min·㎡),PCWP<12rnmHg。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点22:慢性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>辅助<span style="color: black;">检测</span>中,放射性核素心血池显影<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>判断室腔<span style="color: black;">体积</span>,计算射血分数和左心室最大充盈速率。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点23:慢性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>病人为减轻心脏<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>,应低钠<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>要少食多餐。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点24:慢性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>病人为减轻心脏<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>,应给子<span style="color: black;">连续</span>氧气吸入,流量2~4L/min,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>血氧饱和度,改善<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点25:氢氯噻嗪大剂量<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>应用可影响胆固醇及糖的代谢,应严密监测。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点26:扩血管<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>是<span style="color: black;">经过</span>扩张小动脉,减轻心脏后负荷;<span style="color: black;">经过</span>扩张小静脉,减轻心脏前负荷。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点27:扩张小静脉制剂临床上以硝酸酯类制剂为主,如硝酸甘油、硝酸异山梨醇。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点28:正性肌力<span style="color: black;">药品</span>适于治疗以收缩功能<span style="color: black;">反常</span>为特征的心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>,尤其对心腔扩大<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的低心排出量心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>,伴快速<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常的病人<span style="color: black;">功效</span>最佳。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点29:洋地黄类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>是临床最常用的强心<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>正性肌力、心减慢<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,在<span style="color: black;">增多</span>肌收缩力的<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,不<span style="color: black;">增多</span>心肌耗氧量。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点30:应用洋地黄类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的适应证为充血性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>,尤其对伴有心房颤动和心室率增快的心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>,对心房颤动、心房扑动和室上性心动过速过速均有效。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点31:毛花苷为静脉注射制剂,适用于急性心衰或慢性心衰加重时,尤其适用于心衰伴快速心房颤动者。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点32:洋地黄类<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">平常</span>的毒性反应有胃肠道反应、心血管系统反应、神经系统反应。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点33:心血管系统不良反应是洋地黄类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>较严重的毒性反应,常<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">各样</span><span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常,以室性期前收缩二联律最为<span style="color: black;">平常</span>,常有室上性心动过速伴房室传导阻滞、房室传导阻滞、窦性心动过缓等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点34:<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>心房颤动病人<span style="color: black;">运用</span>洋地黄后<span style="color: black;">心率</span>变得规则,心电图ST段<span style="color: black;">显现</span>鱼钩样改变,应<span style="color: black;">重视</span>有<span style="color: black;">出现</span>洋地黄中毒的危险。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点35:β受体兴奋剂适用于急性心肌梗死伴心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的病人,常用的有多巴酚丁按、多巴胺静脉点滴,由小剂量<span style="color: black;">起始</span>,<span style="color: black;">逐步</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>用量。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点36:小剂量多巴胺能扩张肾动脉,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>肾血流量和排钠利尿,从而用于充血性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的治疗,大剂量多巴胺可维持血压,用于心源性休克的治疗。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点37:β受体阻滞剂可对抗代偿机制中交感神经兴奋性<span style="color: black;">加强</span>这一效应,从而降低慢性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>病人死亡率、住院率,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>其运动耐量。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点38:心功能IV级病人应绝对卧床<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>,生活<span style="color: black;">必须</span>他人照顾。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点39:慢性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>病人应给予高蛋白、高维生素的易消化、清淡<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>,<span style="color: black;">重视</span><span style="color: black;">弥补</span>营养,改善病人营养<span style="color: black;">情况</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点40:<span style="color: black;">运用</span>洋地黄治疗慢性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>时应严格遵医嘱给药,当病人脉搏<60次/分或节律不规则,应暂停服药并通知<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点41:治疗慢性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>时,洋地黄<span style="color: black;">不可</span>与奎尼丁、普罗帕酮(<span style="color: black;">心率</span>平)、维拉帕米(异搏定)、钙剂、胺碘酮等<span style="color: black;">药品</span>合用,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>毒性。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点42:治疗慢性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>过程中<span style="color: black;">显现</span>洋地黄类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>毒性反应时,应快速纠正<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>血钾不低可<span style="color: black;">运用</span>利多卡因或苯妥英钠;对缓慢<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常,可<span style="color: black;">运用</span>阿托品0.5~1mg治疗或<span style="color: black;">安顿</span>临时起搏器。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点43:应用血管紧张素转换酶<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂治疗慢性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>时需预防直立性低血压、皮炎、蛋白尿、咳嗽、间质性肺炎等不良反应的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点44:急性心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>以急性左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>,多表现为急性肺水肿。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点45:急性左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的特征性表现为突发严重<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难,<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>频率达30~40次/分,咳嗽、咳痰和咳<span style="color: black;">海量</span>粉红色<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>痰、乏力、尿少、血压降低等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点46:急性左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>病人查体可见心率和脉率增快,两肺满布湿啰音和哮鸣音,心尖部可闻及舒张期奔马律。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点47:急性左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>时,缺氧、严重<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难是致命的威胁,<span style="color: black;">必要</span><span style="color: black;">即时</span>救治,尽快缓解。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点48:急性左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>时,应置病人于两腿下垂坐位或半卧位,以减少静脉回流。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点49:急性左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>时,可静脉注射呋塞米20~40mg,减轻心室前负荷。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点50:急性左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>时,静脉滴注氨茶碱可缓解支气管痉挛,并兼有<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的正性肌力和扩血管利尿<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">采分点51:急性左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>时,地塞米松10~20mg或琥珀酸氢化可的松100mg静脉滴注,可降低外周阻力,减少回心血量,减少肺毛细血管通透性从而减轻肺水肿。</p>
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