北京大学肿瘤医院副院长郭军：有些「痣」不可轻视！把握ABCDE办法辨别黑色素瘤
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">郭军教授出诊信息</strong></span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/k0W5t2upVvUudhfHKG2ToGyocviaLT1z1chsbjBlJWAkGoIxavpWE2AwqEREzanSxh6oOj0Fv0vPicY5kvUotywg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">门诊时间：周五上午9:30-12:00，</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">和睦家启望肿瘤中心</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">预约<span style="color: black;">tel</span>: 010-5927 7008 / </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">24小时服务中心：4008-919191</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/IxGJaB1zED4mRick5quY8sAqm9Vn6raK6IVXfyN27VIarVCjcFvWNsSMOYeibsY1EibqFhJbQruvExsB7qZ9Qq5UQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;">01</strong></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;">黑色素瘤<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>，</strong></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">初期</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">能够</span>治愈</strong></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">有一句话叫“教育<span style="color: black;">能够</span>挽救生命”，在黑色素瘤<span style="color: black;">表现</span>得尤为淋漓尽致。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>胃癌、结直肠癌、肺癌这些癌，<span style="color: black;">初期</span>几乎<span style="color: black;">没</span>症状，不做体检还真难<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>，<span style="color: black;">然则</span>黑色素瘤就长在体表，是能够被看见的。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">之<span style="color: black;">因此</span>看见<span style="color: black;">亦</span>当没看见，是因<span style="color: black;">为何</span>？<span style="color: black;">由于</span>缺乏对黑色素瘤的基本<span style="color: black;">认识</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">我经常问<span style="color: black;">病人</span>，<span style="color: black;">为何</span>手上的黑色素瘤都长成这个样子了才来找我？<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的回答是，你看它不疼不痒的，<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不影响我上班工作、下地干活，<span style="color: black;">因此</span>没觉得它是个事。这部分<span style="color: black;">病人</span>认为只要不影响工作生活，那就不是病。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>，等到这个病要你命的时候，<span style="color: black;">懊悔</span>都来不及了。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/IxGJaB1zED5YHicBUQTeojDmufwzUsicm0loSq3llbrwWFvF6FsK38RHn9wWibWLpvILBHgIbndiavdgJdGvTKguxw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><span style="color: black;">恰恰黑色素瘤和所有癌症几乎都有一个特点，<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">初期</span>不疼不痒。<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">千万千万要<span style="color: black;">重视</span>，不疼不痒的可不<span style="color: black;">必定</span>就不是大病。</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">每一个</span>人都应该<span style="color: black;">认识</span>黑色素瘤，并且<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>什么样的痣有可能会恶变成黑色素瘤，<span style="color: black;">由于</span>黑色素瘤绝大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>是皮肤上的痣恶变的。</span><span style="color: black;">其实只要早点<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>，早点治疗，就可能避免这种飞来的塌天之祸。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>的黑色素瘤，只要做一个手术，这辈子都不会再找你了，切除后就能达到治愈，不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>后续治疗。<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>任由其发展，大概几个月以后就不可收拾了。<span style="color: black;">况且</span>等到<span style="color: black;">显现</span>转移了再治疗，花多少钱都治<span style="color: black;">欠好</span>。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>，知识改变命运！</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;">02</strong></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;">有些痣是黑色素瘤癌前病变，</strong></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>这些征兆请尽早<span style="color: black;">看病</span></strong></strong></span></p><span style="color: black;">黑色素瘤起源于皮肤的黑色素细胞。<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">每一个</span>人的皮肤下面都有黑色素细胞。这些黑色素细胞聚集成团，并且<span style="color: black;">忽然</span>有一天，有一个细胞失去<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>，<span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">持续</span>增殖，就变<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>黑色素瘤。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">首要</span>看一下皮肤的结构。皮肤<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>表皮和真皮这两层<span style="color: black;">形成</span>的，中间是基底层。在表皮和真皮之间有<span style="color: black;">海量</span>的黑色素细胞，这些细胞一旦<span style="color: black;">出现</span>恶变，就会变成黑色素瘤。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>在恶变之前，它可能会<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">有些</span>良性的变化，<span style="color: black;">例如</span>说增殖，这种增殖是可控的，<span style="color: black;">例如</span>说痣。</span><span style="color: black;">痣俗<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>痦子，当然我指的是真正的“痦子”，其实<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>找我来看的、<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">所说</span>的痦子<span style="color: black;">基本</span>不是真痦子，可能是老年疣，<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>叫脂溢性角化，<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有可能是一个瘤样的增生，这些都不是痣。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/gKnytBjicgbmQfIDBAyNgJCVuej13mXkRBXUGvPbZTVJQrSVdzMUpI12ckoNMTS4LO94hkN57LcepicvWvTNlQQA/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">医学上将痣分为三种，分别是皮内痣、交界痣、混合痣。皮内痣是在真皮内的，交界痣是介于真皮和表皮之间的。有的病人跟我说，哎呀，交界痣了，坏了，我<span style="color: black;">是否</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span>处在良恶性之间了？不是，交界痣<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>在真皮和表皮之间，不是良恶性之间，<span style="color: black;">没关系</span>张。混合痣是这两个都有。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>，皮内痣很少有恶变的。<span style="color: black;">皮内痣<span style="color: black;">能够</span>不切，<span style="color: black;">能够</span>不管；混合痣<span style="color: black;">能够</span>切<span style="color: black;">能够</span>不切；交界痣<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>，如果有恶变的倾向，主张切。不同的痣，相应的处理<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是不<span style="color: black;">同样</span>的。</span></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;">03</strong></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;">ABCDE五个标准，</strong></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">评定</span>身上的痣<span style="color: black;">可否</span>有癌变<span style="color: black;">危害</span></strong></strong></span></p><span style="color: black;">什么样的痣<span style="color: black;">必须</span>格外<span style="color: black;">重视</span>呢？<span style="color: black;">怎样</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>一颗痣的恶变<span style="color: black;">危害</span>呢？<span style="color: black;">针对</span>普通人<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>，这确实有难度，<span style="color: black;">然则</span>我<span style="color: black;">能够</span>教给<span style="color: black;">大众</span><span style="color: black;">有些</span>小诀窍。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span>，看原发部位。</span></strong></span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/gKnytBjicgbmQfIDBAyNgJCVuej13mXkRiaibfy8NysEPwQfxl4yPDaGyROg9SaeBDQW0lVRq1gBnvS11kutY0icTQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">黄种人的黑色素瘤50%在手脚，<span style="color: black;">因此</span>足底、手上的痣还真得要小心。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">还有四分之一的黑色素瘤是来自于鼻腔、口腔、食道、阴道和直肠。</span><span style="color: black;">因此</span>，<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>直肠黑色素瘤的病人<span style="color: black;">起始</span>是被误诊为直肠癌。<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>老年女性<span style="color: black;">已然</span>绝经，<span style="color: black;">忽然</span>又有<span style="color: black;">流血</span>，<span style="color: black;">或</span>是总有不明<span style="color: black;">原由</span>的<span style="color: black;">流血</span>，这就应该去看<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>了，<span style="color: black;">由于</span>阴道<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是黑色素瘤的一个高发部位。</span><span style="color: black;">剩下的四分之一是来自于躯干和面部、头皮这些部位。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">其次，看痣的形态。</strong></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">详细</span>标准有五点，用ABCDE来标注，<span style="color: black;">亦</span>很好记。</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1. Asymmetry 不对<span style="color: black;">叫作</span> </span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>这个痣长得圆圆的，<span style="color: black;">上下</span>对<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>，上下<span style="color: black;">亦</span>对<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>，恶变的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>就不大。<span style="color: black;">黑色素瘤绝大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>是不对<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>的</span>。<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>说，<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>中间给一道线，两边折起来以后，它<span style="color: black;">不可</span>重合，这叫不对<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>，不对<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>的痣恶变<span style="color: black;">危害</span>大。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKnytBjicgbmQfIDBAyNgJCVuej13mXkRj5uSRck7icnfFP321zYtCfM2JDfu0yc0dxCwOy7FKIy7ZjQUlgPciavA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">左图为正常的痣，很圆；</span><span style="color: black;">右图为不对<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>的痣，多边形</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2. Border 边缘不规则</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>这个痣的边缘非常光滑，<span style="color: black;">通常</span>它是良性的可能性大，<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>这个痣边缘是不规则的，那就有<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。啥叫不规则？就好比你拿墨汁往宣纸上一滴，那个点<span style="color: black;">便是</span>不规则的。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKnytBjicgbmQfIDBAyNgJCVuej13mXkRS40pn931tXFOcBibCehS3eJdAkVqLGfkaToyFjC5ykxdvX5NOibIlfeA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">左图为正常的痣，边界清晰平整；</span><span style="color: black;">右图为有恶变<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的痣，边界不齐</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3. Color 颜色不一 </span></strong><span style="color: black;">颜色正常且均一的痣，恶变的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>小。或者说，这个美人痣好看，好看的痣<span style="color: black;">通常</span>都是良性的。一旦恶变肯定就不美了，有的痣一看就很恶，表现为颜色不均一，<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>有那种阴森恐怖的黑，很难形容，<span style="color: black;">然则</span>我一眼就认得出。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKnytBjicgbmQfIDBAyNgJCVuej13mXkRV1Xibv3sFQry9l58X8boTywslJlM8c0u0YGibSmxNxE2yib6cdjCI3fiaQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">左图为正常的痣，颜色<span style="color: black;">能够</span>接受；</span><span style="color: black;">右图为有恶变<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的痣，颜色不均一</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">4. Diameter 直径过大</span></strong><span style="color: black;">痣要恶变，<span style="color: black;">最少</span>直径要大于6毫米。1毫米<span style="color: black;">体积</span>的痣不必紧张，<span style="color: black;">最少</span>得长到6毫米才有恶变<span style="color: black;">危害</span>，这是<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>统计的结果。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKnytBjicgbmQfIDBAyNgJCVuej13mXkREP0pU9dh5icAYMv6YqWGoUXJ3Le5xnvy025Dq11lyjhOB9vHPf4qwgg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">左图为正常的痣，<span style="color: black;">通常</span>不会长太大；</span><span style="color: black;">右图为恶变<span style="color: black;">危害</span>高的痣，直径<span style="color: black;">常常</span>超过6毫米</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">5. Elevation 表面隆起</span></strong><span style="color: black;">表面隆起<span style="color: black;">便是</span>皮肤上鼓起来，<span style="color: black;">况且</span><span style="color: black;">持续</span><span style="color: black;">升高</span>，速度非常快。假如脚上的一个痦子，十年没变化了，<span style="color: black;">近期</span>两个月<span style="color: black;">快速</span>增大，你就要得小心了。快速变化<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是恶变非常<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的标志。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKnytBjicgbmQfIDBAyNgJCVuej13mXkRd4Tv0mRVTORbuQdiccjzlU2gOzoR54LuLhWxGk3TPoRA8qIYK4cyOGA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">表面高低不平或快速隆起的痣，</p>
</span><span style="color: black;">可能恶变</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;">04</strong></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;">对有<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的痣，</strong></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">必定</span>要请专业<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>来处理</strong></strong></span></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">大众</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">按照</span>以上这几点，对身上的痣做一个<span style="color: black;">评估</span>。当你有<span style="color: black;">可疑</span>的时候，<span style="color: black;">必定</span>要找找专业的<span style="color: black;">医生</span>，千万别去街上乱点痣。冷冻<span style="color: black;">亦</span>好，激光<span style="color: black;">亦</span>罢，假如你运气好，它<span style="color: black;">便是</span>一个良性痣，你点了<span style="color: black;">亦</span>就点了。假如你运气<span style="color: black;">欠好</span>，它真是黑色素瘤，你可真就毁了自己。<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">冷冻、激光这种<span style="color: black;">所说</span>的化学烧伤点痣，可能把黑色素瘤从<span style="color: black;">初期</span>变成晚期</span>。</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/gKnytBjicgbmQfIDBAyNgJCVuej13mXkRptWib0gCSxyzQWvXPaaDzIFNBaic89hNqP64pZ77GAZD4qqOBqnzpvVw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">不可随意点痣，</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">要到医院请专业<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>处理</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">初期</span>黑色素瘤之<span style="color: black;">因此</span>好治，是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>它在表皮内，最多不超过真皮这个浅层，真皮里头才有血管、淋巴管。它<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>不长到真皮里头，就不会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>转移。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>你<span style="color: black;">经过</span>激光、冷冻，把它从浅层人为带到深层，就会促进它的转移。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>不要轻易去做这种危险的操作，尤其是不要让江湖游医随便点痣。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">还有一种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>比较<span style="color: black;">平常</span>。</span><span style="color: black;">得了黑色素瘤，千万不要截肢。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>这个概念<span style="color: black;">已然</span>在全国推广得差不多了，<span style="color: black;">然则</span>依然还有极个别的偏远地区，手上的一个黑色素瘤，从肩膀这就截了，脚指头上的一个黑色素瘤，把<span style="color: black;">全部</span>大腿都截了。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">其实统计数据<span style="color: black;">已然</span>讲得很清楚了，从大腿截，和只做一个局部的扩切，病人的<span style="color: black;">存活</span>时间是一模<span style="color: black;">同样</span>的，一点<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不延长。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>，千万别把大腿给截了，别把胳膊给卸了，这个卸和截，并不改善病人的远期<span style="color: black;">存活</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/gKnytBjicgbmQfIDBAyNgJCVuej13mXkRvkSzols4caq8wxeCscQcKppR3Qt4q3yRFUUiawK3enTSTeOmMhM8sZw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">甲下黑色素瘤<span style="color: black;">已然</span>不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>截肢，</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">保指手术<span style="color: black;">已然</span>非常成熟</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">一般</span>，<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>只<span style="color: black;">必须</span>一个局部扩切，它转不转移<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不在于截多远，而在于后续的治疗。切除之后经过修复，指头功能依然在，<span style="color: black;">况且</span>还挺好看，将来再装个指甲，跟真手指一模<span style="color: black;">同样</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因此</span>，自我<span style="color: black;">评定</span>，<span style="color: black;">即时</span><span style="color: black;">看病</span>，早诊早治非常<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>，找正规医院专业<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>来处理<span style="color: black;">亦</span>非常<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>。</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;">05</strong></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;">免疫治疗可<span style="color: black;">极重</span>改善<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">存活</span></strong></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">过去，黑色素瘤一旦<span style="color: black;">显现</span>转移，<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的平均<span style="color: black;">存活</span>期不到六个月。<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>最新的数据<span style="color: black;">表示</span>，患病五年后，还有91%的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>活着！你说这个差距有多大？</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">美国前总统卡特，得了黑色素瘤，<span style="color: black;">况且</span>到了晚期的晚期，<span style="color: black;">出现</span>了脑转移。脑转移在过去的话，<span style="color: black;">便是</span>最多只能活两个月。<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>有好办法了——免疫治疗，<span style="color: black;">能够</span>说它几乎治愈了卡特的黑色素瘤脑转移，到<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>依然<span style="color: black;">无</span>转移复发。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">免疫治疗是<span style="color: black;">经过</span>松开“刹车”（免疫系统的<span style="color: black;">控制</span>信号）以后，从而重新<span style="color: black;">起步</span>了免疫系统。这和<span style="color: black;">通常</span>人常说的“<span style="color: black;">加强</span>免疫力”不是一个概念。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">有人总说，“你得吃点这个，<span style="color: black;">加强</span>一下免疫力”。其实得癌症的<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>病人，他的免疫一点不差，身体都挺棒的，怎么得癌症了？是<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">她们</span>的免疫系统不识别肿瘤，把它当成“好人”了。你再加强<span style="color: black;">所说</span>的免疫力，<span style="color: black;">亦</span>没用。<span style="color: black;">由于</span>你的“警察”再厉害，不认识“<span style="color: black;">暴徒</span>”，<span style="color: black;">亦</span>没用。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>说，免疫治疗是什么？松开“刹车”，让免疫系统重新识别肿瘤，只要识别了，你的免疫力足够杀掉它。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">免疫治疗和靶向治疗<span style="color: black;">已然</span>改变了<span style="color: black;">全部</span>黑色素瘤的治疗<span style="color: black;">状况</span></span>。黑色素瘤<span style="color: black;">表率</span>了<span style="color: black;">全部</span>肿瘤治疗的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>和<span style="color: black;">将来</span>发展趋势，它是所有抗肿瘤治疗<span style="color: black;">科研</span>的前沿<span style="color: black;">表率</span>。</span></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">黑色素瘤知识点敲黑板</strong><strong style="color: blue;">！</strong></span></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span></strong>
</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">黑色素瘤<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>、<span style="color: black;">初期</span>治疗是<span style="color: black;">能够</span>治愈的。黑色素瘤生长在体表，很容易被<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>，早期治疗的<span style="color: black;">花费</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>很低。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span></strong>
</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">黑色素瘤是皮肤黑色素细胞恶变成癌。有些痣是黑色素瘤的癌前病变，<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">重视</span>其原发部位和<span style="color: black;">反常</span>症状，以及<span style="color: black;">经过</span>痣的形态（不对<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>、边缘不整、颜色不<span style="color: black;">1、</span>直径过大、表面隆起）来<span style="color: black;">评定</span>其<span style="color: black;">危害</span>，必要时要尽早<span style="color: black;">看病</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3、</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>有<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的痣，<span style="color: black;">必须</span>请专业<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>来处理，切不可随意点痣，<span style="color: black;">以避免</span>人为<span style="color: black;">导致</span>黑色素瘤的转移。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">4、</span></strong>免疫治疗<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">极重</span>程度延长黑色素瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的生命，改变了黑色素瘤的治疗<span style="color: black;">状况</span>和前景。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKnytBjicgbmQfIDBAyNgJCVuej13mXkRZKODhxQKhkCospRsy1ibacYT2U98YUTDGFUY6o8ibThjrAajOibDlhribw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKnytBjicgbmQfIDBAyNgJCVuej13mXkRplRL7Dauy8TEyQl7M85KOLOHN95OlUQxx8YexK5CoDysLjgxWARLug/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">郭军 </span></strong><span style="color: black;">教授</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">北京大学肿瘤医院副院长</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">中国临床肿瘤学会副理事长</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">◆ </span><span style="color: black;">我国著名肿瘤内科学专家，<span style="color: black;">科研</span>方向为泌尿系肿瘤和皮肤恶性肿瘤，<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是对亚洲黑色素瘤的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>，推动并引领了中国黑色素瘤的规范化治疗。现任北京大学肿瘤医院副院长，中国临床肿瘤学会副理事长、黑色素瘤专家委员会<span style="color: black;">专家</span>委员。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">本文<span style="color: black;">按照</span>北京大学肿瘤医院与腾讯<span style="color: black;">资讯</span>联合推出的肿瘤防治系列微课堂演讲实录整理。</span>本文系腾讯较真独家稿件，如需转载，请联系较真平台(<span style="color: black;">微X</span>ID：qqjiaozhen)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
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