本科生教材《病理生理学》简答题(第3部分)
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">66、试述上消化道<span style="color: black;">流血</span>诱发肝性脑病的机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 消化道<span style="color: black;">流血</span>时,血液中的蛋白质在肠道经细菌<span style="color: black;">功效</span>可产生氨及其他毒物,这是诱发肝性脑病<span style="color: black;">重点</span>机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ <span style="color: black;">流血</span>可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>低血压、低血容量、缺氧等。这些对脑、肝、肾器官的<span style="color: black;">有害</span>影响,在<span style="color: black;">必定</span>程度上参与诱发肝性脑病的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">67、肝功能严重<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>者需灌肠时应选何种灌肠液?<span style="color: black;">为何</span>?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肝功能严重<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>需灌肠时,应选弱酸性灌肠液。<span style="color: black;">由于</span>肠道pH较低时,肠道的NH3与H+结合成不被吸收的(NH4+),并随粪便排出体外。若肠道pH降至5.0时,不仅肠道的NH3不被吸收,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>血液中的氨向肠道弥散。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,应选弱酸性灌肠液,以减少肠对氨的吸收和促进血氨向肠道弥散,使血氨降低。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">68、试述肝性脑病<span style="color: black;">病人</span>血氨<span style="color: black;">上升</span>及其<span style="color: black;">导致</span>肝性脑病的机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肝性脑病<span style="color: black;">病人</span>血氨<span style="color: black;">上升</span>的机制:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 血氨生成<span style="color: black;">太多</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①肝硬化致门静脉高压,使肠粘膜淤血,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>消化吸收不良及蠕动减慢,细菌<span style="color: black;">海量</span>繁殖,氨生成<span style="color: black;">太多</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②肝硬化病人常有上消化道<span style="color: black;">流血</span>,血中蛋白质在肠道细菌的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>下产氨;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">③肝硬化病人常合并有肝肾综合症,肾脏排泄尿素减少,<span style="color: black;">海量</span>尿素弥散至胃肠道而使肠道产氨<span style="color: black;">增多</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">④肝性脑病的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">初期</span>躁动不安,肌肉活动<span style="color: black;">加强</span>,产氨<span style="color: black;">增多</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ 血氨清除不足:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①肝功能严重受损时,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>代谢<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>使ATP供给不足,肝内酶系统遭到破坏,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>鸟氨酸循环<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,使尿素合成减少而使氨清除不足;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②慢性肝硬化时,形成肝内和门—体侧支循环,使来自肠的血液绕过肝脏,直接进入体循环,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>使氨清除不足。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">血氨<span style="color: black;">上升</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>肝性脑病的机制:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 干扰脑的能量代谢:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①氨可<span style="color: black;">控制</span>脑组织中的丙酮酸脱羧酶的活性,使乙酰辅酶A生成减少,三羧酸循环<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,ATP合成减少;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②氨与α—酮戊二酸合成谷氨酸的过程中,使三羧酸循环中的α—酮戊二酸减少而ATP合成减少;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">③消耗了<span style="color: black;">海量</span>还原型辅酶I(NADH),导致<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>链的递氢受阻,影响ATP的产生;④氨与谷氨酸合成谷氨酰胺的过程中,消耗了<span style="color: black;">海量</span>的ATP,更加重了能量供应不足。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ 使脑内神经递质<span style="color: black;">出现</span>改变:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①兴奋性神经递质——乙酰胆碱、谷氨酸减少;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②<span style="color: black;">控制</span>性神经递质—Y-氨基丁酸、谷氨酰胺<span style="color: black;">增加</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑶ 氨对神经细胞膜的<span style="color: black;">控制</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>:NH3和K+有竞争<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,还干扰神经细胞膜Na+-K+-ATP酶的活性,影响Na+和K+在神经细胞膜内外的正常分布,<span style="color: black;">从而</span>影响膜电位和兴奋及传导等活动。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">69、肝硬化病人<span style="color: black;">摄食</span>不洁肉食后高热、呕吐、腹泻、继之<span style="color: black;">晕倒</span>。试述其<span style="color: black;">出现</span>肝性脑病的诱因。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)肝硬化病人,因胃肠道淤血,消化吸收不良及蠕动<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,细菌<span style="color: black;">海量</span>繁殖。现<span style="color: black;">摄食</span>不洁肉食,可<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肠道产氨<span style="color: black;">太多</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)高热病人,<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>加深加快,可<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">呼气</span>性碱中毒;呕吐、腹泻,丢失<span style="color: black;">海量</span>钾离子,<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>继发性醛固酮<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>低钾性碱中毒;呕吐丢失<span style="color: black;">海量</span>H+和Cl-,可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>代谢性碱中毒。碱中毒可<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肠道、肾脏吸收氨<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,而致血氨<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)肝硬化病人常有腹水,加上呕吐、腹泻丢失<span style="color: black;">海量</span>细胞外液,故易合并肝肾综合症,肾脏排泄尿素减少,<span style="color: black;">海量</span>尿素弥散至胃肠道而使肠道产氨<span style="color: black;">增多</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(4)<span style="color: black;">摄食</span>不洁肉食后高热,<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着<span style="color: black;">出现</span>了感染,组织蛋白分解,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>内源性氮质血症。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">70、什么是假性神经递质?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肝性脑病<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">身体</span>产生的生物胺,如苯乙醇胺和羟苯乙醇胺,其化学结构与正常递质—多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素极为<span style="color: black;">类似</span>,但其生物学效应却远远较正常递质为弱,其竞争性与正常递质的受体结合,但<span style="color: black;">不可</span>产生正常的生理功能,故将这些生物胺<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为假性神经递质。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">71、试述心衰时心肌收缩性减弱的机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 收缩<span style="color: black;">关联</span>蛋白破坏:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①缺血缺氧、感染、中毒<span style="color: black;">导致</span>心肌细胞坏死。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②氧化应激、细胞因子产生<span style="color: black;">增加</span>、细胞钙稳态失衡、线粒体功能<span style="color: black;">反常</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>心肌细胞凋亡。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ 心肌能量代谢<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>,影响心肌收缩:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①缺血缺氧、VitB1缺乏<span style="color: black;">引起</span>心肌能量生成<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>心脏负荷过重<span style="color: black;">导致</span>心肌过度肥大,过度肥大心肌能量利用<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑶ 缺血缺氧、高钾血症、酸中毒<span style="color: black;">导致</span>心肌兴奋—收缩偶联<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑷ 心肌肥大的不平衡生长<span style="color: black;">引起</span>心肌舒缩性减弱。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">72、简述心功能不全的心内代偿方式。 </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 心率加快 </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ 心室紧张源性扩张</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑶ <span style="color: black;">长时间</span>后负荷增大,心肌向心性肥大;<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>前负荷增大,心肌离心性肥大。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">73、简述严重酸中毒诱发心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 酸中毒<span style="color: black;">导致</span>心肌兴奋—收缩偶联<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ 酸中毒<span style="color: black;">导致</span>高钾血症,高血钾<span style="color: black;">导致</span>心肌收缩性下降和室性心率失常。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑶ 严重酸中毒降低儿茶酚胺对心脏的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,心肌收缩性减弱。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑷ 酸中毒<span style="color: black;">导致</span>外周血管扩张,回心血量减少。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑸ 酸中毒时生物氧化酶类受到<span style="color: black;">控制</span>,心肌能量生成不足。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">74、简述<span style="color: black;">导致</span>心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>和诱因。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 基本病因:①缺血、中毒、感染等致原发性心肌舒缩功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>;② 后负荷过重:高血压等;③ 前负荷过重:二尖瓣关闭不全等</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ <span style="color: black;">平常</span>诱因:① 全身感染;② <span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常;③ 妊娠、分娩 ;④ 酸碱平衡及电解质代谢<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>:酸中毒,高钾血症多见;⑤ 贫血;⑥ <span style="color: black;">疲劳</span>,激动。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">75、左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>时最早<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的症状是什么?简述其<span style="color: black;">出现</span>机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 症状:左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>时最早<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的症状是劳力性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ 机制:①体力活动需氧<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,心输出量<span style="color: black;">不可</span>相应<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,机体缺氧加剧,<span style="color: black;">身体</span>CO2蓄积刺激<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>中枢产生“气急”。②心率加快,舒张期缩短,冠脉灌注不足,心肌缺氧加剧:左室充盈减少,肺淤血加重,肺顺应性下降,通气做功<span style="color: black;">增多</span>。③回心血量<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,肺淤血加重。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">76、简述心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">为何</span>会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>端坐<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 端坐位部分血液转移到躯体下部,肺淤血减轻。⑵ 端坐位膈肌下移,胸腔容积增大,通气改善。 ⑶ 端坐位水肿液吸收减少,肺淤血减轻。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">77、简述心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>时夜间阵发性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 平卧后胸腔容积减小,<span style="color: black;">有害</span>于肺通气。 </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ 入睡后迷走神经兴奋,支气管收缩增大气道阻力。 </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑶ 入睡后中枢神经系统<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>性降低,<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>PaO2下降到<span style="color: black;">必定</span>程度时才刺激<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>中枢使通气<span style="color: black;">加强</span>,病人惊醒并感气促。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">78、简述心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>时<span style="color: black;">出现</span>水钠潴留的机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 肾小球滤过率降低:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①动脉压下降,肾血液灌注减少。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②肾血管收缩,肾血流量减少:A交感-肾上腺髓质兴奋,释放<span style="color: black;">海量</span>儿茶酚胺。B 肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统激活,血管紧张素Ⅱ生成<span style="color: black;">增加</span>。C PGE2等扩血管物质减少。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ 肾小管钠水重吸收<span style="color: black;">增加</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①<span style="color: black;">海量</span>血流从皮质肾单位转入近髓肾单位,钠水重吸收<span style="color: black;">增多</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②肾小球滤过分数<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,血中非胶体<span style="color: black;">成份</span>经肾小球滤出相对<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,肾小管周围毛细血管中血液胶体渗透压<span style="color: black;">升高</span>,流体静压下降,近曲小管钠水重吸收<span style="color: black;">增多</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">③促钠水重吸收激素<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,<span style="color: black;">控制</span>钠水重吸收激素减少。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">79、简述舒张功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>型心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的<span style="color: black;">平常</span>病因与<span style="color: black;">重点</span>临床特点。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">舒张功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>型心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span><span style="color: black;">平常</span>于心肌缺血,肥厚型心肌病,缩窄性心包炎等<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">初期</span>。其<span style="color: black;">重点</span>临床特点是心脏射血指数正常,收缩末期心室容积<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>增大,病人症状相对较轻。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">80、简述心力<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的治疗原则</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 防治原发病,消除诱因。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ 减轻心脏前、后负荷。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑶ 改善心肌能量代谢。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑷ 改善心肌舒缩功能。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑸ 阻止、逆转心肌重构。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑹ 促进心肌生长或替代<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>心脏。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">81、简述<span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>机制<span style="color: black;">包含</span>肺通气功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>和肺换气功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>。肺换气功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>弥散<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,肺泡通气/血流比例失调,肺内解剖分流<span style="color: black;">增多</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">82、不同类型<span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>氧疗有何不同,<span style="color: black;">为何</span>?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅰ型<span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>病人可吸入较高浓度的氧使血氧分压恢复正常。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅱ型<span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>病人<span style="color: black;">身体</span>二氧化碳浓度过高直接<span style="color: black;">控制</span><span style="color: black;">呼气</span>中枢,此时<span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>靠缺氧反射性兴奋<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>中枢维持。故Ⅱ型<span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>病人给氧以<span style="color: black;">连续</span>低浓度低流量为宜,将PaO2<span style="color: black;">加强</span>到6.65~7.98kPa(50~60mmHg),既能<span style="color: black;">供给</span>机体必需的氧,又能维持低氧血症对<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>中枢的反射性兴奋<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。如快速纠正Ⅱ型<span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>病人缺氧,会使<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>进一步减低而加重二氧化碳潴留,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>产生二氧化碳<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>而<span style="color: black;">出现</span>中枢性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">83、举例说明气体弥散<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>的病因。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 弥散面积减少:如肺不张、肺叶切除、肺实变等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ 肺泡膜厚度<span style="color: black;">增多</span>:如肺水肿、肺纤维化、肺泡透明膜形成、矽肺等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">84、试述肺性脑病的概念及<span style="color: black;">出现</span>机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肺性脑病是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>严重的<span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>(外<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>功能严重<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>)<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的以中枢神经系统机能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>为<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现的<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>。其<span style="color: black;">出现</span>机制有:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 酸中毒、缺氧、PaCO2<span style="color: black;">升高</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>脑血管扩张,脑充血<span style="color: black;">升高</span>颅内压。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ 缺氧和酸中毒<span style="color: black;">损害</span>血管内皮使脑血管通透性<span style="color: black;">增多</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>间质性脑水肿。⑶ 缺氧使脑细胞ATP生成减少,影响Na+泵功能,细胞内Na+、水<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,形成脑细胞水肿。脑水肿使颅内压<span style="color: black;">升高</span>,压迫脑血管,加重脑缺氧。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑶ 脑血管内皮<span style="color: black;">损害</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>血管内凝血。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑷ 脑脊液缓冲<span style="color: black;">功效</span>较血液弱,脂溶性的CO2与HCO3-相比易<span style="color: black;">经过</span>血脑屏障,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>Ⅱ型<span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">衰尽</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>脑内pH降低更<span style="color: black;">显著</span>,脑脊液pH 降低致脑电活动变慢或停止。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑸ 神经细胞内酸中毒一方面<span style="color: black;">增多</span>谷氨酸脱羧酶的活性,使γ-氨基丁酸生成<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>中枢<span style="color: black;">控制</span>;另一方面<span style="color: black;">加强</span>磷脂酶活性,使溶酶体水解酶释放,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>神经细胞<span style="color: black;">损害</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">85、不同部位气道阻塞<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难形式有何不同?<span style="color: black;">为何</span>?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">气管分叉以上的气道阻塞<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为中央性气道阻塞气管,阻塞若<span style="color: black;">位置于</span>胸<span style="color: black;">外边</span>位,吸气时气体流经狭窄处<span style="color: black;">导致</span>压力降低,使气道内压<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">小于</span>大气压,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>气道狭窄加重,产生吸气性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难;阻塞若于胸内部位,呼气时胸内压<span style="color: black;">上升</span>而压迫气道,使气道狭窄加重,表现为呼气性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难。外周性气道阻塞是内径〈2mm<span style="color: black;">没</span>软骨支撑的细支气管<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的气道阻塞,细支气管与<span style="color: black;">周边</span>肺泡结构紧密相连,吸气时随着肺泡的扩张细支气管受牵拉口径扩张,气道阻塞减轻,呼气时小支气管口径变窄,气道阻塞增重,故外周性气道阻塞表现为呼气性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">用力呼气时气体<span style="color: black;">经过</span>小气道阻塞部位形成的气体压降增大,肺气肿时因肺泡弹性回缩力下降<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的胸内压<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,都会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>用力呼气时等压点由有软骨支撑的大气道移向<span style="color: black;">没</span>软骨支撑的小气道,等压点下游端(通向鼻腔一端)小气道<span style="color: black;">出现</span>闭合而<span style="color: black;">出现</span>呼气性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">86、什么叫限制性肺通气功能不足?简述其<span style="color: black;">重点</span>病因。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">吸气时肺泡的扩张受限<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的肺泡通气不足<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为限制性通气功能不足。其<span style="color: black;">重点</span>病因有:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ <span style="color: black;">呼气</span>中枢<span style="color: black;">损害</span>或功能<span style="color: black;">控制</span>:脑外伤、脑炎,镇静<span style="color: black;">助眠</span>药、<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>药过量。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ <span style="color: black;">周边</span>神经的器质性<span style="color: black;">损害</span>:多发性神经炎。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑶ <span style="color: black;">呼气</span>肌的功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>:低钾血症、缺氧、酸中毒<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>肌<span style="color: black;">没</span>力,<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>肌疲劳等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑷ 胸廓的顺应性降低:胸廓畸形,胸膜纤维化。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑸ 胸膜腔负压消失:胸腔积液和气胸。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑹ 肺的顺应性降低:肺纤维化、肺泡型肺水肿。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">87、试述<span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">衰尽</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>右心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 血液H+浓度过高,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>肺小动脉收缩,肺动脉压<span style="color: black;">上升</span>增大右心后负荷。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ 肺血管壁增厚和硬化,管腔变窄,形成持久肺肺动脉压高压。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑶ 慢性缺氧刺激肾脏和骨髓使红细胞<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,血液粘滞度<span style="color: black;">升高</span>,肺循环阻力增大。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑷ 肺毛细血管受压、破坏和减少,毛细血管内皮细胞肿胀或微血栓形成等,均是肺动脉高压的病因。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑸ <span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难时,用力吸气胸内压<span style="color: black;">反常</span>降低,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>右心收缩负荷,用力呼气时胸内压<span style="color: black;">反常</span><span style="color: black;">升高</span>,限制心脏舒张。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑹ 缺氧、高碳酸血症、高钾血症降低心肌舒缩功能。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">88、肺泡通气/血流比例失调有<span style="color: black;">那些</span>表现形式?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 肺动脉栓塞、肺内DIC、肺血管收缩、肺部毛细血管床破坏等病变可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>部分肺泡血流不足而通气相对<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,肺泡通气<span style="color: black;">不可</span>充分利用,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为死腔样通气。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ 支气管哮喘、慢性支气管炎、阻塞性肺气肿、肺不张等<span style="color: black;">因为</span>部分肺泡通气不足,致使流经病变部分肺泡的静脉血未经充分气体交换便掺入动脉,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为静脉血掺杂,又<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>功能性分流。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">89、简述慢性阻塞性肺病<span style="color: black;">导致</span><span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 支气管肿胀、痉挛、阻塞,等压点上移<span style="color: black;">导致</span>阻塞性通气功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ 肺泡壁<span style="color: black;">损害</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>肺泡膜面积减少和肺泡膜厚度<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,气体弥散功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑶ 肺泡表面活性物质生成减少,<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>肌<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>限制性肺通气功能不足。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑷ 肺泡通气/血流比例失调。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">90、简述肾性贫血的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 促红细胞生成素生成减少,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>骨髓红细胞生成减少。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ <span style="color: black;">身体</span>蓄积的毒性物质对骨髓造血功能<span style="color: black;">拥有</span><span style="color: black;">控制</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>,如甲基胍对红细胞的生成<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>抑制<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑶ 慢性肾功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>肠道对铁的吸收减少,并可因胃肠道<span style="color: black;">流血</span>而致铁丧失<span style="color: black;">增加</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑷ 毒性物质的蓄积可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>溶血,从而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>红细胞的破坏与丢失。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑸ 毒性物质<span style="color: black;">控制</span>血小板功能<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的<span style="color: black;">流血</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">91、简述肾性高血压的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 钠水潴留:肾脏排钠水功能降低,钠水潴留而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>血容量<span style="color: black;">升高</span>和心输出量<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>血压<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ 肾素分泌<span style="color: black;">增加</span>:肾素-血管紧张素系统的活性<span style="color: black;">升高</span>,血液中血管紧张素Ⅱ形成<span style="color: black;">增加</span>。血管紧张素Ⅱ可直接<span style="color: black;">导致</span>小动脉收缩,又能<span style="color: black;">促进</span>醛固酮分泌,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>钠水潴留,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>血压<span style="color: black;">提升</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑶ 肾脏形成血管舒张物质减少:肾实质破坏<span style="color: black;">导致</span>肾髓质生成的前列腺素A2(PGA2)和前列腺素E2(PGE2)等血管舒张物质减少,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可促进高血压的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">92、简述肾性骨营养不良的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肾性骨质营养不良的发病机制与慢性肾功能<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>时高磷血症、低钙血症、PTH分泌<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1,25-(OH)2-VD3形成减少以及酸中毒、铝中毒等<span style="color: black;">相关</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 高血磷、低血钙与继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进: 肾小球滤过率(GFR)减少<span style="color: black;">导致</span>肾脏排磷减少,血磷<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。血磷<span style="color: black;">上升</span>使血钙降低,剌激甲状旁腺<span style="color: black;">导致</span>继发性PTH分泌<span style="color: black;">增加</span>。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>PTH的溶骨<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>骨质脱钙,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>骨质疏松,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>局部钙结节形成。血钙降低可使骨质钙化<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ 维生素D3活化<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>:<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肠钙吸收减少,低血钙和骨质钙化<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>而<span style="color: black;">出现</span>肾性佝偻病和成人骨质软化症。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑶ 酸中毒:使骨动员加强,促进骨盐溶解,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>骨质脱钙。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>酸中毒可干扰1,25-(OH)2-VD3的合成,<span style="color: black;">控制</span>肠对钙磷的吸收。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑷ 铝中毒:CRF时铝在骨基质和成骨细胞线粒<span style="color: black;">身体</span>聚积,直接<span style="color: black;">控制</span>成骨细胞增生,胶原蛋白合成和羟磷灰石结晶的形成和生长。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">93、简述急性肾衰<span style="color: black;">尿多</span>期<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">尿多</span>的机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 肾血流量和肾小球滤过功能<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>恢复。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ 新生肾小管上皮细胞功能尚不成熟,钠水重吸收功能低下。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑶ 在少尿期滞留在血中的尿素等代谢产物经肾小球<span style="color: black;">海量</span>滤出,从而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>渗透性利尿。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑷ 间质水肿消退,肾小管内管型被冲走,阻塞被解除。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">94、试述慢性肾衰(CRF)时钙磷代谢<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>的特点及其机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 高血磷:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">① CRF<span style="color: black;">初期</span>GFR降低,肾脏排磷减少,血磷暂时<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。继发性血钙降低<span style="color: black;">导致</span>PTH分泌<span style="color: black;">增加</span>。PTH<span style="color: black;">控制</span>健存肾单位对磷的重吸收,尿磷排出<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,血磷降低至正常。慢性肾功能<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>在很长一段时间内不<span style="color: black;">出现</span>血磷过高。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">② 在慢性肾功能<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的晚期,残存肾单位太少,继发性PTH分泌<span style="color: black;">增加</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>维持磷充分排出,血磷水平<span style="color: black;">明显</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>。 </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">③ PTH的<span style="color: black;">增加</span>加强溶骨活性,骨磷释放<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,形成恶性循环,血磷水平<span style="color: black;">持续</span><span style="color: black;">提升</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ 低血钙:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①血液中钙、磷浓度乘积为一常数,当血磷浓度<span style="color: black;">上升</span>时,血钙浓度就会降低</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②肾实质破坏后,25-(OH)-VD3羟化为1,25-(OH)2-VD3<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,肠道对钙的吸收减少</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">③血磷过高时肠道分泌磷酸根<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,在肠内与钙结合形成<span style="color: black;">很难</span>溶解的磷酸钙,妨碍钙吸收。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">④尿毒症毒素<span style="color: black;">损害</span>胃肠道粘膜,钙吸收减少。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">95、急性功能性(肾前性)肾功能<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>和急性器质性(肾小管坏死)肾功能<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>鉴别?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 功能性肾功能<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span> 器质性肾功能<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">尿沉渣镜检 轻微 <span style="color: black;">明显</span>,褐色颗粒管型,红白细胞及变性上皮细胞</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">尿蛋白 阴性或微量 +~+ + + +</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">尿钠(mmol/L) <20 >30(40)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">尿渗透压 >400 <350</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">尿比重 >1.020 <1.015</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">尿/血肌酐比值 >40:1 <10:1</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">甘露醇利尿效应 佳 差</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">96、慢性肾功能<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>尿液有<span style="color: black;">那些</span>改变?试述其产生机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">CRF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>尿液的改变有:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ CRF<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>夜尿、<span style="color: black;">尿多</span>,晚期<span style="color: black;">显现</span>少尿。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">夜尿:CRF<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>夜间尿量接近<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>超过<span style="color: black;">白日</span>尿量,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为夜尿。机制不明。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">尿多</span>:CRF<span style="color: black;">初期</span>,病人24小时尿量超过2000ml<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为<span style="color: black;">尿多</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">尿多</span>机制如下:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①肾血流量集中在键存肾单位,<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>健存肾单位血流量增大,滤过原尿生成<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,相应肾小管液流速增大,重吸收相对减少,尿量生成<span style="color: black;">增加</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>健存肾单位滤过溶质<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,产生渗透性利尿效应。③肾髓质的渗透梯度形成<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,尿浓缩功能降低。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">少尿:CRF晚期,肾单位<span style="color: black;">海量</span>破坏,肾小球滤过率极度减少,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>少尿。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①CRF<span style="color: black;">初期</span>尿浓缩功能降低而稀释功能正常,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>低比重尿或低渗尿。CRF晚期,尿浓缩功能和稀释功能均<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,终尿渗透压接近于<span style="color: black;">血液</span>,尿比重固定在1.008~1.012,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为等渗尿。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②肾小球滤过膜通透性增大和肾小管受损<span style="color: black;">引起</span>蛋白尿、管型尿,红、白细胞尿。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">97、<span style="color: black;">导致</span>CRF病人<span style="color: black;">流血</span>的机制有<span style="color: black;">那些</span>?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ 血小板因子3减少,血小板聚集性降低。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ 尿毒症毒素如胍琥珀酸干扰血小板与纤维蛋白原结合。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑶ 尿毒症毒素诱导的NO和PGI2生成<span style="color: black;">增加</span>及TXA2生成减少,可<span style="color: black;">控制</span>血小板的聚集。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑷ 尿毒症病人血小板减少。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">98、试述急性肾功能<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>(ARF)少尿产生机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">ARF少尿<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的前提是GFR降低。GFR降低的机制<span style="color: black;">包含</span>肾小球<span style="color: black;">原因</span>和肾小管<span style="color: black;">原因</span>两个方面。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑴ <span style="color: black;">导致</span>GFR降低的肾小球<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>肾血流量减少(肾缺血)和肾小球病变。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">引起</span>肾血流减少的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>有:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①休克,心衰致使肾灌注压下降。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②儿茶酚胺、血管紧张素Ⅱ、内皮素(ET)<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,激肽和PGE2合成减少<span style="color: black;">导致</span>肾入球小动脉收缩,肾血流量减少</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">③肾血管内皮细胞肿胀与血管内凝血或栓塞致肾血流量下降 。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肾小球滤过膜病变<span style="color: black;">导致</span>滤过面积及滤过膜通透性减少,GFR下降而<span style="color: black;">显现</span>少尿或<span style="color: black;">没</span>尿。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑵ <span style="color: black;">导致</span>GFR降低的肾小管<span style="color: black;">原因</span>有肾小管内管型形成,阻塞肾小管<span style="color: black;">引起</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①原尿<span style="color: black;">很难</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>,终尿生成减少。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②肾小球囊内压<span style="color: black;">升高</span>,有效滤过压下降,GFR下降而产生少尿或<span style="color: black;">没</span>尿。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">原尿经受损肾小管壁回漏至肾间质<span style="color: black;">引起</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①终尿生成减少而<span style="color: black;">显现</span>少尿或<span style="color: black;">没</span>尿。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②肾间质水肿 ,压迫肾小管致使小球囊内压<span style="color: black;">升高</span>, GFR下降而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>少尿或<span style="color: black;">没</span>尿</p>
感谢你的精彩评论,为我的思绪打开了新的窗口。 外链发布社区 http://www.fok120.com/ 你的话语如春风拂面,让我感到无比温暖。 感谢楼主分享,祝愿外链论坛越办越好!
页:
[1]