左心功能不全的临床特点是什么？
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.慢性左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>临床表现</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">（1）程度不同的<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1）劳力性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难：劳力性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难是左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>最早<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的症状，运动使回心血量<span style="color: black;">增多</span>，左心房压力<span style="color: black;">升高</span>，加重肺淤血。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2）端坐<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>:肺淤血达到<span style="color: black;">必定</span>程度，平卧时回心血量<span style="color: black;">增多</span>且横膈上抬，使<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>更加困难。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3）夜间阵发性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难：<span style="color: black;">病人</span>熟睡后因憋气<span style="color: black;">忽然</span>惊醒，被迫采取坐位，可伴<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>急促，阵咳，咯<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>样痰，可伴有哮鸣音，又<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>“心源性哮喘”。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">（2）急性肺水肿</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">是“心源性哮喘”的进一步<span style="color: black;">发展</span>，是左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span><span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难最严重的形式。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">（3）咳嗽、咳痰和咯血</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">咳痰是肺泡和支气管黏膜充血<span style="color: black;">导致</span>，<span style="color: black;">起始</span>常夜间<span style="color: black;">出现</span>，坐位或立位时减轻，白色浆液性<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>痰为<span style="color: black;">重点</span>特点，偶可见痰中带血。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">（4）其他</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心脏排出量不足，器官、组织灌注不足及代偿性心率加快<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的乏力、疲倦、头昏、心慌等症状；随着外周循环血容量的减少，肾的血流量会<span style="color: black;">显著</span>减少，<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可<span style="color: black;">显现</span>少尿<span style="color: black;">或</span>肾功能的<span style="color: black;">反常</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.急性左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>的临床表现</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">急性左心<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现为肺循环淤血，<span style="color: black;">忽然</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>的严重的<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难，<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>频率<span style="color: black;">达到</span>30-40次/分钟，强迫体位，面色灰白，发绀、大汗、烦躁，<span style="color: black;">同期</span>频繁咳嗽、咳痰、咯粉红色<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>样痰。严重者可因缺氧<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">认识</span>模糊；发病<span style="color: black;">起始</span>血压有过一过性<span style="color: black;">上升</span>，病情如不缓解，血压可<span style="color: black;">连续</span>下降<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>休克。</p>
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