1fy07h 发表于 2024-6-5 06:14:15

急性心力衰竭治疗


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">病因及诱因</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">■病因</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●新发心衰的<span style="color: black;">平常</span>病<span style="color: black;">由于</span>急性心肌坏死和/或<span style="color: black;">损害</span>(如ACS、重症心肌炎、心肌病等)和急性血液动力学<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>(如急性瓣膜功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>、高血压危象、心脏压塞、严重<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常等)</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●高血压及心肌缺血</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">■诱因</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●感染是促进<span style="color: black;">病人</span>住院的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>诱因</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●<span style="color: black;">疲劳</span>过度或应激反应(指<span style="color: black;">心情</span>激动、饱食及外伤等<span style="color: black;">原由</span>)</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●心肌缺血</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●合并COPD<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">更易</span>因感染而诱发心衰</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">诊断</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.临床表现:急性心衰的临床表现是以肺淤血、体循环淤血以及组织器官低灌注为特征的<span style="color: black;">各样</span>症状及体征。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)病史、症状及体征:</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●大<span style="color: black;">都数</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>有<span style="color: black;">各样</span>心脏<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>史,存在<span style="color: black;">导致</span>急性心衰的<span style="color: black;">各样</span>病因。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●<span style="color: black;">按照</span>病情的严重程度表现为劳力性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难、夜间阵发性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难、<span style="color: black;">不可</span>平卧、端坐<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>等。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●查体可<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>心脏增大、舒张<span style="color: black;">初期</span>或中期奔马律、肺动脉瓣区第二心音(P2)亢进、两肺部干湿啰音、体循环淤血体征(颈静脉充盈、肝颈静脉回流征阳性、下肢和骶部水肿、肝肿大、腹腔积液)。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)急性肺水肿:突发严重<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难、端坐<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>、烦躁不安,并有恐惧感,<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>频率<span style="color: black;">达到</span>30~50次/min,咳嗽并咳出粉红色<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>痰,心率快,心尖部常可闻及奔马律,两肺满布湿啰音和哮鸣音。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)心原性休克:在血容量充足的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下存在低血压(收缩压&lt;90 mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),伴有组织低灌注的表现[尿量&lt;0.5 ml·<span style="color: black;">公斤</span> -1 ·h -1 、<span style="color: black;">乃至</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>尿,皮肤苍白和发绀,四肢湿冷,<span style="color: black;">认识</span><span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,血乳酸&gt;2 mmol/L,代谢性酸中毒(pH&lt;7.35)]</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.辅助<span style="color: black;">检测</span>:所有<span style="color: black;">病人</span>如有<span style="color: black;">前提</span>均需急查心电图、胸片、BNP水平、肌钙蛋白(cTn)、尿素氮、肌酐、电解质、血糖、全血细胞计数、肝功能<span style="color: black;">检测</span>等。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●心电图:<span style="color: black;">经过</span>心电图可<span style="color: black;">认识</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">基本</span>心脏病的信息,可提示心肌缺血、心肌梗死、<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常等信息,为急性心衰病因诊断及鉴别诊断<span style="color: black;">供给</span><span style="color: black;">要紧</span>参考;</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●BNP:所有急性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难和疑诊急性心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>均<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>检测<span style="color: black;">血液</span>BNP水平。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">◆排除急性心衰诊断采用的界值:BNP&lt;100 ng/L、NT‑proBNP&lt;300 ng/L,存在肾功能不全[肾小球滤过率&lt;60 ml/·min -1 ·(1.73m 2 )-1 ]时,采用NT‑proBNP&lt;1200ng/L。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">◆诊断急性心衰时<span style="color: black;">意见</span>NT‑proBNP<span style="color: black;">按照</span>年龄分层设定诊断界值:年龄&lt;50岁<span style="color: black;">病人</span>NT‑proBNP 水平应&gt;450 ng/L,50~75岁<span style="color: black;">病人</span>应&gt;900 ng/L,&gt;75岁<span style="color: black;">病人</span>应&gt;1 800 ng/L。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●cTn检测:用于急性心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的病因诊断(如急性心肌梗死)和预后<span style="color: black;">评定</span>;</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●X线胸片:对疑似、急性、新发的心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>应行胸片<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,以识别/排除肺部<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>或其他<span style="color: black;">导致</span><span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,<span style="color: black;">供给</span>肺淤血/水肿和心脏增大的信息,但X线胸片正常并<span style="color: black;">不可</span>除外心衰;</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●超声心动图和肺部超声:血液动力学不稳定的急性心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>应尽快行超声心动图<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,以获取心脏结构和心脏功能的信息。床旁胸部超声<span style="color: black;">检测</span>可<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>肺间质水肿的征象。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●动脉血气分析:视临床<span style="color: black;">状况</span>而定,<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">知道</span>酸碱状态和动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2 )<span style="color: black;">状况</span>时可进行检测,尤其是伴有急性肺水肿或有慢性阻塞性肺<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>者。心原性休克<span style="color: black;">病人</span>应行动脉血气分析。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●其他:<span style="color: black;">可疑</span>甲状腺功能<span style="color: black;">反常</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>行促甲状腺激素<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,疑诊肺栓塞<span style="color: black;">病人</span>行D‑二聚体<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。<span style="color: black;">可疑</span>并存感染的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,可检测降钙素原水平<span style="color: black;">指点</span>抗菌<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗。急性心肌梗死合并急性心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>应<span style="color: black;">评定</span>急诊冠状动脉造影指征,必要时行急诊冠状动脉造影。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">病情<span style="color: black;">评定</span></p>
    <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/80/v2-7f32d303e45785a4a96c35a3207b58b2_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●低血压性急性心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>预后最差,尤其是<span style="color: black;">同期</span>存在低灌注时(湿冷型);</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">鉴别诊断</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.急性心衰<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能<span style="color: black;">同期</span>合并肺部<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。<span style="color: black;">海量</span>粉红色<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>样痰和心尖部舒张期奔马律有助于急性肺水肿的诊断。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.合并心原性休克时,应与其他原因<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的休克相鉴别。心原性休克多与肺淤血、肺水肿并存是<span style="color: black;">重点</span>特征,如<span style="color: black;">没</span>肺循环和体循环淤血征,心原性休克可能性极小。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3.心衰的病因鉴别:急性冠脉<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>、高血压急症、主动脉夹层、肺栓塞、<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常等<span style="color: black;">经过</span>相应的症状、体征及辅助<span style="color: black;">检测</span>(心电图、X线胸片、实验室<span style="color: black;">评定</span>和超声心动图)进行鉴别。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">治疗流程及要点</p>
    <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/80/v2-1bdc008b8ce6850839ced44fbd240b07_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">详细</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>及治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.<span style="color: black;">通常</span>处理:</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)<span style="color: black;">调节</span>体位:静息时<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难<span style="color: black;">显著</span>者,应半卧位或端坐位,双腿下垂以减少回心血量,减轻心脏前负荷。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)吸氧:</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①鼻导管吸氧:低氧流量(1~2 L/min)<span style="color: black;">起始</span>,若<span style="color: black;">没</span>CO2 潴留,可采用高流量给氧(6~8 L/min)。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②面罩吸氧:适用于伴<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>性碱中毒的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)镇静:</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">◆阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>如吗啡可缓解焦虑和<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难,急性肺水肿<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可<span style="color: black;">小心</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">◆用法为2.5~5.0mg静脉缓慢注射,<span style="color: black;">也</span>可皮下或肌肉注射。应密切观察疗效和<span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">控制</span>的不良反应。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">◆伴<span style="color: black;">显著</span>和<span style="color: black;">连续</span>低血压、休克、<span style="color: black;">认识</span><span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>、慢性阻塞性肺<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>等<span style="color: black;">病人</span>禁用。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.<span style="color: black;">按照</span>急性心衰临床分型确定治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>:</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)“干暖”:<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>体肺循环淤血并且外周组织灌注尚可,<span style="color: black;">调节</span>口服<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">就可</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)“干冷”:<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>体肺循环淤血,机体<span style="color: black;">处在</span>低血容量状态或容量正常、伴外周组织低灌注,<span style="color: black;">首要</span>适当扩容,如低灌注仍<span style="color: black;">没</span>法纠正可给予正性肌力<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)“湿暖”:分为血管型和心脏型两种,前者由液体血管内再分布<span style="color: black;">导致</span>,高血压为<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现,首选血管扩张药,其次为利尿剂;后者由液体潴留<span style="color: black;">导致</span>,伴体肺循环淤血,首选利尿剂,其次为血管扩张药。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(4)“湿冷”:最<span style="color: black;">严重</span>的状态,提示体肺循环淤血<span style="color: black;">显著</span>且外周组织灌注差,如收缩压≥90 mmHg,则给予血管扩张药、利尿剂,若治疗效果欠佳可<span style="color: black;">思虑</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>正性肌力<span style="color: black;">药品</span>;如收缩压&lt;90 mmHg,则首选正性肌力<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,若<span style="color: black;">没</span>效可<span style="color: black;">思虑</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>血管收缩药,当低灌注纠正后再<span style="color: black;">运用</span>利尿剂。对<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">没</span>反应的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,转诊至上级医院行机械循环支持治疗。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3.容量管理:<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>容量负荷重,每日尿量<span style="color: black;">目的</span>可为3 000~5000 ml,直至达到最佳容量状态。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">保持<span style="color: black;">每日</span>出入量负平衡约500 ml,体重下降0.5 <span style="color: black;">公斤</span>,严重肺水肿者水负平衡为1000~2 000ml/d,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span><span style="color: black;">达到</span>3 000~5 000 ml/d。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3~5 d后,如肺淤血、水肿<span style="color: black;">显著</span>消退,应减少水负平衡量,<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>过渡到出入量大体平衡。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肺淤血、体循环淤血<span style="color: black;">显著</span>者,<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>低血容量<span style="color: black;">原因</span>(大<span style="color: black;">流血</span>、严重脱水、大汗等)时,<span style="color: black;">每日</span>摄入液体量<span style="color: black;">通常</span>宜在1500 ml 以 内 ,不要超过2000 ml。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>限制钠摄入&lt;2 g/d。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4.<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●利尿剂</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●血管扩张剂</p>
    <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/80/v2-4b324e0d3ae9a9aacb057a97350b3ecb_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①硝酸酯类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>:适用于急性心衰合并高血压、冠心病心肌缺血、二尖瓣反流的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。紧急时<span style="color: black;">也</span>可<span style="color: black;">选取</span>舌下含服硝酸甘油。硝酸酯类<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">连续</span>应用可能<span style="color: black;">出现</span>耐药。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②硝普钠:适用于严重心衰、后负荷<span style="color: black;">增多</span>以及伴肺淤血或肺水肿的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是高血压危象、急性主动脉瓣反流、急性二尖瓣反流和急性室间隔穿孔合并急性心衰等需快速减轻后负荷的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">硝普钠(<span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">不该</span>超过72 h)停药应<span style="color: black;">逐步</span><span style="color: black;">减少</span>,并加用口服血管扩张药,以避免反跳现象。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">③重组人利钠肽:<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>多重药理<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,扩张静脉和动脉(<span style="color: black;">包含</span>冠状动脉),兼<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的促进钠排泄、利尿<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●正性肌力药</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">适用于症状性低血压(收缩压&lt;90 mmHg)伴低心排和/或组织器官低灌注的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。常用<span style="color: black;">药品</span>见表3。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">重视</span>事项:</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①症状性低血压伴低心排或低灌注时应尽早<span style="color: black;">运用</span>,而当器官灌注恢复和/或淤血减轻时则应尽快停用。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的剂量和静脉滴注速度应<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>的临床反应作<span style="color: black;">调节</span>,强调个体化治疗。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">③此类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>可诱发心动过速、<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常、心肌缺血等,用药<span style="color: black;">时期</span>应<span style="color: black;">连续</span>心电、血压监测。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">④血压正常、<span style="color: black;">没</span>器官和组织灌注不足的急性心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>不宜<span style="color: black;">运用</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑤因低血容量或其他可纠正<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>的低血压<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,需先去除这些<span style="color: black;">原因</span>再权衡<span style="color: black;">运用</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">●血管收缩剂</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">对外周动脉有<span style="color: black;">明显</span>缩血管<span style="color: black;">功效</span>的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,如去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素等,适用于已应用正性肌力<span style="color: black;">药品</span>后仍<span style="color: black;">显现</span>心原性休克或合并<span style="color: black;">显著</span>低血压状态的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。</p>
    <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/80/v2-1b1dbe738db971498b43b4d5e3f7d6be_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>




飘雨的姑娘 发表于 2024-8-29 12:13:17

哈哈、笑死我了、太搞笑了吧等。

情迷布拉格 发表于 2024-9-6 18:42:16

楼主果然英明!不得不赞美你一下!

7wu1wm0 发表于 2024-9-7 11:03:21

祝福你、祝你幸福、早日实现等。

nykek5i 发表于 2024-10-7 13:03:21

认真阅读了楼主的帖子,非常有益。
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