j8typz 发表于 2024-6-5 16:23:41

尤其关注|肝衰竭并发急性胰腺炎的机制及预防


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q0.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240514/5b261044fe72405ea30472a5c81aa658.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">肝衰竭是多种病理<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">诱发</span>的肝细胞大规模严重破坏,<span style="color: black;">从而</span>使肝脏<span style="color: black;">出现</span>严重的功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>。在<span style="color: black;">实质</span>诊疗过程中,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>以腹水、黄疸、肝肾<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>、感染等临床表征为主,并且常常<span style="color: black;">伴同</span>全身炎症反应<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>。其发病<span style="color: black;">快速</span>,病情<span style="color: black;">发展</span>快,并发症多,病情<span style="color: black;">非常</span>凶险,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>危及<span style="color: black;">病人</span>生命</span><span style="color: black;">。急性胰腺炎是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>胰腺内腺泡的胰酶被<span style="color: black;">各样</span>刺激<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">诱发</span>而形成的炎症反应,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>可<span style="color: black;">引起</span>器官功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>的急腹症</span><span style="color: black;">。肝衰竭合并急性胰腺炎的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率约为40%</span><span style="color: black;">,而急性胰腺炎<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可进一步加重肝<span style="color: black;">损害</span>,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肝功能进一步恶化,预后极差,病死率高</span><span style="color: black;">。急性胰腺炎的临床症状与肝衰竭的临床表现极其<span style="color: black;">类似</span>,易被忽略,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>漏诊。本文对肝衰竭并发急性胰腺炎的机制和预防<span style="color: black;">办法</span>进行阐述,为临床肝衰竭<span style="color: black;">病人</span>防治急性胰腺炎<span style="color: black;">供给</span><span style="color: black;">必定</span>参考。</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">炎症反应</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在肝衰竭病症的演变过程中,由M1巨噬细胞<span style="color: black;">诱发</span>的炎症反应会释放出若干细胞因子,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>IL-1β、IL-6、IL-<span style="color: black;">十、</span>IL-18、IL-33、TNF-α和巨噬细胞游走<span style="color: black;">控制</span>因子(MIF)等,从而<span style="color: black;">引起</span>胰腺<span style="color: black;">显现</span>炎症反应。肝衰竭<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">显示</span>,其发展<span style="color: black;">时期</span>,肝细胞核内的B细胞核转录因子(NF-κB)的表达水平会有<span style="color: black;">明显</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>。NF-κB激活是急性胰腺炎炎症<span style="color: black;">发展</span>的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>核心事件,肝衰竭过程中,<span style="color: black;">身体</span>的多种细胞因子表达水平<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>,从而诱导急性胰腺炎的<span style="color: black;">发展</span>。细胞因子在肝衰竭过程中对胰腺的影响见表1。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q0.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240514/42abd3065e814f88b1182b8f6bf1ace1.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在肝衰竭<span style="color: black;">发展</span>中释放的众多细胞因子构<span style="color: black;">成为了</span><span style="color: black;">诱发</span>急性胰腺炎的物质<span style="color: black;">基本</span>。经过胆囊收缩素-8或卡巴胆碱这类胆碱类激动剂刺激后,蛋白激酶C会经历磷酸化和激活过程,<span style="color: black;">从而</span>激活NF-κB途径,并释放炎症因子,从而<span style="color: black;">引起</span>炎症反应的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。JAK释放炎症因子的途径与其<span style="color: black;">类似</span>。肝衰竭过程中释放的炎症因子TNF-α<span style="color: black;">能够</span>激活T淋巴细胞,刺激NF-κB信号通路的激活,诱发炎症反应的全身性<span style="color: black;">发展</span>。TNF-α还可<span style="color: black;">经过</span>增加细胞间ICAM与血管细胞黏附分子水平,促进NO、活性氧簇及其他炎性细胞因子的产生。P21活化激酶1可<span style="color: black;">经过</span>激活NF-κB和p38通路,促进TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β炎症因子产生,介导炎症反应。Toll样受体4(TLR4)具备识别胰腺分泌的胰酶和多种细胞因子信号的能力,进一步释放出触发炎症反应的<span style="color: black;">第1</span>信号,从而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>瀑布样级联炎症。这一过程激活<span style="color: black;">加强</span>TNF受体<span style="color: black;">相关</span>因子6的蛋白水平,从而强化下游信号的传导并使NF-κB亚单位从细胞质转移到细胞核。在细胞核内,NF-κB转录因子刺激炎症细胞因子基因的表达。在肝细胞中,高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)是全身性炎症过程中最后<span style="color: black;">显现</span>且<span style="color: black;">连续</span>时间最长的晚期炎症介质,可<span style="color: black;">经过</span>与TLR4结合从而激活MAPK及NF-κB信号通路,促进炎症因子MIF的释放,进一步加重炎症反应。NLRP-3炎性小体能够介导Caspase-1激活IL-1β、IL-18等炎症因子,加重急性胰腺炎过程中的炎症反应,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>进一步诱导肝衰竭加重(图1)。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q7.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240514/bcd0f5c2a80b4efd82a579fe1b395c0e.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">图1 肝衰竭并发急性胰腺炎的炎症反应机制</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">十二指肠乳头功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span></span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">十二指肠乳头功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>十二指肠括约肌狭窄及动力<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>两大类。十二指肠括约肌狭窄<span style="color: black;">包含</span>炎症、继发纤维化<span style="color: black;">引起</span>的十二指肠括约肌部分或<span style="color: black;">所有</span>狭窄。动力<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>其正常生理运动<span style="color: black;">出现</span>改变、<span style="color: black;">引起</span>胆汁或胰液<span style="color: black;">没</span>法排入十二指肠。十二指肠乳头功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>不仅<span style="color: black;">能够</span>诱发炎症,还会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肠道及胆道菌群失调,致病菌群<span style="color: black;">增加</span></span><span style="color: black;">。在肝衰竭<span style="color: black;">发展</span><span style="color: black;">时期</span>,肝脏的组织结构被破坏,胆汁<span style="color: black;">经过</span>胆总管经十二指肠括约肌流入十二指肠,十二指肠括约肌痉挛,胆汁逆流进入胰管</span><span style="color: black;">。<span style="color: black;">引起</span>胆胰管梗阻<span style="color: black;">增多</span>了胰管压力、胰蛋白酶原激活和胰腺的自消化,诱发急性胰腺炎</span><span style="color: black;">。腺泡内的胰蛋白酶原激活在胰腺炎中起到<span style="color: black;">重要</span>性<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,在胰蛋白酶原被特异性激活的转基因小鼠模型中,胰蛋白酶的活性<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>组织水肿、血清淀粉酶、炎性细胞浸润和腺泡细胞凋亡诱发急性胰腺炎</span><span style="color: black;">,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,十二指肠乳头功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>胰管细胞中的线粒体功能失常,<span style="color: black;">从而</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>胰蛋白酶原在胰管中过早激活,激发急性胰腺炎</span><span style="color: black;">。</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">肠道菌群失调</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">肠道菌群<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>寄居在肠道中的<span style="color: black;">各样</span>微生物,其<span style="color: black;">功效</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>肠道防护、优化代谢、调控免疫系统、对抗炎症以及抗肿瘤等。肝衰竭<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,菌群平衡会被打破。且菌群失调程度与肝细胞<span style="color: black;">损害</span>程度呈正比。在肝功能<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>衰竭的过程中,肠道菌群失衡,菌群过度增殖、菌群移位以及肠道黏膜屏障<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>。这些不良<span style="color: black;">情况</span>,会进一步加速胰腺炎的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>发展。肠道乳酸菌的减少以及潘氏细胞的功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>会加重胰腺的<span style="color: black;">损害</span></span><span style="color: black;">。而肝衰竭过程中<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的大肠杆菌移位,造成肠道炎症反应,猜测人NOD样受体家族蛋白3(NLPR3)可能是肠道菌群-胰腺炎<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span></span><span style="color: black;">。丁酸和其衍生的盐类有助于<span style="color: black;">守护</span>宿主肠道免遭病原体的攻击,阻止病原菌在肠道的迁移。其有益菌种下降,可能会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>人体肠道黏膜的通透性<span style="color: black;">增多</span>和肠黏膜屏障功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,使<span style="color: black;">生病</span>原菌得以穿过受损的肠黏膜进入血液,从而促进胰腺炎的发展</span><span style="color: black;">。</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">4</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">氧化应激</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">肝衰竭过程中产生的细胞因子是炎症反应的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>。炎症反应过程中,<span style="color: black;">伴同</span>着细胞内部的氧化失衡反应。当自由基与抗氧化系统的平衡被破坏时,就会产生氧化应激反应,这会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>如超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GST)等特异性清除酶在细胞内累积。在肝衰竭过程中,产生的细胞因子进入胰腺,<span style="color: black;">从而</span><span style="color: black;">控制</span>某些酶如SOD、CAT、GST的活性,阻碍能量代谢,将氧转变为氧自由基(OFR)。然而,OFR的过量堆积可能会<span style="color: black;">导致</span>脂质过氧化、钙稳态<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>以及DNA的<span style="color: black;">损害</span>,从而加大胰腺细胞的<span style="color: black;">损害</span>并<span style="color: black;">最后</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>胰腺细胞的死亡。线粒体功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>胰腺应激、自噬受损和脂质代谢失调;还会<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">身体</span>ROS蓄积,蓄积的ROS进入胰腺,会促进凋亡信号调节激酶1(ASK1)在应激状态下活化JNK,胰腺中JNK和p38MAPK的磷酸化<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,这<span style="color: black;">同期</span>诱导了炎性细胞因子如TNF-α和IL-6的高表达水平。硫氧还蛋白相互<span style="color: black;">功效</span>蛋白(TXNIP)是参与炎症反应的氧化还原反应的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>蛋白,其<span style="color: black;">经过</span>JNK/p38通路的ASK1依赖性激活调节炎症反应和氧化应激来发挥<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。氧化应激诱导型血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)可<span style="color: black;">经过</span>介导的抗炎和抗氧化活性<span style="color: black;">控制</span>NF-κB通路激活来减轻小鼠的胰腺<span style="color: black;">损害</span>。核因子E2<span style="color: black;">关联</span>因子2(Nrf2)是一种广泛分布的转录因子,它有能力调控细胞中的抗氧化物质和毒性分子的产生,在氧化应激过程中,Nrf2-ARE路径的自我激活<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">加强</span>HO-1的活性,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>减轻对胰腺的损害(图2)。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q1.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240514/72cb2a40bf9140c1bd8258ab95810349.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">图2 肝衰竭并发急性胰腺炎的氧化应激反应机制</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">5</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">微循环<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span></span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">胰腺的微循环由微动脉、微静脉及毛细血管网<span style="color: black;">形成</span>,其受激素与神经双重调节的血管平滑肌舒缩状态所影响。而病理<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,胰腺循环的<span style="color: black;">错乱</span><span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span>组织灌注降低、缺血,<span style="color: black;">促进</span>急性胰腺炎<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。内皮素-1(ET-1)是肝衰竭并发急性胰腺炎的微循环<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>中的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>因子,ET-1与内皮素-A受体结合后诱导血管平滑肌<span style="color: black;">剧烈</span>收缩、痉挛,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>毛细血管灌注不良,<span style="color: black;">初期</span>会<span style="color: black;">导致</span>胰腺局部血液瘀滞、组织缺血缺氧,<span style="color: black;">持续</span><span style="color: black;">连续</span>的微血管痉挛将加重胰腺<span style="color: black;">损害</span>、坏死。另一方面,当ET-1与内皮素-A相互<span style="color: black;">功效</span>并激活cGMP途径时,将<span style="color: black;">引起</span>细胞内Ca2+的超载现象。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>钙离子过量,线粒体产能不足,使得<span style="color: black;">海量</span>的酶原<span style="color: black;">没</span>法成功释放,在腺泡细胞内堆积,从而推动急性胰腺炎的发展。ET还可刺激ROS生成,在炎症应激<span style="color: black;">前提</span>下,参与转录因子NF-κB的激活和促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6的表达。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>胰腺微循环的内皮细胞<span style="color: black;">损害</span>及其通透性的<span style="color: black;">增多</span>会进一步<span style="color: black;">引起</span>胰腺微血管的缺血、缺氧,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>炎症瀑布反应。而炎症反应会进一步加剧内皮细胞的<span style="color: black;">损害</span>及血管的通透性,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>血液浓缩,形成血栓,影响微循环的血流灌注。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">6</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">预防</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">既往多项临床观察中,肝衰竭并发急性胰腺炎的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率约占40%,且部分急性胰腺炎的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>临床症状较为隐匿,<span style="color: black;">很难</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>。<span style="color: black;">按照</span>以上5个方面的肝衰竭合并急性胰腺炎的机制<span style="color: black;">科研</span>,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>以下方面在临床上预防肝衰竭并发急性胰腺炎的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">6.1 积极治疗原发病</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在肝衰竭发展<span style="color: black;">时期</span>,积极治疗原发病,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>避免病情进一步恶化,<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>病情进一步<span style="color: black;">发展</span>以及并发症的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。静脉输注白蛋白<span style="color: black;">能够</span>调节全身氧化应激和炎症从而恢复免疫功能,<span style="color: black;">初期</span>足量<span style="color: black;">弥补</span>人白蛋白可降低急性胰腺炎的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>并改善预后。人工肝<span style="color: black;">血液</span>置换<span style="color: black;">能够</span>用于清除内毒素和炎症介质以及替代白蛋白从而<span style="color: black;">加强</span>肝衰竭<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的<span style="color: black;">存活</span>率,<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">控制</span>炎症反应<span style="color: black;">发展</span>从而降低<span style="color: black;">出现</span>急性胰腺炎的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。间充质干细胞<span style="color: black;">经过</span>循环迁移到肝脏,发挥下调促炎反应,其可能<span style="color: black;">经过</span>调控TLR4/NF-κBp65通路从而<span style="color: black;">控制</span>炎症反应,减轻氧化应激反应,从而减少急性胰腺炎的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率。肝移植仍然是肝衰竭<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的<span style="color: black;">最后</span>疗法,但<span style="color: black;">因为</span>其高成本和缺乏肝脏供体,并不适用于所有<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,且肝移植后容易<span style="color: black;">显现</span>急性胰腺炎等并发症,应对肝移植的<span style="color: black;">最后</span>指征(MELD评分)、肝硬化<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的并发症(如腹水、静脉曲张<span style="color: black;">流血</span>)进行严格<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">可否</span>适合肝移植。积极治疗原发病,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>进一<span style="color: black;">步骤</span>节全身氧化应激及炎症反应,恢复免疫屏障,预防急性胰腺炎的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">6.2 <span style="color: black;">掌控</span>炎症</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在肝衰竭过程中产生的细胞因子是炎症反应产生的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>。<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>肝衰竭过程中的炎症反应<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>炎性<span style="color: black;">发展</span>,避免急性胰腺炎的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>发展。糖皮质激素是肝衰竭<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>炎症<span style="color: black;">发展</span>的常用<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。糖皮质激素<span style="color: black;">能够</span>诱导炎性细胞的凋亡并<span style="color: black;">控制</span>抗原呈递以及促炎细胞因子(IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α和IL-17)的产生和释放,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>糖皮质激素对细胞膜<span style="color: black;">拥有</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span>的稳定<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>防止肝细胞解体和坏死,从而减缓肝<span style="color: black;">损害</span>的进程。但应用糖皮质激素时,会<span style="color: black;">增多</span>继发感染、原发病扩散<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>恶化的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,更甚者<span style="color: black;">显现</span>败血症等<span style="color: black;">状况</span>;<span style="color: black;">同期</span>还会<span style="color: black;">控制</span>胃黏液分泌,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>胃酸和胃蛋白酶分泌,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>胃肠溃疡、穿孔及胃肠<span style="color: black;">流血</span>的可能性。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>糖皮质激素的药理学特性,部分会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>电解质、血糖、血压<span style="color: black;">反常</span>,从而潜在<span style="color: black;">增多</span>肝性脑病、肝肾<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>和肝衰竭中其他后果的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。尽管糖皮质激素会<span style="color: black;">增多</span>感染和上消化道<span style="color: black;">流血</span>以及其他并发症<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,但其副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>是可控的。肝衰竭<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">即时</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>糖皮质激素可<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">提高</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>的<span style="color: black;">存活</span>率,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>,<span style="color: black;">即时</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>糖皮质激素不仅<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>全身炎症反应的<span style="color: black;">发展</span>,还可进一步避免急性胰腺炎的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">6.3 <span style="color: black;">掌控</span>感染</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">感染是肝衰竭<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的并发症之一,肝衰竭<span style="color: black;">病人</span>继发感染<span style="color: black;">重点</span>以革兰阴性菌为主,最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的感染部位是胆道、肺以及胸腔,而肝衰竭<span style="color: black;">显现</span>感染的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>其并发症概率<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,且预后<span style="color: black;">明显</span>恶化;但肝衰竭<span style="color: black;">病人</span>合并感染时的临床症状并不典型,临床中降钙素原、白细胞、超敏C反应蛋白的阳性率在肝衰竭合并感染的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>较高的诊断价值,在诊治肝衰竭<span style="color: black;">病人</span>时,积极复查<span style="color: black;">关联</span>感染指标。一旦<span style="color: black;">显现</span>感染征象,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>经验性<span style="color: black;">选取</span>抗生素治疗,待<span style="color: black;">关联</span>病原学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>完善后,再<span style="color: black;">按照</span>药敏结果<span style="color: black;">调节</span>抗生素。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">6.4 改善十二指肠乳头功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对十二指肠乳头括约肌功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>的发病机制,解除胆道梗阻<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,缓解胆道压力,使胆汁、胰液流出通畅对急性胰腺炎的治疗<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>尤其<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>。内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影是<span style="color: black;">日前</span>临床上较为常用的手术方式之一,其<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>兼顾<span style="color: black;">检测</span>与治疗、创伤小等优点,可有效<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>胆管逆行性感染,减轻全身多器官炎症反应,<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>减少了胆汁、胰液逆流入胰管,<span style="color: black;">控制</span>胰酶活化,有效<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>胰腺炎。奥曲肽<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span>降低十二指肠括约肌的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>压力及收缩幅度,而不影响其收缩频率及管腔内压力,减少胰蛋白酶原激活和胰腺的自消化,在<span style="color: black;">必定</span>程度上避免急性胰腺炎的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。熊去氧胆酸<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>对肝细胞和胆管上皮细胞的<span style="color: black;">守护</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>促进胆汁酸的排泄,改善十二指肠括约肌的压力,避免胰管产生酸中毒,减少炎性介质的释放,从而避免急性胰腺炎的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">6.5 <span style="color: black;">调节</span>肠道菌群</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">肝衰竭<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,肠道菌群平衡会被打破。且菌群失调程度与肝细胞<span style="color: black;">损害</span>程度呈正比。利福昔明<span style="color: black;">做为</span>临床上肝衰竭<span style="color: black;">病人</span>常用的预防肠道感染的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,是一种只<span style="color: black;">功效</span>于肠道的广谱抗生素,可调节肠道菌群失衡,应用利福昔明<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>调节TLR4/NF-κB炎症信号通路减轻急性胰腺炎小鼠的胰腺<span style="color: black;">损害</span>及炎症反应;预防性应用利福昔明虽然<span style="color: black;">没</span>法<span style="color: black;">显著</span>降低急性胰腺炎并发症的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率,但可以<span style="color: black;">明显</span>改善全身炎症。双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊<span style="color: black;">协同</span>肠内营养可积极改善急性胰腺炎的治疗效果。<span style="color: black;">经过</span>对急性胰腺炎动物模型<span style="color: black;">运用</span>益生菌,可降低感染并发症的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率,改善胰腺组织学评分,并降低大鼠的死亡率,猜测其减少了十二指肠中潜在致病菌的过度生长,从而减少了肠道细菌向肠腔外(<span style="color: black;">包含</span>胰腺)的迁移,<span style="color: black;">从而</span>减少感染并发症和急性胰腺炎的死亡率。积极<span style="color: black;">调节</span>肠道菌群,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>预防减轻胰腺的<span style="color: black;">损害</span>,避免急性胰腺炎的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">7</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">总结</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">在临床中,肝衰竭<span style="color: black;">病人</span>并发急性胰腺炎的人数大大<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,且急性胰腺炎的临床表现与肝衰竭的消化道症状<span style="color: black;">类似</span>,易被忽略,且急性胰腺炎在发展过程中,不加<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>肝细胞进一步<span style="color: black;">损害</span>,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>诱发多器官功能衰竭。虽然<span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">针对</span>肝衰竭并发急性胰腺炎的<span style="color: black;">详细</span>成因尚不<span style="color: black;">非常</span>清楚,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>本文尝试从五个<span style="color: black;">方向</span>解析了这一问题,并且指出这些<span style="color: black;">原因</span>并不独立存在,而是相互影响,一同推动病情的发展。<span style="color: black;">经过</span>这五个<span style="color: black;">方向</span>提出肝衰竭并发急性胰腺炎的预防,但<span style="color: black;">日前</span>肝衰竭并发急性胰腺炎的预防临床及实验<span style="color: black;">科研</span>数据较少。<span style="color: black;">根据</span><span style="color: black;">日前</span>的<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">情况</span>,在<span style="color: black;">实质</span>临床工作中,应该<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>地<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>肝脏、肠道、胰腺等组织的整体性。在肝衰竭过程中,积极治疗原发病,改善十二指肠乳头括约肌功能,<span style="color: black;">调节</span>肠道菌群,<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>炎症及感染,有利于避免肝衰竭并发急性胰腺炎的可能。</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">全文下载 </span></span><span style="color: black;">PDF &amp; HTML</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.lcgdbzz.org/cn/article/doi/10.12449/JCH240434</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">引证本文 </span></span><span style="color: black;">Citation</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">陆星宇, 杨晶, 李盼, 等 . 肝衰竭并发急性胰腺炎的机制及预防. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2024, 40(4): 850-856</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">扩展阅读 </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Read more</span></p>
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2557497911 发表于 2024-8-23 05:32:27

我深感你的理解与共鸣,愿对话长流。

不锈钢厂家 发表于 2024-9-10 08:44:13

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nykek5i 发表于 2024-9-29 01:50:36

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qzmjef 发表于 2024-10-27 11:03:06

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nqkk58 发表于 2024-11-6 03:17:37

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