早读 | 急性左心衰竭的紧急处置【干货】
<img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Sv6neLWjnqpaZAU0KGeorcalP30k2kIT39neYS12X1FZR2yyAJqqQ3UPQSSO7zbByQiciamviam8DLiaZVlMOIlibDg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/8Pp2iayKx9fTQdPQdy9JnW8hxNhwq5U1NbGtseib8p79FMU1eP1z9HYAeD26UMkzdibtroKvJT5Sz8P6BibKVL37Vw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">序 言</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/FnKPepxYibM5kOnRyYyIGGI0Pn2GWOfjQXvba1y7LCllqicL96EZo4TyqUaHrCuHBOBoucKbcKQL9yygAvRMJfuQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> <span style="color: black;">在<span style="color: black;">平常</span>生活中一说到心脏病,<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>人毛骨悚然,<span style="color: black;">大众</span>觉得是一个突发<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,随着生活节奏和生活方式的改变,心脏病的种类<span style="color: black;">亦</span>在<span style="color: black;">持续</span>更新,下文为<span style="color: black;">大众</span>分享临床<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的急性左心衰竭<span style="color: black;">关联</span>知识。</span></span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/8Pp2iayKx9fTQdPQdy9JnW8hxNhwq5U1NbGtseib8p79FMU1eP1z9HYAeD26UMkzdibtroKvJT5Sz8P6BibKVL37Vw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">概 念</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/FnKPepxYibM5kOnRyYyIGGI0Pn2GWOfjQXvba1y7LCllqicL96EZo4TyqUaHrCuHBOBoucKbcKQL9yygAvRMJfuQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/t7CLudq09QjtvnLvWEqD5LEXOWib0iahFBzsyLaV8vEMEQfrVYdaglGWx69taAVfkia6wGgyTLTAiaLOY1bCIQeHUQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">近几年关于心力衰竭概念</span></p><span style="color: black;">2021年由美国心力衰竭学会(HFSA)、欧洲心脏病学会心力衰竭协会(HFA)、日本心力衰竭学会(JHFS)<span style="color: black;">一起</span>撰写的《心力衰竭的通用定义和<span style="color: black;">归类</span>》<span style="color: black;">颁布</span>,该共识得到了中国、加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰等多个国家心力衰竭学会的认可。共识提出了心衰的通用定义以及新的分期和<span style="color: black;">归类</span>标准。</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">心衰</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">是一种由不同病因<span style="color: black;">引起</span>的临床<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>,其病理生理机制存在差异,而非一种特定的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。既往各权威学术<span style="color: black;">公司</span>对心衰的定义各不相同,有些侧重于临床<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>的诊断特征,而有些更偏重血液动力学和生理学特征。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">共识提出了</span><span style="color: black;">全面的心力衰竭的通用定义:</span><span style="color: black;">心力衰竭是一种临床<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>,其症状和/或体征由</span><span style="color: black;">心脏结构和/或功能<span style="color: black;">反常</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>,并由利钠肽(BNP)水平<span style="color: black;">上升</span>和/或肺部或全身充血的客观证据所证实。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">定义中的心脏结构和/或功能<span style="color: black;">反常</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>:射血分数(EF)<50%,心腔<span style="color: black;">反常</span>扩大,E/E>15,中/重度心室肥厚,或中/重度瓣膜狭窄或反流。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">利钠肽(如BNP和NT-proBNP)是诊断心衰不可或缺的<span style="color: black;">构成</span>部分,<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是在诊断不确<span style="color: black;">按时</span>。 </span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/RwiblE3tib48WdAGNHeuU3UpwLFz3X9ibgeXNZpjAY1OoC591icFeGeuVVEmqGtT6ZIEPRyzibSK7LOrBnFNibjBniaWA/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/8Pp2iayKx9fTQdPQdy9JnW8hxNhwq5U1NbGtseib8p79FMU1eP1z9HYAeD26UMkzdibtroKvJT5Sz8P6BibKVL37Vw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心力衰竭分期</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/FnKPepxYibM5kOnRyYyIGGI0Pn2GWOfjQXvba1y7LCllqicL96EZo4TyqUaHrCuHBOBoucKbcKQL9yygAvRMJfuQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">A期(心衰<span style="color: black;">危害</span>期)</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">病人</span>有心衰<span style="color: black;">危害</span>但<span style="color: black;">日前</span>或既往<span style="color: black;">没</span>心衰症状或体征,且<span style="color: black;">无</span>心脏病的结构或生物标志物证据。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">身患</span>高血压、动脉粥样硬化性心血管<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>、糖尿病、<span style="color: black;">肥壮</span>、已知接触过心脏毒性物质、有心肌病或遗传性心肌病阳性家族史的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>属于这一类。这些<span style="color: black;">病人</span>并不是都会<span style="color: black;">出现</span>心衰,但可能<span style="color: black;">必须</span>进行危险<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">干涉</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">B期(心衰前期)</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">日前</span>或既往<span style="color: black;">没</span>心衰症状或体征,但存在结构性心脏病或心功能<span style="color: black;">反常</span>或利钠肽水平<span style="color: black;">上升</span>的证据。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">结构性心脏病:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">左心室肥厚、心腔扩大、室壁运动<span style="color: black;">反常</span>、心肌组织<span style="color: black;">反常</span>(如,心肌水肿、CMR T2或LGE<span style="color: black;">影像</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>的瘢痕/纤维化<span style="color: black;">反常</span>)、瓣膜性心脏病。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">心脏功能<span style="color: black;">反常</span>:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">左心室或右心室收缩功能降低,有创或<span style="color: black;">没</span>创<span style="color: black;">检测</span>中充盈压<span style="color: black;">增多</span>的证据,舒张功能<span style="color: black;">反常</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">利钠肽水平<span style="color: black;">上升</span>或心肌肌钙蛋白</span><span style="color: black;">水平<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,尤其是在暴露于心脏毒性物质的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">C期(心衰期)</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">日前</span>或既往存在由心脏结构和/或功能<span style="color: black;">反常</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>的心衰症状和/或体征。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">D期(晚期心力衰竭)</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">病人</span>在<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>时有严重的心衰症状和/或体征,尽管接受了指南<span style="color: black;">指点</span>的管理和治疗(GDMT),但仍反复住院,为难治性或对GDMT不耐受,<span style="color: black;">必须</span>接受高级治疗,如<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>心脏移植、机械循环支持或姑息治疗。</span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/dC8JRYvqT7VBfAjydXH8TueldRMeSgicb7Mktz5w0KYpgqHUSzSdMwmo88fxVdpyOgYiasBXYN3ibKwGVTlMWNQ0Q/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/8Pp2iayKx9fTQdPQdy9JnW8hxNhwq5U1NbGtseib8p79FMU1eP1z9HYAeD26UMkzdibtroKvJT5Sz8P6BibKVL37Vw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心力衰竭的<span style="color: black;">归类</span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/FnKPepxYibM5kOnRyYyIGGI0Pn2GWOfjQXvba1y7LCllqicL96EZo4TyqUaHrCuHBOBoucKbcKQL9yygAvRMJfuQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">新版共识<span style="color: black;">按照</span>左心室射血分数(LVEF)提出了新的心衰<span style="color: black;">归类</span>:</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✓射血分数降低的心力衰竭(HFrEF):LVEF≤40%;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✓射血分数轻度降低的心力衰竭(HFmrEF):LVEF41-49%;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✓射血分数<span style="color: black;">保存</span>的心力衰竭(HFpEF):LVEF≥50%;</span></p><span style="color: black;">✓射血分数改善的心力衰竭(HFimpEF):基线LVEF≤40%,LVEF较基线水平<span style="color: black;">加强</span>超过10个百分点,且再次<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>时LVEF>40%。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/8Pp2iayKx9fTQdPQdy9JnW8hxNhwq5U1NbGtseib8p79FMU1eP1z9HYAeD26UMkzdibtroKvJT5Sz8P6BibKVL37Vw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心功能分级</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/FnKPepxYibM5kOnRyYyIGGI0Pn2GWOfjQXvba1y7LCllqicL96EZo4TyqUaHrCuHBOBoucKbcKQL9yygAvRMJfuQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1、NYHA心</span><span style="color: black;">功</span><span style="color: black;">能分级标准</span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/jb2WzfXAxvYPttqTEFyLQo8kLxL1bmHwcsjmCXIekrJKSic90F6Tt3n7KdqpB3LSicTXDSVddyV2RyVo8Aa09N1A/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">2、Killip分级</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/jb2WzfXAxvYPttqTEFyLQo8kLxL1bmHwL4VKEe5ic1YRiaa3KDoZib6YdPcdatRCicrly74auVrxBUfuWXwFF7UN8Q/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">3、急性左心衰Forrester法分级</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/jb2WzfXAxvYPttqTEFyLQo8kLxL1bmHw9nIEHpqm5vHj68T0n9M3JYGEuoTH7zRRadptKOFuurhjoKWY2DbRicg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4、急性左心衰临床程度分级</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/RwiblE3tib48WdAGNHeuU3UpwLFz3X9ibgeibs8aNt6dPVmFtYjZzL1DiaqWiaz5EvApJic3aibBWEVQibqFcjNCqfxIIoQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/8Pp2iayKx9fTQdPQdy9JnW8hxNhwq5U1NbGtseib8p79FMU1eP1z9HYAeD26UMkzdibtroKvJT5Sz8P6BibKVL37Vw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">急性心力衰竭的<span style="color: black;">归类</span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/FnKPepxYibM5kOnRyYyIGGI0Pn2GWOfjQXvba1y7LCllqicL96EZo4TyqUaHrCuHBOBoucKbcKQL9yygAvRMJfuQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">急性</span></strong></span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">左</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">心衰竭:</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">临床上最为<span style="color: black;">平常</span></span></p><span style="color: black;">急性<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>或加重的心肌收缩力<span style="color: black;">显著</span>降低、舒张受限或心脏负荷加重,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>急性心排血量骤降、肺循环压力<span style="color: black;">忽然</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>、<span style="color: black;">周边</span>循环阻力增,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>急性肺淤血、肺水肿,严重者表现为组织器官灌注不足的心源性休克。</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">急性右心衰竭:</span></strong></p><span style="color: black;">某些<span style="color: black;">原由</span>使右室心肌收缩力急剧下降或右室的前后负荷<span style="color: black;">忽然</span>加重,从而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>右心排血量急剧减低的临床<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>。</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">全心衰是<span style="color: black;">上下</span>心<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>衰竭:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">临床<span style="color: black;">都数</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>是右心衰竭继发于左心衰竭而形成全心衰竭,当右心衰竭<span style="color: black;">显现</span>之后,右心排血量减少,左心衰竭的<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难等肺淤血症状反而有所减轻。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/8Pp2iayKx9fTQdPQdy9JnW8hxNhwq5U1NbGtseib8p79FMU1eP1z9HYAeD26UMkzdibtroKvJT5Sz8P6BibKVL37Vw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">急性左心衰的病因</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/FnKPepxYibM5kOnRyYyIGGI0Pn2GWOfjQXvba1y7LCllqicL96EZo4TyqUaHrCuHBOBoucKbcKQL9yygAvRMJfuQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1、原发性心肌损害:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">与冠心病<span style="color: black;">相关</span>的心肌梗死,<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是急性广泛前壁心肌梗死,乳头肌和腱索断裂,室间隔破裂穿孔、感染性心内膜炎<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的瓣膜穿孔,腱索断裂<span style="color: black;">导致</span>瓣膜性急性反流等;</span></p><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2、<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">原有心脏病<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上快速性<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常或严重缓慢性<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常;</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3、心脏负荷<span style="color: black;">反常</span>:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">高血压血压急剧<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,输血,输液<span style="color: black;">太多</span>,过快等。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/8Pp2iayKx9fTQdPQdy9JnW8hxNhwq5U1NbGtseib8p79FMU1eP1z9HYAeD26UMkzdibtroKvJT5Sz8P6BibKVL37Vw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">发病机制</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/FnKPepxYibM5kOnRyYyIGGI0Pn2GWOfjQXvba1y7LCllqicL96EZo4TyqUaHrCuHBOBoucKbcKQL9yygAvRMJfuQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">心脏收缩力<span style="color: black;">忽然</span>严重减弱,或左室瓣膜急性反流,心排血量急剧减少,左室舒张末压<span style="color: black;">快速</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>,肺静脉回流不畅。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>肺静脉压快速<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,肺毛细血管压随之<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,使血管内液体渗入到肺间质和肺泡内,形成急性肺水肿。肺水肿<span style="color: black;">初期</span>可因交感神经的激活,血压可<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,但随着病情<span style="color: black;">连续</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span>,血压将逐步下降。</span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/8Pp2iayKx9fTQdPQdy9JnW8hxNhwq5U1NbGtseib8p79FMU1eP1z9HYAeD26UMkzdibtroKvJT5Sz8P6BibKVL37Vw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">临床表现</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/FnKPepxYibM5kOnRyYyIGGI0Pn2GWOfjQXvba1y7LCllqicL96EZo4TyqUaHrCuHBOBoucKbcKQL9yygAvRMJfuQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">左心衰竭:<span style="color: black;">以肺瘀血及心排血量降低表现为主。</span></span></strong></p><span style="color: black;">(1)<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难:</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">①劳力性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">劳力性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难是左心衰竭最早<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的症状,运动使回心血量<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,左心房压力<span style="color: black;">升高</span>,加重肺淤血。</span></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">②夜间阵发性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">病人</span>熟睡后因憋气<span style="color: black;">忽然</span>惊醒,被迫采取坐位,可伴<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>急促,阵咳,咯<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>样痰,可伴有哮鸣音,又<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>“心源性哮喘”。</span></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">③端坐<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">肺淤血达到<span style="color: black;">必定</span>程度,平卧时回心血量<span style="color: black;">增多</span>且横膈上抬,使<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>更加困难,<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>平卧。</span></span><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/RwiblE3tib48VTvrpYByticQT8QslrFVPo9IzvG1pIJgwLzpayZTqeeKhophqo7wo2HYgfjvK644RRKn6UGek3Juw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">④急性肺水肿:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">又<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>“心源性哮喘”,是左心衰<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难最严重的形式。</span></span><span style="color: black;">(2)咳嗽咳痰:<span style="color: black;">起始</span>常于夜间<span style="color: black;">出现</span>,坐位或立位时减轻,多为白色浆液性<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>状痰,是肺泡和支气管黏膜瘀血<span style="color: black;">导致</span>,偶有痰中带血丝。<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>慢性瘀血肺静脉压力<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肺循环和支气管血液循环之间形成侧支,一旦破裂可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>大咯血。</span><span style="color: black;">(3)乏力、疲倦、<span style="color: black;">头昏</span>、心悸:是心排血量不足和器官、组织灌注不足及代偿性心率加快<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>症状。</span><span style="color: black;">(4)少尿及肾功能损害症状:血液进行再分配时肾的血流量<span style="color: black;">显著</span>减少可<span style="color: black;">显现</span>少尿。<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>慢性的肾血流量减少可<span style="color: black;">显现</span>血尿素氮、肌酐<span style="color: black;">上升</span>并可有肾功能不全的相应症状。</span><span style="color: black;">(5)肺部湿性啰音:<span style="color: black;">因为</span>肺毛细血管压<span style="color: black;">升高</span>,液体可渗出到肺泡而<span style="color: black;">显现</span>湿性啰音。<span style="color: black;">病人</span>如取侧卧位则下垂的<span style="color: black;">一边</span>哆音较多(移动性啰音)。随着病情由轻到重,肺部哆音可从局限于肺底部直至全肺。</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(6)心脏体征:除<span style="color: black;">基本</span>心脏病的固有体征外,慢性左心衰竭的<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">通常</span>均有心脏扩大、肺动脉瓣区第二心音亢进及舒张期奔马律。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/RwiblE3tib48VTvrpYByticQT8QslrFVPo9XJKGxOODvKwNr9ibfwQphu6icnwuiaMhibP5qZ30CoIGg3osxrM8R97J3A/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/8Pp2iayKx9fTQdPQdy9JnW8hxNhwq5U1NbGtseib8p79FMU1eP1z9HYAeD26UMkzdibtroKvJT5Sz8P6BibKVL37Vw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">辅助<span style="color: black;">检测</span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/FnKPepxYibM5kOnRyYyIGGI0Pn2GWOfjQXvba1y7LCllqicL96EZo4TyqUaHrCuHBOBoucKbcKQL9yygAvRMJfuQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">辅助<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>以下四个辅助<span style="color: black;">检测</span>:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">01/特异性<span style="color: black;">检测</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">① 心肌<span style="color: black;">损害</span>标记物</span></p><span style="color: black;">肌钙蛋白:是心肌<span style="color: black;">损害</span>标记物,严重心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可有肌钙蛋白<span style="color: black;">上升</span>。</span><span style="color: black;">肌红蛋白、肌酸激酶、肌酸激酶同工酶:<span style="color: black;">以上</span>心肌<span style="color: black;">损害</span>标记物<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>,结合<span style="color: black;">病人</span>症状、心电图,<span style="color: black;">首要</span><span style="color: black;">思虑</span>急性冠脉<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>,不排除其他<span style="color: black;">状况</span>如心肌炎等可能。</span><span style="color: black;">② BNP 和 NT-proBNP:有助于心衰的诊断和疗效<span style="color: black;">评定</span>,后者受年龄和肾功能影响<span style="color: black;">很强</span>。</span><span style="color: black;">慢性心衰的排除界值为 BNP < 35 pg/ml,NT-proBNP < 125 pg/ml;</span><span style="color: black;">急性心衰的排除界值为 BNP < 100 pg/ml,NT-proBNP < 300 pg/ml;</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">急性心衰的诊断界值:BNP ≥ 300 pg/ml;NT-proBNP ≥ 450 pg/ml(< 50 岁),≥ 900 pg/ml(50-75 岁),≥ 1800 pg/ml(> 75 岁)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">02/心电图<span style="color: black;">检测</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">心电图是心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>,能<span style="color: black;">供给</span>以下信息:</span></p><span style="color: black;">① <span style="color: black;">心率</span>、心率心律失常在心电图中可直接<span style="color: black;">表现</span></span><span style="color: black;">② 心肌损害、缺血<span style="color: black;">状况</span><span style="color: black;">可否</span>存在 ST-T 改变</span><span style="color: black;">③ 左室肥大V5 或 V6 导联 R 波<span style="color: black;">升高</span> > 25 mm,V5/V6 导联 R 波加 V1/V2 导联 S 波 > 35mm,I、aVL、V5、V6 导联 T 波倒置</span><span style="color: black;">④ 左房肥大P 波双峰</span><span style="color: black;">⑤ 右室肥大心电轴右偏,V1 导联 R 波<span style="color: black;">升高</span>,V1 和 V2 导联 T 波倒置,V6 导联深 S 波,有时呈右束支传导阻滞</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">⑥ 右房肥大P 波高</span><span style="color: black;">尖</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">03/超声心动<span style="color: black;">检测</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">超声心动图对心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的<span style="color: black;">检测</span>至关<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>。</span></p><span style="color: black;">① 心包超声可识别心包积液、钙化</span><span style="color: black;">② 心脏结构心腔<span style="color: black;">体积</span>、心肌肥厚、心脏几何形状</span><span style="color: black;">③ 瓣膜关闭不全、狭窄</span><span style="color: black;">④ 功能室壁运动、射血分数、区分收缩功能和舒张功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span></span><span style="color: black;">⑤ 估测肺动脉高压<span style="color: black;">按照</span>三尖瓣反流<span style="color: black;">状况</span>估测肺动脉收缩压</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">⑥ 识别射血分数<span style="color: black;">保存</span>的心衰(HFpEF)左房容积指数 > 34 ml/㎡,左室质量指数 ≥ 115 (男)或 95(女)g/㎡</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">04/胸部X线<span style="color: black;">检测</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">① <span style="color: black;">显现</span>以下征象,结合症状体征,提示心衰可能</span></p><span style="color: black;">心脏扩大肺淤血/肺水肿:肺门血管影模糊、蝶形肺门;弥漫性肺内大片<span style="color: black;">暗影</span></span><span style="color: black;">② 胸片还可<span style="color: black;">供给</span>其他信息:胸腔积液:少量时肋膈角变钝,<span style="color: black;">海量</span>时可见弧形积液平面,严重心衰时可伴胸腔积液原有肺部<span style="color: black;">疾患</span></span><span style="color: black;">③<span style="color: black;">重视</span>X 线胸片正常并<span style="color: black;">不可</span>排除心衰</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/8Pp2iayKx9fTQdPQdy9JnW8hxNhwq5U1NbGtseib8p79FMU1eP1z9HYAeD26UMkzdibtroKvJT5Sz8P6BibKVL37Vw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/FnKPepxYibM5kOnRyYyIGGI0Pn2GWOfjQXvba1y7LCllqicL96EZo4TyqUaHrCuHBOBoucKbcKQL9yygAvRMJfuQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">(1)<span style="color: black;">通常</span>治疗:</span><span style="color: black;">✦体位:坐位或半卧位,双腿下垂;</span><span style="color: black;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✦吸氧:纯氧或高流量吸氧,SPQ2达95%以上,<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>机,<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>消除剂;</p>
</span><span style="color: black;">(2)<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗:</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">①吗啡:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦严重的急性左心衰尤其是伴有焦虑和<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难的病人,应<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>吗啡;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦吗啡<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>静脉扩张和 微弱的动脉扩张,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>减慢心率;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦3-5mg iv 15min可重复;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦5-10mg皮下或肌肉注射;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦颅内<span style="color: black;">流血</span>,神志<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,休克,慢性阻塞性肺<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,支气管哮喘禁用。</span></p><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/RwiblE3tib48VTvrpYByticQT8QslrFVPo9dKuqkM0pKmoCHKTibdKcKhXdyAooMfHLOZv0UOlwTvDl0jicEib2obCFw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">②<strong style="color: blue;">利尿剂</strong>:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦首选呋塞米,托拉塞米,布美他尼等袢利尿剂;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦<span style="color: black;">经过</span>血管扩张和快速利尿<span style="color: black;">功效</span>减少循环血量,减轻心脏前负荷,降低肺毛细血管楔压;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦<span style="color: black;">重视</span>低钾低钠低氯及碱中毒。</span></p><span style="color: black;">③<strong style="color: blue;">扩血管药</strong>:</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦<span style="color: black;">选取</span>原则:若以肺水肿、肺充血位置,<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">周边</span>灌注不足,宜<span style="color: black;">选择</span>静脉扩张剂(硝酸甘油);</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">✦以心排量降低,有<span style="color: black;">显著</span>灌注不足,而肺充血不严重,宜<span style="color: black;">选择</span></span>动脉扩张剂<span style="color: black;">(硝普钠);</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦两者兼有,宜<span style="color: black;">选择</span>动静脉扩张剂(硝普钠);</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">a.<strong style="color: blue;">硝酸甘油</strong>:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦<span style="color: black;">重点</span>扩张静脉,减轻心脏前负荷;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦大剂量时有扩张小动脉降低心脏后负荷<span style="color: black;">功效</span>;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦首选静脉给药;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦用药至肺水肿症状缓解或动脉收缩压降至90-95mmHg,原有高血压者下降不宜超过原血压20%。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">b.<strong style="color: blue;">硝普钠</strong>:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦直接<span style="color: black;">功效</span>于血管平滑肌,<span style="color: black;">平衡</span>扩张小动脉及静脉;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦<span style="color: black;">功效</span>强,<span style="color: black;">生效</span>快,<span style="color: black;">连续</span>时间短;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦需据血压及症状随时<span style="color: black;">调节</span>剂量,最大剂量300-400ug/min。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">c.<strong style="color: blue;">酚妥拉明</strong>:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦α受体阻滞剂,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>扩张小动脉,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>扩张静脉,适用于肺水肿伴外周阻力高的病人;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦需<span style="color: black;">按照</span>血压反应<span style="color: black;">调节</span>剂量;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦<span style="color: black;">重视</span>心率增快(<span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>较少)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">d.乌拉地尔:</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦外周及中枢双重<span style="color: black;">功效</span>;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦用于高血压、急性心梗<span style="color: black;">导致</span>心力衰竭;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦<span style="color: black;">不消</span>于二尖瓣严重狭窄<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的肺水肿。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">e.<strong style="color: blue;">重组人脑利纳肽(rhBNP)</strong>:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦属内源性激素物质,是一种兼具多重<span style="color: black;">功效</span> 的新型抗心衰<span style="color: black;">药品</span>;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>是扩张静脉和动脉(<span style="color: black;">包含</span>冠脉),从而减低前后负荷,在<span style="color: black;">没</span>直接正性肌力 <span style="color: black;">功效</span>下<span style="color: black;">加强</span>CO;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>利尿、排纳、<span style="color: black;">控制</span>RAAS和交感神经系统的多重<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。</span></p><span style="color: black;">④<strong style="color: blue;">强心剂</strong>:</span><span style="color: black;">a.<strong style="color: blue;">洋地黄类</strong>:西地兰(<span style="color: black;">重视</span>血钾<span style="color: black;">状况</span>),地高辛;</span><span style="color: black;">b.<strong style="color: blue;">非洋地黄类</strong>:米力农,多巴酚丁胺,左西孟旦。</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">⑤<strong style="color: blue;">氨茶碱</strong>:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦<span style="color: black;">显著</span>的支气管扩张<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,温和的<span style="color: black;">周边</span>血管扩张、利尿和正性肌力<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,改善<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦在心源性哮喘与支气管哮喘难以鉴别时可用;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">✦安全窗较窄,可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>低血压,诱发<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常,在急性心梗及心肌缺血时不宜<span style="color: black;">运用</span>。</span></p><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">(3)其它辅助治疗</strong>:主动脉内球囊反博,限外滤过法,辅助循环。</span><span style="color: black;">声明:<span style="color: black;">源自</span>于院前急救联盟,仅用于学习交流,版权归原作者所有。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">如<span style="color: black;">触及</span>图文、版权或其它问题,请<span style="color: black;">即时</span>与<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>联系,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>将立即删除。</span></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">关联</span>阅读</strong></span>
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