2022年护考——内科常考知识点
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.预防结核病最有效的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>是接种卡介苗。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2. X线<span style="color: black;">检测</span>是诊断气胸的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3.心源性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难;劳力性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难是最早<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是最轻的<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4.<span style="color: black;">出现</span>急性肺水肿时,病人应取坐位,双腿下垂,给予30%乙醇湿化的氧气吸入。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5.心源性水肿的特点是<span style="color: black;">初期</span>出<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>身体低垂及组织疏松的部位,卧床病人的水肿常<span style="color: black;">出现</span>在背、骶尾、会阴部及胫前、足踝部,<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>延及全身。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6.后负荷(压力负荷)过重,见于高血压、主动脉瓣狭窄、肺动脉高压和肺动脉瓣狭窄。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">7.前负荷(容量负荷)过重,见于二尖瓣、主动脉瓣关闭不全; 房、室间隔<span style="color: black;">缺失</span>,动脉导管未闭。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">8.左心衰竭<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现为肺循环淤血,最早<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的症状:劳力性<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难;最典型的症状:阵发性夜间<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难;最严重的症状:急性肺水肿,表现为咳<span style="color: black;">海量</span>粉红色<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>痰。肺部听诊可闻及湿哕音,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>交替脉,是左心衰竭的特征性体征。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">9.右心衰竭<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现为体循环静脉淤血,右心衰竭的表现可记为"一水两大及其他”。“一水"即是水肿,“两大” 即颈静脉增大和肝大,“其他" 即发绀。颈静脉征,颈静脉怒张是右心衰时的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>体征。肝-颈静脉回流征阳性<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>压迫病人的腹部或肝脏,可见颈静怒张更<span style="color: black;">显著</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">10.洋地黄类药有正性肌力<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>心肌收缩力的<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,又不<span style="color: black;">增多</span>心肌耗氧量。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">11. 当病人脉搏< 60次/分时应停用洋地黄类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">12.洋地黄类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>毒性反应的处理是停用排钾利尿药;积极<span style="color: black;">弥补</span>钾盐。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">13.心力衰竭<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">每日</span>食盐摄入量少于5g.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">14.临床上最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的强心药是洋地黄。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">15.临床上最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的期前收缩是室性期前收缩。最严重的<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常是室颤。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">16.急性心肌梗死最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的死亡<span style="color: black;">原由</span>是室颤。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">17.<span style="color: black;">导致</span>房颤最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的病因是风湿性心脏瓣膜病。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">18.房颤是风湿性心瓣膜病最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">19.风湿性心脏病最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>受累的瓣膜是二尖瓣, 其次是主动脉瓣。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">20.心肌梗死<span style="color: black;">病人</span>肌酸磷酸激酶是<span style="color: black;">显现</span>最早、恢复最早的酶。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">21.心肌梗死病人最早、最<span style="color: black;">明显</span>的症状是心前区<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">22.急性心肌梗死24小时以内禁止<span style="color: black;">运用</span>洋地黄制剂。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">23.病毒性心肌炎活动期或伴有严重<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常、心力衰竭者要绝对卧床<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>4周至2 ~ 3个月,减少心肌耗氧量。好转出院后继续<span style="color: black;">重视</span><span style="color: black;">休憩</span>,1年内避免重体力劳动。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">24.高血压<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可<span style="color: black;">按照</span>年龄和身体<span style="color: black;">情况</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>的运动方式为低、中强度运动,如慢跑、步行,每周3~5次,每次30~60分钟。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">25.高血压应限制钠盐摄入,每日食钠盐量不超过6g;改变体位要缓慢,不可用过热的水洗澡和蒸汽浴,禁止<span style="color: black;">长期</span>站立。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">26.高血压最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的并发症是心力衰竭。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">27.当急性腹痛诊断未明时,最好予以禁食;不可随意<span style="color: black;">运用</span>强效<span style="color: black;">止疼</span>药或激素;<span style="color: black;">不可</span>热敷。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">28.腹泻<span style="color: black;">病人</span>应给予少渣、低脂、易消化低纤维素的流食或半流食,避免生冷、剌激性<span style="color: black;">食品</span>,严重腹泻应暂时禁食。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">29.上消化道<span style="color: black;">流血</span>量为5ml<span style="color: black;">上下</span>,<span style="color: black;">就可</span>使粪便隐血<span style="color: black;">实验</span>呈阳性,<span style="color: black;">流血</span>量达到50~70 ml时可产生黑便。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">30.急性腐蚀性胃炎<span style="color: black;">通常</span>禁忌洗胃,吞服强酸病人应立即口服牛奶、蛋清或弱碱溶液如镁乳、氢氧化铝等,吞服碱性毒物病人可用稀释的食醋或果汁.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">31.慢性胃炎约90%由幽门]螺杆菌(Hp)感染所<span style="color: black;">导致</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">32.慢性胃炎最<span style="color: black;">靠谱</span>的<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>是胃镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">33.幽[门螺杆菌感染<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的慢性胃炎,常用两种抗生素(如阿莫西林、克拉霉素、替硝唑等)和(或)枸橼酸铋钾二联或三联治疗。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">34.慢性胃炎急性<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>时应进<span style="color: black;">没</span>渣、半流质的温热<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>。牛奶、米汤等有利于中和胃酸,促进黏膜的恢复,当病人<span style="color: black;">显现</span>少量<span style="color: black;">流血</span>时可予以食用。病人<span style="color: black;">显现</span>剧烈呕吐、呕血时应当禁食,静脉<span style="color: black;">弥补</span>营养。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">35.幽门]螺杆菌感染是消化性溃疡的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>病因。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">36.消化性溃疡病程以慢性病程、周期<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>、节律性上腹痛为特点。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">37.抗酸药在餐前1小时及睡前<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>;胃动力药如多潘立酮、西沙必利在餐前1小时及睡前1小时<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">38.消化性溃疡急性穿孔伴有休克者应平卧、禁饮、胃肠减压,可减少胃肠内容物继续流入腹腔。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">39.胃溃疡最常<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的部位是胃小弯和胃窦。十二指肠溃疡最常<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的部位是十二指肠球部。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">40.我国肝硬化最<span style="color: black;">重点</span>的病因是病毒性肝炎(乙型肝炎)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">41.肝硬化代偿期以疲乏<span style="color: black;">没</span>力,食欲<span style="color: black;">衰退</span>为<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">42.肝穿刺活组织<span style="color: black;">检测</span>可确诊为肝硬化。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">43.肝性脑病先兆者、血氨偏高者应限制或禁食蛋白质,有腹水时应给予低盐<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>,限制进水量。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">44.<span style="color: black;">海量</span>腹水病人取半卧位,以减轻<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难;少量腹水病人取平卧位,以<span style="color: black;">增多</span>肝、肾血流量。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">45.腹腔穿刺放腹水术后<span style="color: black;">没</span>菌敷料覆盖穿刺部位,缚紧腹带,防止腹穿后腹内压骤降。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">46.肝癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>常有病毒性肝炎- >慢性肝炎-→肝硬化-→ 肝癌的病史。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">47.肝性脑病病人可口服乳果糖,到达结肠后被细菌分解为乳酸和醋酸,使肠内呈酸性,从而减少氨的产生、吸收。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">48.急性胰腺炎的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>病<span style="color: black;">由于</span>胆道<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,我国最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>病<span style="color: black;">由于</span>胆石症。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">49.<span style="color: black;">尿多</span><span style="color: black;">指的是</span>24小时尿量超过2 500 ml;少尿<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>24小时尿量少于400 ml;<span style="color: black;">没</span>尿<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>24小时尿量少于100 ml;夜尿增<span style="color: black;">大都是</span>指夜间尿量超过750 ml.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">50.肾炎性水肿产生机制<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>肾小球滤过率下降,而肾小管重吸收功能基本正常,<span style="color: black;">平常</span>于急、慢性肾炎;肾病性水肿<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是<span style="color: black;">因为</span><span style="color: black;">长时间</span>、<span style="color: black;">海量</span>蛋白尿造成<span style="color: black;">血液</span>蛋白过低,<span style="color: black;">血液</span>胶体渗透压降低,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>液体从血管内进入组织间隙,而产生水肿。<span style="color: black;">平常</span>于肾病<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">51.每日尿蛋白量<span style="color: black;">连续</span>超过150 mg<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为蛋白尿;<span style="color: black;">鲜嫩</span>尿离心沉渣后每高倍镜视野红细胞> 3个,或尿沉渣Addis计数12小时排泄的红细胞数> 50万为镜下血尿。1L尿含ImI血液.即呈现肉眼血尿。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">52.尿路刺激征<span style="color: black;">包含</span>尿频尿急尿痛排尿不尽感及下腹坠痛等,为膀胱三角区及膀胱颈受刺激<span style="color: black;">导致</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">53.慢性肾小球肾炎发病的<span style="color: black;">初始</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>是免疫介导炎症。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">54.慢性肾小球肾炎病人应给予<span style="color: black;">优秀</span>低蛋白低磷<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>,限制蛋白质每日每千克体重0.5~0.8g;水肿、原发性高血压病人应限制盐<6 g/d.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">55.<span style="color: black;">海量</span>蛋白尿是肾病<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>最<span style="color: black;">基本</span>的病理改变。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">56.<span style="color: black;">因为</span>低蛋白血症,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>身体抵抗力下降,感染是肾病<span style="color: black;">综合症</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>的并发症。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">57.治疗肾病<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>的首选药为糖皮质激素。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">58.肾病<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>应给予高生物效价的<span style="color: black;">优秀</span>蛋白,限制盐的摄入量,不超过3 g/d.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">59.肾盂肾炎致病菌以大肠杆菌最多见,感染途径以上行感染最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">60.尿常规和尿细胞计数:若见白细胞(或脓细胞)管型,对肾盂肾炎有诊断价值。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">61.急性肾盂肾炎用药<span style="color: black;">通常</span>疗程为10~ 14日或至症状完全消失,尿检阴性后再用药3~5日。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">62.多饮水、勤排尿是最简便而有效的预防尿路感染的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">63.胃肠道症状如食欲不振、腹部不适是慢性肾衰竭最<span style="color: black;">初期</span>、最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的症状。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">64.慢性肾衰竭<span style="color: black;">出现</span>贫血<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>红细胞生成减少和破坏<span style="color: black;">增多</span>;皮肤瘙痒与尿素霜的沉积等<span style="color: black;">相关</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">65.慢性肾衰竭最危险的电解质<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>为高钾血症。</p>
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