内科医学经典记忆口诀!(超全,保藏)
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span><span style="color: black;">呼气</span>系统</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1、慢性肺心病并发症:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肺脑酸碱心失常,休克<span style="color: black;">流血</span>DIC</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2、<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>哮喘急性<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>的治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">两碱激素色甘酸、肾上抗钙酮替芬</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3、重度哮喘的处理:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“一补二纠氨茶碱、氧疗两素兴奋剂”</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">一补——补液 ,二纠——纠正酸中毒、纠正电解质<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>, 氨茶碱——氨茶碱静脉注射或静脉滴注,氧疗——氧疗 ,“两素”——糖皮质激素、抗生素 “兴奋剂”——β2受体兴奋剂雾化吸入</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4、感染性休克的治疗:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“休感激、慢活乱,重点<span style="color: black;">守护</span>心肺肾”</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“休”——<span style="color: black;">弥补</span>血容量,治疗休克</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“感”——<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>感染</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“激”——糖皮质激素的应用</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“慢”——缓慢输液,防止<span style="color: black;">显现</span>心功不全</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“活”——血管活性物质的应用</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“乱”——纠正水、电解质和酸碱<span style="color: black;">错乱</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5、慢性支气管炎相鉴别的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“<span style="color: black;">爱护</span>阔小姐”</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“爱”——肺癌</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“惜”——矽肺及其他尘肺</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“阔”——支气管扩张</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“小”——支气管哮喘</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“姐”——肺结核</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6、与慢性肺心病相鉴别的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“冠丰园”(此为上海一家有名的食品<span style="color: black;">机构</span>)冠心病、风湿性心瓣膜病、原发性心肌病</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">7、肺结核的鉴别诊断</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“直言爱阔农”</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“直”——慢性支气管炎</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“言”——肺炎</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“爱”——肺癌</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“阔”——支气管扩张</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“农”——肺脓肿</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">8、大叶性肺炎七绝</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">充血水肿红色变,灰色肝变溶解散,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">胸痛咳嗽铁锈痰,<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难肺实变。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">9、小叶性肺炎</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">老弱病残混合感,细支气管为中心化脓性炎。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">十、</span>慢性肺心病并发症:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肺脑酸碱心失常,休克<span style="color: black;">流血</span>DIC.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">11、支气管歌诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">主支气管左和右,各有特点要记住;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左支细长右粗短,异物坠落多入右。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">13、感染性休克的治疗:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“休感激、慢活乱,重点<span style="color: black;">守护</span>心肺肾”;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“休”——<span style="color: black;">弥补</span>血容量,治疗休克;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“感”——<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>感染;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“激”——糖皮质激素的应用;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“慢”——缓慢输液,防止<span style="color: black;">显现</span>心功不全;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“活”——血管活性物质的应用;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“乱”——纠正水、电解质和酸碱<span style="color: black;">错乱</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">14、<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>衰竭变化有七:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">脑心肾血及<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">水电酸碱较<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">血气分析是机理,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">紫绀抽搐嗜睡<span style="color: black;">晕倒</span>,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">给氧通气<span style="color: black;">救治</span><span style="color: black;">第1</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">15、流行性感冒:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">流感病毒呈球形,分为三型甲乙丙.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">甲型病毒易易变异,产生亚型致流行</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">上感症状多较轻, 全身中毒症状重.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">鼻塞流涕与干咳, 寒热头痛酸痛困.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">老幼体弱防肺炎,隔离护理对症则</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">16、急性上<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>道感染</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">症状——鼻塞清涕身不适,咽痒后痛稠鼻涕。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">体征—— 鼻分泌多黏膜肿,咽喉充血肺<span style="color: black;">没</span>异。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">实验室<span style="color: black;">检测</span>——病毒多见细菌少,细菌感染高中粒。(中性粒细胞<span style="color: black;">增加</span>)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">治疗——伤风胶囊病毒灵,发热头痛辨证治。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">17、急性支气管炎</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">上<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>道先感染,继而胸胀又咳嗽。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">体温不高或低热,干湿罗音呈分散。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">透视只见纹理粗,白C<span style="color: black;">上升</span>或不变。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">数日<span style="color: black;">几周</span>症消失,抗菌止咳并化痰。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">18、慢性支气管炎</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">咳嗽咳痰或伴喘,程逾两年有间断。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">两肺罗音纹理粗,痰检细菌有球杆,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">海量</span>中性粒细胞,止咳解痉加祛痰,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">爆发</span>抗菌参药敏,<span style="color: black;">熬炼</span>戒烟并保暖。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">19、支气管哮喘</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">胸闷伴喘重气喘,缓时正常发<span style="color: black;">忽然</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">过<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>染是诱因,满肺哮鸣高嗜酸。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">解痉抗菌抗过敏,减敏有效先寻原。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">20、支气管哮喘与心源性哮喘的鉴别</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">支气管哮喘:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">支哮反复因过敏,冬春多见时不定。终末咳出少粘痰,双肺布满干罗音。肺野清晰或气肿,有效平喘宜解释。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心源性哮喘:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心喘阵发是心病,常在夜间阵发性。重者紫绀红泡痰。肺底较多湿罗音。左心增大肺淤血,治疗<span style="color: black;">重要</span>应强心。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">21、肺炎</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肺炎球菌最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>,铁锈色痰是特点。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">高热胸痛咳脓痰,叩诊浊音强语颤。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">白细胞高痰有菌,致密<span style="color: black;">暗影</span>呈片.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">消散病期多罗音,<span style="color: black;">暗影</span>变淡至全散。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肺球首选青霉素,阴杆休克宜多联。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">胸痛剧烈患侧卧,胶布固定痛可减。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">22、肺结核</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1、表现:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">乏力消瘦发病慢,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">午后潮热咳血痰。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">涂片培养结核菌,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">OT强阳助诊断。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">浸润干酪或空洞,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">纤维钙化X线见。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2、分型原发型:I型原发哑铃灶,(原发<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>,胸片中的哑铃型病灶)肺门淋巴见幼年。(<span style="color: black;">平常</span>于幼儿少年期) 血行播散型:II型浸润干燥型,粟粒<span style="color: black;">暗影</span>肺满点。 浸润型:III型浸润干酪性,絮状<span style="color: black;">暗影</span>尤肺尖。慢纤洞型:IV型空洞气管移,肺纹柳状症<span style="color: black;">显著</span>。慢纤洞型:V型胸水胸膜厚,另名结核胸膜炎。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3、治疗原则:抗痨<span style="color: black;">初期</span>要适量,规律全程并多联。用药:异烟利福链霉素,(异烟肼、利福平、利福定、利福喷丁)乙胺吡嗪是一线。(乙胺丁醇、吡嗪酰胺)用法:半至两年日顿服,巧定联数与时间。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">23、支气管扩张</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">长时间</span>咳嗽多脓痰,间接咯血肺感染</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">局限湿音杵状指,<span style="color: black;">暗影</span>卷发成囊环</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肺部CT碘造影,纤支镜查都诊断</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">抗菌祛痰加止血,体位引流极<span style="color: black;">关联</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">24、肺气肿</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">慢咳气促活动重,叩诊过清桶状胸。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">隙宽亮高横膈降,通气量少残气充。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">除因对症止咳喘,氧疗并练<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>功。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">25、肺脓肿</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">寒热胸痛与咳嗽,<span style="color: black;">海量</span>脓痰闻恶臭。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">白球<span style="color: black;">升高</span>有细菌,脓腔液平影浓厚。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">青红灭滴或头孢,雾化祛痰加引流。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">26、自发气胸</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">忽然</span>胸痛闷咳喘,<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>极难烦不安</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">患侧光强纵隔移,叩诊鼓音肋饱满,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">限动抽气除病因,吸氧通便防感染。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">27、成人<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>窘迫<span style="color: black;">综合症</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">原病治程<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>难,气促35有紫绀(R 〉35次/分)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肺泡血管弥漫损,毛玻片状泛实变。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">正压给氧加激素,去除病因抢时间。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">28、肺栓塞</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">突发胸痛<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>难,发热咳嗽血性痰。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">胸片病变不<span style="color: black;">显著</span>,血管造影助诊断。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">除因对症止剧痛,肝素抗凝酶溶栓。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">29、慢性肺心病并发症:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肺脑酸碱心失常 ,休克<span style="color: black;">流血</span>DIC</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span>循环系统</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1、心力衰竭的诱因:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">感染<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>心失常</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">过劳剧变<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>重</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">贫血甲亢肺栓塞</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">治疗<span style="color: black;">欠妥</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>心衰</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2、右心衰的体征:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">三水两大及其他</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">解释:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">三水:水肿、胸水、腹水</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">两大:肝肿大和压痛、颈静脉充盈或怒张</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其他:右心奔马律、收缩期吹风性杂音、紫绀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3、洋地黄类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的禁忌症:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肥厚梗阻二尖窄</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">急性心梗伴心衰</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">二度高度房室阻</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">预激病窦<span style="color: black;">不该</span>该</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4、房性早搏心电表现:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">房早P与窦P异</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">P-R三格至<span style="color: black;">没</span>级</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">代偿间歇多不全</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">可见房早未下传</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5、心房扑动心电表现:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">房扑不于房速同 ,等电位线P<span style="color: black;">没</span>踪</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">大F呈锯齿状 ,形态<span style="color: black;">体积</span>间隔匀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">QRS不增宽 ,F不均<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>不纯</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6、心房颤动心电表现:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心房颤动P<span style="color: black;">没</span>踪</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">小f波乱纷纷</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">三百五至六百次</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">P-R间期极不均</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">QRS当正常</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">增宽合并差传导</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">7、房室交界性早搏心电表现:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">房室交界性早搏</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">QRS同室上</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">P必逆行或不见</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">P-R<span style="color: black;">少于</span>点一二</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">8、阵发性室上性心动过速的治疗:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">刺迷胆碱洋地黄,升压电复抗失常(注:“刺迷”为刺激迷走神经)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">9、继发性高血压的病因:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">两肾原醛嗜铬瘤、皮质动脉和妊高</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">注:“两肾”——肾实质性高血压、肾血管性高血压;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“原醛”——原发性醛固酮<span style="color: black;">增加</span>症;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“嗜铬瘤”——嗜铬细胞瘤;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“皮质”——皮质醇<span style="color: black;">增加</span>症;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“动脉”——主动脉缩窄;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“妊高”——妊娠高血压</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">十、</span>心肌梗塞的症状:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>发热过速心</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">恶心呕吐失常心</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">低压休克衰竭心</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">11、心梗与其他<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的鉴别:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">痛哭流涕、肺腑之言</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">注:“痛”——心绞痛;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“流”——主动脉瘤夹层分离;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“肺”——急性肺动脉栓塞;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“腑”——急腹症;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“言”——急性心包炎</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">12、心梗的并发症:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心梗并发五种症</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">动脉栓塞心室膨</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">乳头断裂心脏破</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">梗塞后期综合症</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">13、主动脉瓣狭窄的表现:难、痛、晕</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">超声心动图:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">A峰:爱玩,睡的比较晚,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>于舒张晚期,<span style="color: black;">表率</span>“舒张晚期心室充盈最大值”;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">E峰<span style="color: black;">表率</span>“舒张早起心室充盈最大值”。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">14.心肌梗死定位:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">前间123,局前345,前侧567,广前1-5,下间123,下侧567,见下加II、III、avF,见侧加I、avL,正后有78,高侧L8。(1—V1)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">15.心梗酶学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①肌钙蛋白I(cTnI):<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>三人11月24号请假去玩,7到10天<span style="color: black;">才可</span>回来。(I<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>,3-4h<span style="color: black;">上升</span>, 11-24h达高峰,7到10天降至正常)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②肌钙蛋白T(cTnT):<span style="color: black;">她们</span>三人这一两天恐怕<span style="color: black;">不可</span>来上课,估计十天半个月回不来(T<span style="color: black;">她们</span>,24-48h达高峰,10-14天降至正常)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">③肌红蛋白:小白2点<span style="color: black;">起始</span>发烧,12h还没退烧,1到2天恐怕<span style="color: black;">不可</span>去上学(2h内<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,12h达最高峰,24-48h恢复正常)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">④CK-MB:小梅和我说好下午四点约会,<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>16点24分还没来,我打算3、4天<span style="color: black;">不睬</span>她了。(心肌酶学4h内<span style="color: black;">上升</span>,16-24h达高峰,3-4天恢复正常)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">16.二尖瓣狭窄:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">二哥是大侠,还吃梨。(二—二尖瓣狭窄,哥—格氏杂音,梨—梨形心)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">17.主动脉关闭不全:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">主人伤风感冒<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>天,<span style="color: black;">无</span>退烧,<span style="color: black;">最终</span>得了一个慢性主动脉关闭不全(慢性主动脉关闭不全病因:主—主动脉瓣二瓣化,风—风湿性心脏病,退—退行性瓣叶钙化,心—感染性心内膜炎) (奥不全知---主动脉关闭不全--Austin-Flint杂音)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">18.心肌病<span style="color: black;">归类</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">吃饭限制了,就<span style="color: black;">再也不</span>肥了,身体<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不扩张了,<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常<span style="color: black;">亦</span>好了(<span style="color: black;">女性</span><span style="color: black;">瘦身</span>)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">注:限制—限制型心肌病,肥—肥厚型心肌病,扩张—扩张型心肌病,致<span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常型心肌病。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">19.心肌炎(科萨奇B组病毒)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">两菌、两体、两虫(感染性<span style="color: black;">原因</span>)---细菌、真菌,螺旋体、立克次体,原虫、蠕虫。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">20.冠心病的临床表现:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">平时<span style="color: black;">没</span>体征, <span style="color: black;">爆发</span>有表情,焦虑出汗皮肤冷,<span style="color: black;">心率</span>加快血压升,交替脉,偶可见,奔马律,杂音清,逆分裂,第二音。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">21.扩张型心肌病</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">一大二薄三弱四小</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">一大:心腔变大,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>为左室;二薄:室壁变薄;三弱:运动幅度减弱;四小:射血分数(EF)减小</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">22.新旧血压单位换算</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">血压 mmHg,加倍再加倍, 除3再除10,即得 kpa值。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">例如:收缩压120mmHg加倍为240,再加倍为480,除以3得160,再除以10,即16kpa;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">反之,血压kpa乘10再乘3,减半再减半,可得mmHg值。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">23.关于心电轴</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口对口,向左走;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">尖对尖,向右偏</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">24.钾离子对心电图的影响:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">将T波看成是钾离子的TENT(帐篷),血钾浓度降低时,T波下降,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>倒置,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>U波;血钾浓度<span style="color: black;">上升</span>时,T波<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">25.心源性水肿和肾源性水肿的鉴别:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心足肾眼颜,肾快心源慢。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心坚少移动,软移是肾源。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">蛋白血管尿,肾高眼底变。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心肝大杂音,静压往高变。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>句是<span style="color: black;">起始</span>部位,第二句是发展速度,三四句是水肿性质,后四句是<span style="color: black;">伴同</span>症状。"肾高"的"高"指高血压,"心肝大"指心大和肝大。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">26.左心衰临床表现:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">端坐位,腿下垂,强心利尿打吗啡,血管扩张氨茶碱,激素结扎来放血激素,镇静,吸氧。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">27.抗高血压药</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">利尿杯阻,阻钙抑酶加阻a.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">28.抗高血压药<span style="color: black;">重视</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)酶尿<span style="color: black;">不消</span>孕.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)杯阻<span style="color: black;">不可</span>肺.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)尿杯<span style="color: black;">不消</span>糖尿病.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(4).心衰<span style="color: black;">不消</span>钙杯</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">29.急性肺水肿治疗口诀:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">坐起来打三针(吗啡、速尿、氨茶碱)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">30.法洛四联症歌诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肺动脉窄,主动脉跨,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">膜部<span style="color: black;">缺失</span>,右心室大。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">31.高血压降压<span style="color: black;">药品</span>禁忌 :</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口诀:酶尿<span style="color: black;">不消</span>孕,倍阻<span style="color: black;">不可</span>肺,尿倍不糖尿,心衰不钙杯。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">解释:ACEI影响胎儿<span style="color: black;">生长</span>,利尿减少血容量,<span style="color: black;">不消</span>于孕妇;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">β阻剂可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>支气管收缩,<span style="color: black;">不消</span>于哮喘及COPD;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">噻嗪类利尿剂及β阻剂<span style="color: black;">不消</span>于糖尿病,前者干扰糖耐量,后者可掩盖低血糖症状;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">钙离子及β阻剂<span style="color: black;">不可</span>用于心衰,会使心衰加重。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">32.动脉粥样硬化和冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口诀:心梗与其它<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的鉴别:痛哭流涕,肺腑之言。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">解释:痛---心绞痛;流--主动脉夹层、动脉瘤;肺---急性肺栓塞;言---急性心包炎。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">33.先心病瓣膜杂音</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口诀:二三不闭像吹风,二三狭窄响隆隆;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">主脉不闭在叹气,动脉导管像<span style="color: black;">设备</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">解释:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">二尖瓣关闭不全:全收缩期吹风样高调一贯型杂音,在心尖区最响。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">三尖瓣关闭不全:杂音为高调、吹风样和全收缩期,在胸骨左下缘或剑突区最响,右心室<span style="color: black;">明显</span>扩大占据心尖区时,在心尖区最<span style="color: black;">显著</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">二尖瓣狭窄:心尖区有低调的隆隆样舒张中晚期杂音,局限,不传导。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">三尖瓣狭窄:胸骨左缘第4、5肋间或剑突<span style="color: black;">周边</span>有紧随开瓣音后的,较二尖瓣狭窄杂音弱而短的舒张期隆隆样杂音,伴舒张期震颤。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">主动脉关闭不全:杂音为与第二心音<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">起始</span>的高调叹气样递减型舒张<span style="color: black;">初期</span>杂音,坐位并前倾和深呼气时易听到。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">动脉导管未闭:典型的体征是胸骨左缘第2肋间听到响亮的连续性<span style="color: black;">设备</span>样杂音,伴有震颤。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">34.心脏杂音分级歌</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">收缩杂音分6级, Ⅲ级以上有<span style="color: black;">道理</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅰ级最轻听仔细,Ⅱ级听诊较容易。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅲ级较响器质性,震颤响亮是Ⅳ级。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅴ级很响贴胸壁,Ⅵ级震耳须远离。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">舒张杂音不分级,听见就算有<span style="color: black;">道理</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">解析:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">舒张期杂音不分级,听见即有<span style="color: black;">道理</span>。收缩期杂音2级以下为功能性,3级以上为器质性。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心脏杂音分级</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅰ级:最轻、微弱,仔细<span style="color: black;">才可</span>听到。(Ⅰ级最轻听仔细)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅱ级:轻度,不太响亮,较易听到。(Ⅱ级听诊较容易)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅲ级:中度,较响亮。(Ⅲ级较响器质性)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅳ级:响亮,伴震颤。(震颤响亮是Ⅳ级)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅴ级:很响,离开胸壁听不到。(Ⅴ级很响贴胸壁)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅵ级:极响,震耳,离开胸壁<span style="color: black;">也</span>能听到。(Ⅵ级震耳须远离)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">35.洋地黄类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>临床应用的禁忌症:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">简易口诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肥厚梗阻二尖窄</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">急性心梗伴心衰</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">二度高度房室阻</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">预激病窦<span style="color: black;">不该</span>该</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">36.抗高血压<span style="color: black;">药品</span>应用<span style="color: black;">重视</span>事项</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口诀----简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>‘四不’口诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">酶尿<span style="color: black;">不消</span>孕;杯阻<span style="color: black;">不可</span>肺;尿杯<span style="color: black;">不消</span>糖尿病;心衰<span style="color: black;">不消</span>钙杯。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口诀<span style="color: black;">详细</span>解释为:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">利尿剂因减少血容量,<span style="color: black;">不该</span>用于孕妇;ACE<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂影响胎儿<span style="color: black;">亦</span>勿用。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">B受体阻滞剂<span style="color: black;">不可</span>用于哮踹j及COPD,因<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>支气管狭窄。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">噻嗪类利尿剂及B受体阻滞剂<span style="color: black;">不消</span>于糖尿病,前者干扰糖耐量,后者可掩盖低血糖症状。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">钙离子及B受体阻滞剂<span style="color: black;">不可</span>用于心衰</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">37.心电图口诀总结</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口诀:房早撇,室早阔,窦缓二十五,窦速十五格,房扑很规整,房颤不论个,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左室(肥大)五五二百五, 右室(肥大)又偏一刀(导)切,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">II/I有P臭的远,II/II PR差不多,III度阻滞各顾各,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">室上速比10少,室速<span style="color: black;">便是</span>室早多,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左阻左偏Q群宽</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">I ,L ,5导R波切 右阻V I M型</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">T波倒置下了河,心梗T倒(置)ST变,急性异Q要<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,前臂要在3到5 ;(前)间壁1至3导间,侧壁1L 和56</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">广泛前壁一溜烟,下壁II,III加F,后壁12T波尖,缺血ST多下移,典型可见T着宽。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">解析:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">房早撇(前有<span style="color: black;">反常</span>P波即P“),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">室早阔(QRS波形宽大畸形,代偿完全),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">窦缓二十五(RPRR间隔大于25小格),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">窦速十五格(PRRR间隔<span style="color: black;">少于</span>15小格),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">房扑很规整(F波形形态<span style="color: black;">体积</span>一致,节律规则,以固定比例下传),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">房颤不论个(F波形形态<span style="color: black;">体积</span>不致,节律不规则,RR间期绝对不整),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左室(肥大)五五二百五(V5导联R波高度>5大格mV),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">右室(肥大)又偏一刀(导)切(V1导联R波高度>1.0mV电轴右偏),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">II/I有P臭的远(II度I型房室传导阻滞 P波与QRS渐远至脱落),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">II/II PR差不多(II度II型房室传导阻滞,脱落前PR间期基本相等),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">III度阻滞各顾各(P波与QRS均规则,但相互<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">室上速比10少(RR间期<10小格),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">室速<span style="color: black;">便是</span>室早多(QRS波群宽大畸形,连续<span style="color: black;">显现</span>。140——200次/ 分),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左阻左偏Q群宽 (左束支完全性传导阻滞,电轴左偏,QRS波增宽)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">I ,L ,5导R波切(1、L和V5导联R波宽大、顶端有切记)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">右阻V I M型(rsR"波形),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">T波倒置下了河,心梗T倒(置)ST变(弓背向上抬高),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">急性异Q要<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,(Qs.Qr,qR、Q波时间>0.04s,深度>1/4R)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">前臂要在3到5(V3——V5<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>Q波) ;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(前)间壁1至3导间(V1——V3<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>Q波),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">侧壁1L 和56(1L,V5,V6<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>Q波)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">广泛前壁一溜烟(V1——V3<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>Q波),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">下壁II,III加F(II,III加F<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>Q波),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">后壁12T波尖(V1,V2R波<span style="color: black;">升高</span>、T波高耸,V7——V9<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>Q波),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">缺血ST多下移(ST段<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>下移>0.05mV)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">,典型可见T着宽。( 倒置T波较深,升支与将支对<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为宽状T波)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3、</span>内分泌系统</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1、OHA 有如下几类:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.磺脲类:刺激胰岛素分泌,降糖<span style="color: black;">功效</span>好;2.双胍类:不刺激胰岛素分泌,降低食欲;3、葡萄糖苷酶<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂:等等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">记忆<span style="color: black;">第1</span>类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>时可如此联想:磺,皇,皇帝,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>甲苯磺丁脲是<span style="color: black;">第1</span>代。而格列本脲</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(优降糖)格列甲嗪(美比哒)等第二代可联想成还珠格格。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2、SLE诊断要点</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">面盘光,关口精<span style="color: black;">血液</span>,肾免抗</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3、甲减的口诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">上联:畏冷乏力肌肤冷 下联:脱发落眉不出汗 横批:一幅笨相</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4.老年人+不明<span style="color: black;">原由</span>消瘦+房颤=淡漠型甲亢</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">TSH受体抗体(TRAb)=Graves病</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">TPOAb及TGAb<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>=桥本</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5.分离现象=亚急性甲状腺炎</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6.甲状腺肿块+颈部淋巴结肿大=甲状腺癌</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">7.声嘶,<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>吞咽困难等压迫症状+甲状腺肿块=甲状腺癌</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">8.糖尿病性视网膜病变:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">一瘤二血出三絮四积血五增六<span style="color: black;">眼瞎</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅰ期:微血管瘤(20个以下),可有<span style="color: black;">流血</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅱ期:微血管瘤<span style="color: black;">增加</span>,<span style="color: black;">流血</span>并有硬性渗出;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅲ期:<span style="color: black;">显现</span>棉絮状软性渗出。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">以上3期(Ⅰ~Ⅲ期)为<span style="color: black;">初期</span>非增殖型视网膜病变。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅳ期:新生血管形成,玻璃体积血;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅴ期;机化物增生;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ⅵ期:继发性视网膜脱离,<span style="color: black;">眼瞎</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">9.类风湿关节炎诊断标准</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">记住“12346 结节拍片阳”</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1 晨僵<span style="color: black;">连续</span><span style="color: black;">最少</span><span style="color: black;">每日</span>1小时</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2 对<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>性关节肿</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3 有3个或3个以上的关节肿</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4 这些诊断需具备4点</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6 这次症状<span style="color: black;">显现</span>6周以上</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结节 有类风湿结节</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">拍片阳 X线改变(有骨质疏松和关节间隙狭窄)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">10.风湿性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的<span style="color: black;">归类</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">弥漫性结缔组织病(CTD):肌干化风狼系统性红斑狼疮、类风湿关节炎、原发性干燥<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>、系统性硬化病、多肌炎/皮肌炎</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">11.甲状腺毒血症表现:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">甲状毒血症表现,烦燥易怒还失眠;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">怕热多汗心手抖;多食易饥伴消瘦。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">12.甲亢危象:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">甲亢危象,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">上吐下泻,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">高热大汗,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">谵妄<span style="color: black;">晕倒</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4、</span>血液系统</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.贫血的细胞形态学<span style="color: black;">归类</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">大的幼儿坐小的<span style="color: black;">轻轨</span>,正好站在我的面前</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">大:大细胞性贫血(MCV>100)——>幼:巨幼细胞贫血</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">小:小细胞低色素性贫血(MCV<80MCHC<32)——>铁:缺铁性贫血</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">正:正细胞性贫血(MCV80-100)——>站:再生<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>性贫血</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.铁代谢:二价铁吸收,三价铁运输,二价铁被利用</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3.急性非淋巴细胞白血病<span style="color: black;">根据</span>FAB<span style="color: black;">归类</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">故事:一对结婚<span style="color: black;">数年</span>的<span style="color: black;">夫妇</span>,<span style="color: black;">无</span>生育,妻子天天买补品来吃,这一天,这个丈夫就对妻子说:“你不要一味而补了,三年了,你早该有了,四年前礼单<span style="color: black;">亦</span>收了,我担心六月的红花能否带来七月最后的<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>”。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">解释一下:你不要一(M1)味(未分化型)而(M2)补(部分分化型)了,三(M3)年了,你早有(早幼粒细胞)了,四(M4)年前礼单(粒单核细胞)<span style="color: black;">亦</span>收了,我(M5)担(单核细胞)心六(M6)月的红(红白血病)花能否带来七(M7)月最后(巨核细胞白血病)的<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4.关于贫血的,贫血细胞<span style="color: black;">根据</span>形态学<span style="color: black;">归类</span>,骨髓增生<span style="color: black;">反常</span><span style="color: black;">综合症</span>,大细胞性,巨幼贫,缺铁性贫血,正细胞性,再生<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>性,急性失血。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口诀如下,他的曾生,是个大的幼儿,带着两粒铁珠,坐小的喜洋洋<span style="color: black;">轻轨</span>,摔了一下,正在急性流血。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5.NHL<span style="color: black;">重点</span>细胞<span style="color: black;">源自</span>之T细胞<span style="color: black;">源自</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">必须</span>重点<span style="color: black;">把握</span>的T细胞<span style="color: black;">源自</span>非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL):</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">小淋扭曲肉芽肿;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">免疫间变上皮样。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">【解释】</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">小淋:小淋巴细胞性(T)淋巴瘤;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">扭曲:扭曲性淋巴细胞淋巴瘤;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肉芽肿:蕈样肉芽肿-Sezary<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">免疫:免疫母细胞肉瘤(T);</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">间变:间变性大细胞淋巴瘤;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">上皮样:淋巴上皮样细胞淋巴瘤。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6.淋巴瘤类型对应的染色体易位</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)套滤泡边缘,111418【从左到右,数字两边<span style="color: black;">便是</span>边缘。套细胞性淋巴瘤--t(11;14);滤泡性淋巴瘤--t(14;18);边缘区淋巴瘤--t(11;18)】</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)弥漫大B 314 【弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤----又弥漫又大的一个圆----圆周率(π,Pi)----3.14----t(3;14)】;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)Burkitt 814 【Burkitt淋巴瘤---Bus----巴士----814----t(8;14)】Ba要死就太不吉利了</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(4)间变二百五(2,5)【间变性大细胞淋巴瘤----既奸诈又易变----<span style="color: black;">全部</span>人<span style="color: black;">便是</span>个二百五(2,5)----t(2;5)】</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6.慢性粒细胞白血病染色体及分子生物学特征</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口诀:曼丽她舅的两个儿子脾气大在费城被枪杀。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">解释:曼丽:CML 舅:9 两个儿子:22 费城:Ph 被:BCR</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Ph染色体(费城染色体)是CML的特征性<span style="color: black;">反常</span>染色体,检出率为90%-95%, 其中绝大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>为t(9;22)(q34;q11),<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>典型异位,异位在断电外形成BCR/ABL融合基因</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">7.白血病口诀汇总</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口诀:急淋用VP,染色两阴性,长春泼尼松,柔红左旋用。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">非淋用DA,染色两只羊,柔红阿胞苷,阿糖三尖杉(HA<span style="color: black;">方法</span>)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">尤其</span>M2、3基因有<span style="color: black;">反常</span>,M2四个二,8和21,M3后减1,15和17。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">M2叫一头M3叫劈喽。DIC-M3治疗反式维甲酸。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">淋巴糖原染(急淋反应糖原+)、<span style="color: black;">控制</span>是急单。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">急淋<span style="color: black;">没</span>阿氏,非淋有小体。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">解析:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">急性白血病分为急性淋巴细胞白血病和急性非淋巴细胞白血病</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">急淋:VP指长春新碱(VCR),泼尼松(Prednisone),两阴性指细胞化学染色POX,SB为阴性。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">急非淋:DA指柔红霉素(D)阿糖胞苷(A),两只羊POX,SB为阳性。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">M2:t(8;21)(q22;q22) M3:t(15;17)(q22;q21)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">一头指ETO 劈(P)喽(L)指 PML/PARa</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">M3易<span style="color: black;">出现</span>DIC治疗用反式维甲酸</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">糖原染色:急淋是阳性 单核细胞白血病<span style="color: black;">控制</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">阿氏小体(Auer) 只<span style="color: black;">显现</span>急非淋</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">5、</span>消化系统</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.咽歌诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">咽部分三鼻口喉,前壁开口气食流;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">上通鼓室下通喉,吞咽闭气<span style="color: black;">不消</span>愁。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.食管与胃歌诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">食管三段颈胸腹,三个狭窄要记住;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">胃居剑下左上腹,二门二弯又三部;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">贲门幽门<span style="color: black;">体积</span>弯,胃底胃体幽门部;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">小弯胃窦易溃疡,<span style="color: black;">即时</span>诊断莫延误。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3.小肠歌诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">小肠弯又长,盘曲在腹腔;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">上段十二指,中下空回肠;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">全长约五米,空回二三量。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4.十二指肠歌诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">四部上降下和升,右包胰头“C”字型;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">降部后内有乳头,胆总胰管同开口。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5.大肠歌诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">大肠四<span style="color: black;">周边</span>成框,空肠回肠框内藏;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结肠袋带肠脂垂,三大特点记心上;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">盲肠位居右髂窝,阑尾根部连于盲;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">麦兰二氏两个点,升横降乙接直肠。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6.阑尾歌诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">阑尾末端不固定,回肠前后下<span style="color: black;">亦</span>行;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">盲肠后下较<span style="color: black;">平常</span>,三带集中阑尾根。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">7.肝歌诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肝为消化腺,<span style="color: black;">位置于</span>膈下面;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其内三管系,胆汁产其间。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">若问最高点,五肋锁中线。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">8.肝下面“H”沟歌诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">右后下腔前胆囊,左后静脉前肝园;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">横为肝门交通口,动脉神经肝管穿;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">下面分为四个叶,<span style="color: black;">上下</span>方叶和尾状。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">9.胰腺歌诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">胰腺头致体尾连,颜色灰红质地软;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">正付胰管通胰头,内外分泌功能全。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">10.胰腺炎治疗</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">禁食减压要输液,止痛抑酸抗感染;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">如是重症加监护,营养与生长仰素。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">11.甲亢危象表现</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">甲亢危象,上吐下泻;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">高热大汗,谵妄<span style="color: black;">晕倒</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">12.肠伤寒、肠结核、阿米巴痢疾、细菌性痢疾的溃疡形态<span style="color: black;">能够</span>如下记忆:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">上街啊,挤!怎么上街?先直走<span style="color: black;">而后</span>拐弯进超市买地图!</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">解释:上:肠伤寒;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">街:肠结核;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">啊:阿米巴痢疾;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">挤:细菌性痢疾。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">下面是形态记忆:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">直走:肠伤寒溃疡与肠长轴平行,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>“直走”;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">拐弯:肠结核溃疡呈环形,与长轴垂直,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>“拐弯”;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">超市:阿米巴痢疾溃疡呈烧瓶样,口小底大,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>联想成超市;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">地图:细菌性痢疾溃疡呈地图状。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">再加一点儿内容:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">根据</span><span style="color: black;">这般</span>的<span style="color: black;">次序</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>把几种溃疡的好发部位记下来,<span style="color: black;">不外</span>这个没啥口诀,只是肠道的正常走形。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肠伤寒:回肠末端(回肠下端集合和孤立淋巴小结病变最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>和<span style="color: black;">显著</span>)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肠结核:回盲部</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">阿米巴痢疾:盲肠和升结肠</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">细菌性痢疾:大肠,尤以乙状结肠和直肠为重。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">诊断学</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.肺的下界</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">锁中六,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">腋中八;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肩胛十肋查。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">胸膜下界相应向下错两个肋间。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.肌力分级</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“四个不”一不动、二不抗、三不阻、四不全</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">一不动 <span style="color: black;">不可</span>产生动作</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">二不抗 <span style="color: black;">不可</span>对抗地心引力</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">三不阻 <span style="color: black;">不可</span>对抗阻力</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">四不全 能抗阻力,但不全面</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">0级肌肉完全瘫痪,触诊肌肉完全<span style="color: black;">没</span>收缩力</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1级肌肉有主动收缩力,但<span style="color: black;">不可</span>带动关节活动</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">【可见肌肉轻微收缩】</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2级<span style="color: black;">能够</span>带动关节水平活动,但<span style="color: black;">不可</span>对抗地心引力</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">【肢体能在床上平行移动】</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3级能对抗地心引力做主动关节活动,但<span style="color: black;">不可</span>对抗阻力</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肢体<span style="color: black;">能够</span>克服地心吸收力,能抬离床面</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4级能对抗<span style="color: black;">很强</span>的阻力,但比正常者弱 【肢体能做对抗外界阻力的运动】</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5级正常肌力【肌力正常,运动自如】</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3.各热型及<span style="color: black;">平常</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">败风驰化脓肺结,[败血症,风湿热,驰张热,化脓性炎症,重症肺结核]</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">只身使节不规则。[支气管肺炎,渗出性胸膜炎,风湿热,结核病,不规则热]</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">大寒稽疾盂间歇,[大叶肺炎,斑疹伤寒和伤寒高热期,稽留热]</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">[疟疾,急性肾盂肾炎,间歇热]</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">布菌波状皆高热。[布鲁菌病,波状热][以上热型都<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>高热]</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">百凤持花弄飞结,只身使节不规则。大汗积极雨间歇,步军薄装皆高热。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4.咯血与呕血的鉴别</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">呼心咯,呕消化,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">呕伴胃液和残渣。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">喉痒胸闷呕先咳,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">血中伴痰<span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>化。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">上腹不适先恶呕,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">咯有血痰呕<span style="color: black;">没</span>它。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">咯碱呕酸有黑便,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">咯便除非痰咽下。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">呕血发暗咯鲜红,</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">呕咯方式个不同。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5.三种黄疸鉴别</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口诀</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">溶血 未结尿原高;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">阻塞 结合尿素高;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肝性 血尿两胆高。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">以上为三种黄疸的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>鉴别(溶血、阻塞、肝性为黄疸类型,其他<span style="color: black;">例如</span>未结,<span style="color: black;">便是</span>未结合胆红素,尿原,为尿胆原,尿素即为尿胆红素)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6.实验诊断尿液标本的防腐</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口诀:醛胞管,笨白糖,香草有形找结合,肾上盐酸17儿茶钙、乙酸5固酮沉淀看二醛。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">解释:甲醛:用于细胞和管型的防腐剂</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">甲苯:用于尿糖、蛋白质的防腐剂</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">麝香草粉:用于尿结核杆菌</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">浓盐酸:用于肾上腺素、尿17-羟,17酮,儿茶酚胺,钙</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">冰醋酸:用于5羟色胺,醛固酮</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">戊二醛:用于尿沉淀物</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">转载;<span style="color: black;">文案</span>仅<span style="color: black;">做为</span>公益分享,如有错误,请<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>给予改正,不<span style="color: black;">做为</span>医疗<span style="color: black;">意见</span>,<span style="color: black;">详细</span>请遵医嘱!感恩原作者的辛勤创作与分享!如有侵权,请<span style="color: black;">通知</span>,立即删除。</p>
楼主的文章非常有意义,提升了我的知识水平。 你的见解真是独到,让我受益匪浅。
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