癌症药物价格和功效机制的新颖性
<span style="color: black;">2023年12月11日,加州大学旧金山分校流行病学和生物统计学系的Vinay Prasad医学博士等人在《JAMA Network Open》上<span style="color: black;">发布</span>名为Cancer Drug Price and Novelty in Mechanism of Action<span style="color: black;">文案</span>,旨在讨论癌症<span style="color: black;">药品</span>价格和<span style="color: black;">功效</span>机制新颖性之间的关系。</span><p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">作者<span style="color: black;">科研</span>了2015年1月1日到2020年12月31日<span style="color: black;">时期</span>,<span style="color: black;">得到</span><span style="color: black;">准许</span>的抗肿瘤<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的年度<span style="color: black;">花费</span>中位数与<span style="color: black;">获准</span>的抗肿瘤<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>机制新颖性之间的关系,从而得出结论,<span style="color: black;">药物</span>定价<span style="color: black;">不可</span>仅用创新解释,还<span style="color: black;">必须</span>进一步<span style="color: black;">科研</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">介绍</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">随着美国抗癌<span style="color: black;">药品</span>价格<span style="color: black;">连续</span>上涨,<span style="color: black;">暗地里</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>仍然是医疗政策中的核心和煽动性<span style="color: black;">专题</span>。许多经济理论将监管问题归为<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>。然而,对<span style="color: black;">药物</span>高价的<span style="color: black;">平常</span>辩护是美国对<span style="color: black;">全世界</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">开发</span>的<span style="color: black;">补助</span>,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>将其成本以<span style="color: black;">药物</span>价格的形式转嫁给美国<span style="color: black;">百姓</span>。这个框架解释了<span style="color: black;">为何</span>美国<span style="color: black;">药物</span>价格是欧洲的两倍。这种认为<span style="color: black;">药物</span><span style="color: black;">研发</span>依赖于当前<span style="color: black;">药物</span>价格的观念非常<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>,以至于美国临床肿瘤学会(ASCO)在其<span style="color: black;">处理</span>抗肿瘤<span style="color: black;">药品</span>可<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>性的立场声明中指出,<span style="color: black;">必须</span>在癌症治疗的财务代价和<span style="color: black;">保存</span>创新之间寻求平衡。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">然而,<span style="color: black;">有些</span>证据使这一说法变得更加<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>。Yu等人的分析<span style="color: black;">显示</span>美国的超额支出超过了<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>制药<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">开发</span>投资的累计金额。换言之,即使美国<span style="color: black;">补助</span>了世界上所有制药<span style="color: black;">机构</span>的<span style="color: black;">开发</span>,美国<span style="color: black;">百姓</span><span style="color: black;">乃至</span>支付<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的<span style="color: black;">花费</span>。一份2017年的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>质疑了<span style="color: black;">开发</span>的成本并<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>该数字<span style="color: black;">小于</span>广泛宣传的1种<span style="color: black;">药品</span>上市所需的26亿美元这一估计数字。更<span style="color: black;">详细</span>而言,相比同类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>(next-in-class drugs),<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>新颖<span style="color: black;">功效</span>机制的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>上市价格估计更高。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">纵观此类创新在抗肿瘤<span style="color: black;">药品</span>中的<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>程度,一项早前<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>过去12年间<span style="color: black;">准许</span>的332种新药有53种(16%)<span style="color: black;">功效</span>机制新颖,84种(25%)是同类新药(next-in-class drugs)的首次<span style="color: black;">准许</span>,195种(59%)是同一<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的后续<span style="color: black;">准许</span>。另一项类似的<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>2015年至2020年间的<span style="color: black;">获准</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>了临床效益与定价之间的<span style="color: black;">关联</span>性较弱。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">抗癌<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的成本<span style="color: black;">持续</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>引人关注,与这一现象<span style="color: black;">相关</span>的<span style="color: black;">原因</span>在文献中得到阐述。随着创新<span style="color: black;">持续</span>被证明是市场的一个决定性<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,作者<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>更进一步探索创新。作者试图<span style="color: black;">经过</span>估计美国FDA抗癌<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">准许</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>来描述这些时间趋势并<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>机制的成本和新颖性。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">办法</span></span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">作者对2015年1月1日至2020年12月31日FDA<span style="color: black;">准许</span>的所有癌症<span style="color: black;">药品</span>进行的回顾性横断面分析,汇总了这些抗癌<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的活性或功效指标,以及先前描述过的年度<span style="color: black;">花费</span>和治疗过程。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">所有非专利<span style="color: black;">药品</span>名<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>均摘自FDA<span style="color: black;">网</span>上规定<span style="color: black;">时期</span>的肿瘤<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">准许</span><span style="color: black;">通告</span>。排除了<span style="color: black;">准许</span>用于姑息或对症治疗的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>、生物类似药、替代剂量、新的给药方式、仅限于儿科人群的适应症或同一适应的更新临床疗效。从FDA公告和标签信息中提取<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">准许</span>日期、<span style="color: black;">药品</span>名<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>、适应症、制造商、<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>剂量和疗效指标等数据。<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>制造商的<span style="color: black;">药物</span>总数用于将制造商分为四个等分。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">从<span style="color: black;">实验</span>出版物、参考文献或先前的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>推断得到<span style="color: black;">功效</span>机制。将每次<span style="color: black;">准许</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>分为三类:新<span style="color: black;">功效</span>机制化合物的首次<span style="color: black;">准许</span>、<span style="color: black;">没</span>论肿瘤类型<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>的同类(next-in-class)<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">准许</span>以及同一<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的后续<span style="color: black;">准许</span>。<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>机制分为小分子<span style="color: black;">药品</span>(<span style="color: black;">包含</span>激酶<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂和免疫调节<span style="color: black;">药品</span>)、生物制剂(<span style="color: black;">包含</span>单克隆和双特异性抗体、抗体偶联物和融合蛋白)、细胞毒<span style="color: black;">药品</span>(<span style="color: black;">包含</span>细胞毒化疗和放射性结合物)、基因和溶瘤病毒疗法以及激素疗法。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">每种<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的平均批发价格来自2021年Micromedex红皮书(IBM)数据库。<span style="color: black;">经过</span>平均批发价格计算每年疗程中的<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>剂量来确定<span style="color: black;">花费</span>。剂量需求是按体重60<span style="color: black;">千克</span>的成人计算。在适当的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,将剂量四舍五入以<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>未<span style="color: black;">运用</span>的<span style="color: black;">制品</span>。使用国家癌症<span style="color: black;">科研</span>所预算<span style="color: black;">状况</span>手册代替<span style="color: black;">每一个</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">行业</span>的联邦<span style="color: black;">科研</span>经费总额。汇总了2015年到2020年的数据,<span style="color: black;">帮助</span>最多的五种肿瘤类型归为高<span style="color: black;">帮助</span>,而其余的则被归类为低<span style="color: black;">帮助</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">结果</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">初步审查了FDA抗肿瘤<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">准许</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>后确定了273种<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。应用排除标准之后,分析了119种<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的224次抗肿瘤<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">准许</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>。在所有肿瘤类型中,抗肿瘤<span style="color: black;">药品</span>一个疗程的年度<span style="color: black;">花费</span>中位数为19600美元(IQR,170000-277000)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>机制的不同,<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的价格差异很大。基因和病毒疗法的年<span style="color: black;">花费</span>中位数最高(448000美元;IQR,448000-479000),其次是小分子治疗(244000美元;IQR,203000-321000),生物制剂(185000美元;IQR,148000-195000),细胞毒疗法(183000美元;IQR,108000-206000)和激素治疗(177000美元;IQR,132000-185000)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/oEXOfcody5T7v05eao1TPLN9xOtUlLia4Oq6d6GO9L81gRkqdxQ6R6p1cLR2T6lzwgceB0pJBk4qicG5czntibsGw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">新药(292000美元;IQR,170000-377000)和同类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>(next-in-class drugs)(206000美元;IQR,156000-277000,与新药相比,P =0 .14)之间的中位年<span style="color: black;">花费</span><span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span>差异;新药与同一<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的后续<span style="color: black;">准许</span>相比<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span>性差异(190000美元;IQR,174000-250000,与新药相比P =0 .09)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/oEXOfcody5T7v05eao1TPLN9xOtUlLia4xEfM9xLRA7dcrOhBMBqxwwVnCQFIqMT93P3D6OB5ZiahurMjg1bkECg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在37家制造商中,<span style="color: black;">准许</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>数量排名前四分之一的制造商占<span style="color: black;">药物</span><span style="color: black;">准许</span>量的67%(150/224)。排名前四分之一制造商的<span style="color: black;">药物</span><span style="color: black;">花费</span>中位数(185000美元;IQR,170000-219000)<span style="color: black;">明显</span><span style="color: black;">小于</span>排名后四分之一制造商的<span style="color: black;">药物</span><span style="color: black;">花费</span>(267000美元;IQR,186 000-375 000)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/oEXOfcody5T7v05eao1TPLN9xOtUlLia4z13u7I7mCy1vOekEQUibhfCMUCRtZfZxoTrbJYhTdf47Ev5cG6UdKiaQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">按肿瘤类型将<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">准许</span>分为两类:2015至 2020财年<span style="color: black;">准许</span>用于联邦<span style="color: black;">科研</span>经费较多的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">行业</span>的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>(肺癌、结直肠癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌以及白血病)以及<span style="color: black;">准许</span>用于其他<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">行业</span>的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>(所有其他肿瘤类型)。两组之间的年度<span style="color: black;">花费</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>差异(资金较多191000美元;IQR,171000-255000和资金较少196000美元;IQR,170000-307000,P=0.39)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">接受联邦<span style="color: black;">帮助</span>的肿瘤类型不太可能<span style="color: black;">得到</span>基于新<span style="color: black;">功效</span>机制的<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">准许</span> [ 9/94(9.6%)vs 20/130(15%,P<0.001)]。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">讨论</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">该<span style="color: black;">科研</span>与之前的工作一致,并且可能有助于裁决<span style="color: black;">药物</span>价格<span style="color: black;">可否</span>与市场上抗肿瘤<span style="color: black;">药品</span>创新<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的<span style="color: black;">歧义</span>。尽管价格上存在很大差异,但<span style="color: black;">功效</span>机制新颖的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>和基于相同机制的后续<span style="color: black;">药物</span>价格上<span style="color: black;">无</span>差异。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">虽然一类新药经常认为是高<span style="color: black;">花费</span>的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>CAR-T细胞为主的基因疗法较高价格可能与<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的本身性质<span style="color: black;">相关</span>,CAR-T细胞疗法更依赖于供应链和运输物流,<span style="color: black;">不可</span>像别的治疗方式能从规模经济中受益。然而,即使如此,<span style="color: black;">制品</span><span style="color: black;">花费</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">常常</span>是制<span style="color: black;">导致</span>本的数倍,部分<span style="color: black;">原由</span>可能是CAR-T细胞疗法与其他治疗方式的<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>给药相比具有一次性性质。然而,<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是与类似<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>更苛刻的<span style="color: black;">研发</span>和制造<span style="color: black;">需求</span>的生物制剂相比,小分子<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的高<span style="color: black;">花费</span>却<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">这般</span>的解释。结果否认了<span style="color: black;">花费</span>仅基于新颖性的结论。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">即使大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>新颖性衡量标准都过于细化,但从更宏观的<span style="color: black;">方向</span>而言,确实<span style="color: black;">显示</span>了价格上的差异。<span style="color: black;">第1</span>批单克隆抗体于20世纪90年代<span style="color: black;">获准</span>上市,<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>许多癌症各个<span style="color: black;">周期</span>的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>都可以<span style="color: black;">运用</span>单抗<span style="color: black;">药品</span>获益,年<span style="color: black;">花费</span>中位数为185000美元。随后在21世纪初期推出酪氨酸激酶<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂,很大程度上仅<span style="color: black;">身患</span>特定<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的转移性肿瘤-驱动基因突变的<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">才可</span>获益,年<span style="color: black;">花费</span>中位数为239000美元,而2010年代的CAR-T细胞疗法以最高的<span style="color: black;">花费</span>(448000美元)<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>最少的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。这<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着抗肿瘤<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">研发</span>的创新以<span style="color: black;">持续</span>上涨的价格造福数量<span style="color: black;">持续</span>减少的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">忽略</span>了每一类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>中<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的渐进式改革。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">另外</span>,临床获益的程度是证明定价<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>性的另一个潜在理性<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,基于价值的定价试图利用这一概念。更大程度的改善相同终点或改善更客观终点(即<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span><span style="color: black;">存活</span>期而不是总体缓解率,或总<span style="color: black;">存活</span>期而不是其他替代终点)的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>可能花费<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>。然而,<span style="color: black;">科研</span>表明事情恰好相反。2022年的一项分析<span style="color: black;">表示</span><span style="color: black;">按照</span>总<span style="color: black;">存活</span>期改善<span style="color: black;">准许</span>的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>年<span style="color: black;">花费</span>中位数是三个终点(总<span style="color: black;">存活</span>期、<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span><span style="color: black;">存活</span>期、总体缓解率)中最低的,这<span style="color: black;">显示</span>其他<span style="color: black;">原因</span>在<span style="color: black;">药品</span>定价中发挥着<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,这项<span style="color: black;">科研</span>还<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,在<span style="color: black;">按照</span>缓解率<span style="color: black;">准许</span>的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>中,<span style="color: black;">花费</span>与缓解率<span style="color: black;">加强</span>的幅度之间存在微弱的<span style="color: black;">关联</span>性,基于<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span><span style="color: black;">存活</span>率和总<span style="color: black;">存活</span>率的提高而<span style="color: black;">准许</span>的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>类别<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是如此。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">抗肿瘤新药的<span style="color: black;">准许</span>数量已<span style="color: black;">作为</span>监管<span style="color: black;">公司</span>的质量指标,这容易受到Goodhart定律影响(当一项<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">作为</span><span style="color: black;">目的</span>时,这项<span style="color: black;">办法</span>就<span style="color: black;">再也不</span>是一个好的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>)。本<span style="color: black;">科研</span>分析的每年<span style="color: black;">准许</span>新药数量翻了一番,2009年至2013年<span style="color: black;">时期</span>的51种<span style="color: black;">增多</span>至2015年至2020年<span style="color: black;">时期</span>的119种。与此<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,年度<span style="color: black;">花费</span>中位数<span style="color: black;">增多</span>了60%以上,从早先报告约120000美元<span style="color: black;">增多</span>到195245美元。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">然而,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>与价格上涨<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>是<span style="color: black;">必须</span>将两倍数量的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>推向市场,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>在各个制造商中应该<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>类似的趋势——<span style="color: black;">得到</span><span style="color: black;">更加多</span><span style="color: black;">准许</span>的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>应该有更高的价格。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>作者的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>分析<span style="color: black;">表示</span>正相反:<span style="color: black;">持有</span><span style="color: black;">更加多</span><span style="color: black;">准许</span><span style="color: black;">药物</span>的制造商及其<span style="color: black;">药物</span>的中位<span style="color: black;">花费</span>较低,<span style="color: black;">显示</span>价格与<span style="color: black;">药物</span>数量之间的关系并不像人们<span style="color: black;">经过</span>数据直觉感受到的<span style="color: black;">那样</span>简单。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2017年的一项分析<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,将一种抗肿瘤<span style="color: black;">药品</span>推向市场的估计成本是6.48亿美元,收入中位数为16.584亿美元,尽管其他不透明分析<span style="color: black;">表示</span>成本价格高达46亿美元。然而,这些成本并非由制造商单独承担。<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">研发</span>的所有<span style="color: black;">周期</span>都能<span style="color: black;">经过</span>小型<span style="color: black;">公司</span>创新<span style="color: black;">科研</span>等项目直接<span style="color: black;">得到</span>联邦<span style="color: black;">帮助</span>,<span style="color: black;">或</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>行业和学术<span style="color: black;">公司</span>之间的合作关系,竞争争取来间接<span style="color: black;">得到</span>联邦<span style="color: black;">帮助</span>。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>新药<span style="color: black;">研发</span>的直接成本是其<span style="color: black;">得到</span><span style="color: black;">准许</span>后价格<span style="color: black;">昂贵</span>的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>在联邦<span style="color: black;">帮助</span>较少的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">行业</span>中,<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">研发</span>和<span style="color: black;">准许</span>预计将花费更高。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">然而,在作者的分析中,随着资金的<span style="color: black;">增多</span>或减少,不同肿瘤类型的成本并<span style="color: black;">无</span>变化,这<span style="color: black;">显示</span>创新成本(<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>存在)与价格<span style="color: black;">暗地里</span>的其他力量相比<span style="color: black;">能够</span>忽略不计。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>拜登总统提出的“市场将承受什么”这一问题,13位制药<span style="color: black;">机构</span>负责人的<span style="color: black;">回复</span>指出了一个远大于创新成本的<span style="color: black;">原因</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">科研</span>的优点和局限性</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">该<span style="color: black;">科研</span>的优点如下:该<span style="color: black;">科研</span>为<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>且近期的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>,这<span style="color: black;">能够</span>更新该<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">行业</span>的先前<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>。其次,作者对涵盖所有肿瘤类型和特定肿瘤类型的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>机制新颖性进行了强有力的<span style="color: black;">归类</span>。最后,作者分析了制造商生产率、预估联邦<span style="color: black;">科研</span>经费和抗肿瘤<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的<span style="color: black;">最后</span>价格之间未探索过的联系。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">但该<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>存在<span style="color: black;">有些</span>局限性。<span style="color: black;">首要</span>,作者收集FDA标签列出的制造商数据(制造商<span style="color: black;">一般</span>既不是<span style="color: black;">研发</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>的实体,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不反映可用回扣),假设<span style="color: black;">开发</span>成本<span style="color: black;">经过</span>许可<span style="color: black;">花费</span>或收购价格转嫁给制造商并反映在<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的<span style="color: black;">最后</span>价格中。其次,作者未<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>未能上市<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的<span style="color: black;">开发</span>成本以及制造商在不影响其<span style="color: black;">准许</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>价格的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下消化这些成本的能力。最后,作者仅<span style="color: black;">运用</span>国家癌症<span style="color: black;">科研</span>所的预算代替所有联邦资金,而联邦资金还<span style="color: black;">包含</span>国家科学基金会和国防部等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">结论</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在这项横断面<span style="color: black;">科研</span>中,<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>尽管近来抗肿瘤<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的<span style="color: black;">准许</span>数量有所<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,但<span style="color: black;">药品</span>定价<span style="color: black;">不可</span>仅<span style="color: black;">经过</span>创新成本来解释。<span style="color: black;">详细</span>而言,<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的新颖性与定价<span style="color: black;">没</span>关。与其他人的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>一致,作者<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>行业<span style="color: black;">开发</span>支出<span style="color: black;">能够</span>解释美国抗肿瘤<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的花费。</span></p><span style="color: black;">作者:识林-海葵</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">点击下方卡片,快速绑定/注册识林小程序</span></strong></span><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">【关于识林 - <span style="color: black;">平常</span>问题与解答】</span></strong></span></a>
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