fny5jt9 发表于 2024-7-29 09:54:35

怎么样设计一个高性能短链系统?


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/IibUVnJ665WpeULWiabyEz6VBicqiccakicztVg3O79DiajMC4icXDhBNF326UWHYZ7Yiahibg2AVkm4SAkfh2ZJQO14mxg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <h2 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">前言</h2>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">今天,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>来谈谈<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>设计一个高性能短链系统,短链系统设计看起来很简单,但<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>点都能展开<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>知识点,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是在面试中非常适合考察侯选人的一道设计题,本文将会结合<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>生产上稳定运行两年之久的高性能短链系统给<span style="color: black;">大众</span>简单介绍下设计这套系统所<span style="color: black;">触及</span>的<span style="color: black;">有些</span>思路,<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>对<span style="color: black;">大众</span>能有<span style="color: black;">有些</span><span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本文将会从以下几个方面来讲解,<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>点<span style="color: black;">包括</span>的信息量都不少,相信<span style="color: black;">大众</span>看完肯定有收获</p>短链有啥好处,用长链不香吗短链<span style="color: black;">转</span>的基本原理短链生成的几种<span style="color: black;">办法</span>高性能短链的架构设计<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">注:里面<span style="color: black;">触及</span>到不少布隆过滤器,snowflake 等技术,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>不是本文重点,<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">意见</span><span style="color: black;">大众</span>看完后再自己去深入<span style="color: black;">认识</span>,<span style="color: black;">否则</span>展开讲篇幅会很长</span></p>
    <h2 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">短链有啥好处,用长链不香吗</h2>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">来看下以下别人给我发的营销短信,点击下方蓝色的链接(短链)</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/IibUVnJ665WpXxSByXpKQ3Z8E98OGjAoB0mXxpetuCGib14FVicUb2wKpia9ibsicy2XPNWm3icvE6HZzLa0He5TLg6ug/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">浏览器的<span style="color: black;">位置</span>栏上<span style="color: black;">最后</span>会<span style="color: black;">表示</span>一条如下的长链。</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OyweysCSeLUfZAfjEBvhtLG8agdgGG77MD6q1oBpBqFypLnWiaYiaETibldswFb84oWXc57ibry4wb3V15vdIapMyw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">那样</span>为啥要用短链<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>,直接用长链不行吗,用短链的话有如下好外</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1、链接变短,在对内容长度有限制的平台<span style="color: black;">发帖</span>,可编辑的文字就变多了</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">最典型的<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">博客</span>,限定了只能发 140 个字,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>一串长链直接怼上去,其他可编辑的内容就所剩无几了,用短链的话,链接长度大大减少,自然可编辑的文字多了不少。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">再<span style="color: black;">例如</span><span style="color: black;">通常</span>短信<span style="color: black;">发帖</span>有长度限度,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>用长链,一条短信很可能要拆分成两三条发,本来一条一毛的短信费变<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>两三毛,何苦呢。<span style="color: black;">另一</span>用短链在内容排版上<span style="color: black;">亦</span>更美观。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2、<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>经常需要将链接转成二维码的形式分享给他人,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>是长链的话二维码密集难识别,短链就不存在这个问题了,如图示</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/IibUVnJ665WpXxSByXpKQ3Z8E98OGjAoBmKBE3FWEEt6E2Klr9gDtqwSOvz1vhRibHoicSN5y6B8kPiaedkz7wI5aw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3、链接太长在有些平台上<span style="color: black;">没法</span>自动识别为超链接</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">如图示,在钉钉上,就<span style="color: black;">没法</span>识别如下长链接,只能识别部分,用短<span style="color: black;">位置</span>无此问题</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OyweysCSeLUfZAfjEBvhtLG8agdgGG778GUpQicKXnPaKFv86lBicpw5EZCUTVHvXcicJNugqt3iaVgPJwyyoPI6zw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <h2 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">短链<span style="color: black;">转</span>的基本原理</h2>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">从上文可知,短链好处多多,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>它是<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>工作的呢。<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>在浏览器抓下包<span style="color: black;">瞧瞧</span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OyweysCSeLUfZAfjEBvhtLG8agdgGG77LicYycKDexOfHHY441CiaXr5Zytp9gtZaibSRboK0RvKnXcrUrnFKPaGQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">能够</span>看到请求后,返回了状态码 302(重定向)与 location 值为长链的响应,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>浏览器会再请求这个长链以得到<span style="color: black;">最后</span>的响应,<span style="color: black;">全部</span>交互流程图如下</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OyweysCSeLUfZAfjEBvhtLG8agdgGG77HjJ0GNMiazY0X2eNJ2cx4sJhHsPWhwpiageJV2ZF9hJticK6jBGYOOU8A/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">过程</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">拜访</span>短网址后重定向<span style="color: black;">拜访</span> B,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>问题来了,301 和 302 都是重定向,到底该用哪个,<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>需要<span style="color: black;">重视</span>一下 301 和 302 的区别</p>301,<span style="color: black;">表率</span> <strong style="color: blue;">永久重定向</strong>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>说<span style="color: black;">第1</span>次请求拿到长链接后,下次浏览器再去请求短链的话,不会向短网址服务器请求了,而是直接从浏览器的缓存里拿,<span style="color: black;">这般</span>在 server 层面就<span style="color: black;">没法</span>获取到短网址的点击数了,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>这个链接刚好是某个活动的链接,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>就<span style="color: black;">没法</span>分析此活动的效果。<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">通常</span>不采用 301。<strong style="color: blue;">302</strong>,<span style="color: black;">表率</span> <strong style="color: blue;">临时重定向</strong>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>说每次去请求短链都会去请求短网址服务器(除非响应中用 Cache-Control 或 Expired 暗示浏览器缓存),<span style="color: black;">这般</span>就便于 server 统计点击数,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>虽然用 302 会给 server <span style="color: black;">增多</span>一点压力,但在数据<span style="color: black;">反常</span>重要的今天,这点代码是值得的,<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">举荐</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span> 302!<h2 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">短链生成的几种<span style="color: black;">办法</span></h2>
    <h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">1、哈希算法</h3>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">怎么样</span><span style="color: black;">才可</span>生成短链,仔细观察上例中的短链,显然它<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>固定短链域名 + 长链映射成的一串字母<span style="color: black;">构成</span>,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>长链怎么<span style="color: black;">才可</span>映射成一串字母呢,哈希函数不就用来干这事的吗,于是<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>有了以下设计思路</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OyweysCSeLUfZAfjEBvhtLG8agdgGG77YI1YKHq1WXqCbAfOTOjp0ESKRiabmSByVJgEgJRrkoJHhg7TeX48NWw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">那样</span>这个哈希函数该怎么取呢,相信肯定有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>人说用 MD5,SHA 等算法,其实<span style="color: black;">这般</span>做有点杀鸡用牛刀了,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>既然是加密就<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着性能上会有损失,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">并不</span>关心反向解密的难度,反而更关心的是哈希的运算速度和冲突概率。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">能够满足<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的哈希算法有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>,<span style="color: black;">这儿</span><span style="color: black;">举荐</span> Google 出品的 MurmurHash 算法,MurmurHash 是一种<strong style="color: blue;">非加密型</strong>哈希函数,适用于<span style="color: black;">通常</span>的哈希检索操作。与其它流行的哈希函数相比,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>规律性较强的 key,MurmurHash 的随机分布特征表现更良好。非加密<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着着相比 MD5,SHA 这些函数它的性能肯定更高(<span style="color: black;">实质</span>上性能是 MD5 等加密算法的十倍以上),<span style="color: black;">亦</span>正是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>它的这些优点,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>虽然它<span style="color: black;">显现</span>于 2008,但<span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span>广泛应用到 Redis、MemCache、Cassandra、HBase、Lucene 等众多著名的软件中。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">画外音:<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>有个小插曲,MurmurHash 成名后,作者拿到了 Google 的 offer,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>多做些开源的项目,说不定成名后你<span style="color: black;">亦</span>能不经意间收到 Google 的 offer ^_^。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">MurmurHash <span style="color: black;">供给</span>了两种长度的哈希值,32 bit,128 bit,为了让网址尽可通地短,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span> 32 bit 的哈希值,32 bit 能<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>的最大值近 43 亿,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>中小型<span style="color: black;">机构</span>的业务而言绰绰有余。对上文<span style="color: black;">说到</span>的极客长链做 MurmurHash 计算,得到的哈希值为 3002604296,于是<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>得到的短链为 固定短链域名+哈希值 = http://gk.link/a/3002604296</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>缩短域名?</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">有人说人这个域名还是有点长,还有一招,3002604296 得到的这个哈希值是十进制的,那<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>把它转为 62 进制可缩短它的长度,10 进制转 62 进制如下:</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OyweysCSeLUfZAfjEBvhtLG8agdgGG77EZBkELKFOibzP8iavOAiaycj4UOeEiaQXIG8WsIhpQ4lMLp5otBANlYX7Q/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">于是<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>有 (3002604296)10 = (3hcCxy)10,一下从 10 位缩短到了 6 位!于是<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>得到了<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的短链为 http://gk.link/a/3hcCxy</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">画外音:6 位 62 进制数可<span style="color: black;">暗示</span> 568 亿的数,应付长链转换绰绰有余</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">怎样</span><span style="color: black;">处理</span>哈希冲突的问题?</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">既然是哈希函数,不可避免地会产生哈希冲突(尽管概率很低),该怎么<span style="color: black;">处理</span>呢。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">晓得</span>既然<span style="color: black;">拜访</span><span style="color: black;">拜访</span>短链能<span style="color: black;">转</span>到长链,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>两者之前这种映射关系<span style="color: black;">必定</span>是要<span style="color: black;">保留</span>起来的,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>用 Redis 或 Mysql 等,<span style="color: black;">这儿</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>用 Mysql 来存储。表结构应该如下所示</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">CREATE TABLE `short_url_map` (</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> `id` int(11) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> `lurl` varchar(160) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 长<span style="color: black;">位置</span>,</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">`surl` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 短<span style="color: black;">位置</span>,</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> `gmt_create` int(11) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 创建时间,</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> PRIMARY KEY (`id`)</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">于是<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>有了以下设计思路。</p>将长链(lurl)经过 MurmurHash 后得到短链。再<span style="color: black;">按照</span>短链去 short_url_map 表中<span style="color: black;">查询</span>看<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>存在<span style="color: black;">关联</span>记录,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>不存在,将长链与短链对应关系<span style="color: black;">插进</span>数据库中,存储。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>存在,说明<span style="color: black;">已然</span>有<span style="color: black;">关联</span>记录了,此时在长串上拼接一个自定义好的字段,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>「DUPLICATE」,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>再对接接的字段串「lurl + DUPLICATE」做<span style="color: black;">第1</span>步操作,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>最后还是重复呢,再拼一个字段串啊,只要到时<span style="color: black;">按照</span>短链取出长链的时候把这些自定义好的字符串移除即是原来的长链。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">以上<span style="color: black;">过程</span>显然是要优化的,<span style="color: black;">插进</span>一条记录居然要经过两次 sql <span style="color: black;">查找</span>(<span style="color: black;">按照</span>短链查记录,将长短链对应关系<span style="color: black;">插进</span>数据库中),<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>在高并发下,显然会<span style="color: black;">作为</span>瓶颈。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">画外音:<span style="color: black;">通常</span>数据库和应用服务(只做计算不做存储)会<span style="color: black;">安排</span>在两台<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的 server 上,执行两条 sql 就需要两次网络通信,这两次网络通信与两次 sql 执行是<span style="color: black;">全部</span>短链系统的性能瓶颈所在!</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因此</span>该怎么优化呢</p><span style="color: black;">首要</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>需要给短链字段 surl 加上<span style="color: black;">独一</span>索引当长链经过 MurmurHash 得到短链后,直接将长短链对应关系<span style="color: black;">插进</span> db 中,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span> db 里不含有此短链的记录,则<span style="color: black;">插进</span>,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">包括</span>了,说明违反了<span style="color: black;">独一</span>性索引,此时只要给长链再加上<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>上文说的自定义字段「DUPLICATE」,重新 hash 再<span style="color: black;">插进</span><span style="color: black;">就可</span>,看起来在违反<span style="color: black;">独一</span>性索引的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下是多执行了<span style="color: black;">过程</span>,但<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>要<span style="color: black;">晓得</span> MurmurHash <span style="color: black;">出现</span>冲突的概率是非常低的,基本上不太可能<span style="color: black;">出现</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>这种<span style="color: black;">方法</span>是<span style="color: black;">能够</span>接受的。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当然<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>在数据量很大的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,冲突的概率会增大,此时<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>加布隆过滤器来进行优化。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">用所有生成的短网址构建布隆过滤器,当一个新的长链生成短链后,先将此短链在布隆过滤器中进行<span style="color: black;">查询</span>,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>不存在,说明 db 里不存<span style="color: black;">这里</span>短网址,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">插进</span>!</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">画外音:布隆过滤器是一种非常省内存的数据结构,长度为 10 亿的布隆过滤器,只需要 125 M 的内存空间。</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">综上,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>用哈希函数来设计,总体的设计思路如下</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OyweysCSeLUfZAfjEBvhtLG8agdgGG77MJqUsF5oKcVcRVk8zwrmBHzVu8lYNw3TYxufnsVjqKoFeg0LL0ibudA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">用哈希算法生成的短链其实<span style="color: black;">已然</span>能满足<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的业务<span style="color: black;">需要</span>,接下来<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>再来<span style="color: black;">瞧瞧</span><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>用自增序列的方式来生成短链</p>
    <h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">2、自增序列算法</h3>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">守护</span>一个 ID 自增生成器,<span style="color: black;">例如</span> 1,2,3 <span style="color: black;">这般</span>的整数递增 ID,当收到一个长链转短链的请求时,ID 生成器为其分配一个 ID,再将其转化为 62 进制,拼接到短链域名后面就得到了<span style="color: black;">最后</span>的短网址,<span style="color: black;">那样</span><span style="color: black;">这般</span>的 ID 自增生成器该<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>设计呢。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>在低峰期发号还好,高并发下,ID 自增生成器的的 ID 生成可能会系统瓶颈,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>它的设计就<span style="color: black;">显出</span>尤为重要。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">重点</span>有以下四种获取 id 的<span style="color: black;">办法</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1、类 uuid</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">简单地说<span style="color: black;">便是</span>用 <strong style="color: blue;">UUID uuid = UUID.randomUUID();</strong>这种方式生成的 UUID,UUID(Universally Unique Identifier)全局<span style="color: black;">独一</span>标识符,<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>在一台<span style="color: black;">设备</span>上生成的数字,它<span style="color: black;">保准</span>对在同一时空中的所有<span style="color: black;">设备</span>都是<span style="color: black;">独一</span>的,但这种方式生成的 id 比较长,且无序,在<span style="color: black;">插进</span> db 时可能会频繁<span style="color: black;">引起</span><strong style="color: blue;">页分裂</strong>,影响<span style="color: black;">插进</span>性能。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2、Redis</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">用 Redis 是个不错的<span style="color: black;">选取</span>,性能好,单机可支撑 10 w+ 请求,足以应付大部分的业务场景,但有人说<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>一台<span style="color: black;">设备</span>扛不住呢,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>设置多台<span style="color: black;">吗</span>,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>我<span style="color: black;">部署</span> 10 台<span style="color: black;">设备</span>,每台<span style="color: black;">设备</span>分别只生成尾号0,1,2,... 9 的 ID, 每次加 10 <span style="color: black;">就可</span>,只要设置一个 ID 生成器代理随机分配给发号器生成 &nbsp;ID 就行了。</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OyweysCSeLUfZAfjEBvhtLG8agdgGG77dWDtBtgGroOSYeKAAcKuq726UK3ialMe5lqwQdMTUd048hsvsElACicQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">不外</span>用 Redis 这种<span style="color: black;">方法</span>,需要<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>持久化(短链 ID 总<span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">同样</span>吧),灾备,成本有点高。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3、Snowflake</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">用 Snowflake <span style="color: black;">亦</span>是个不错的选择,<span style="color: black;">不外</span> Snowflake 依赖于系统时钟的一致性。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>某台<span style="color: black;">设备</span>的系统时钟回拨,有可能<span style="color: black;">导致</span> ID 冲突,<span style="color: black;">或</span> ID 乱序。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4、Mysql 自增主键</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这种方式<span style="color: black;">运用</span>简单,扩展方便,<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span> Mysql 的自增主键来<span style="color: black;">做为</span>短链的 id。简单总结如下:</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OyweysCSeLUfZAfjEBvhtLG8agdgGG771feSJq1WKFRbMJsqCpPEs4G6UFicHgJdSKWdZwTa4eBUJWYkCnfbqTg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">那样</span>问题来了,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>用 Mysql 自增 id <span style="color: black;">做为</span>短链 ID,在高并发下,db 的写压力会很大,这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>该怎么办呢。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">思虑</span>一下,<span style="color: black;">必定</span>要在用到的时候去生成 id 吗,<span style="color: black;">是不是</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>提前生成这些自增 id ?</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">方法</span>如下:</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">设计一个专门的发号表,每<span style="color: black;">插进</span>一条记录,为短链 id 预留 &nbsp;(主键 id * 1000 - 999) 到 &nbsp;(主键 id &nbsp;* 1000) 的号段,如下</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">发号表:url_sender_num</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OyweysCSeLUfZAfjEBvhtLG8agdgGG776uf6lxOxz9dWibvKrRRIVkkfGMPIUtj5S7m67pTxH1icpPxlYZQM4eWQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">如图示:tmp_start_num <span style="color: black;">表率</span>短链的<span style="color: black;">初始</span> id,tmp_end_num <span style="color: black;">表率</span>短链的终止 id。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当长链转短链的请求打到某台<span style="color: black;">设备</span>时,先看这台<span style="color: black;">设备</span><span style="color: black;">是不是</span>分配了短链号段,未分配就往发号表<span style="color: black;">插进</span>一条记录,则这台<span style="color: black;">设备</span>将为短链分配范围在 tmp_start_num 到 tmp_end_num 之间的 id。从 tmp_start_num <span style="color: black;">起始</span>分配,<span style="color: black;">始终</span>分配到 tmp_end_num,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>发号 id 达到了 tmp_end_num,说明这个区间段的 id <span style="color: black;">已然</span>分配完了,则再往发号表<span style="color: black;">插进</span>一条记录就又获取了一个发号 id 区间。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">画外音:思考一下这个自增短链 id 在机器上该怎么实现呢, <span style="color: black;">能够</span>用 redis, <span style="color: black;">不外</span>更简单的<span style="color: black;">方法</span>是用 AtomicLong,单机上性能不错,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">保准</span>了并发的安全性,当然<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>并发量很大,AtomicLong 的表现就不太行了,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">思虑</span>用 LongAdder,在高并发下表现更加优秀。</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">整体设计图如下</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/OyweysCSeLUfZAfjEBvhtLG8agdgGG777zGbnporpvYC2od8egkpZcyibUp3ljXQTM5fpTCxsZ0uuK4qohxiaaOg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">处理</span>了发号器问题,接下来就简单了,从发号器拿过来的 id ,即为短链 id,接下来<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>再创建一个长短链的映射表<span style="color: black;">就可</span>, 短链 id 即为主键,<span style="color: black;">不外</span><span style="color: black;">这儿</span>有个需要<span style="color: black;">重视</span>的<span style="color: black;">地区</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>可能需要防止多次相同的长链生成<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的短链 id 这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,这就需要每次先<span style="color: black;">按照</span>长链来<span style="color: black;">查询</span> db 看<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>存在<span style="color: black;">关联</span>记录,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>的做法是给长链加索引,但<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的话索引的空间会很大,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>我们<span style="color: black;">能够</span>对长链适当的压缩,<span style="color: black;">例如</span> md5,再对长链的 md5 字段做索引,索引就会小<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>。<span style="color: black;">这般</span>只要<span style="color: black;">按照</span>长链的 md5 去表里查<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>存在相同的记录<span style="color: black;">就可</span>。<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>设计的表如下</p><span style="color: black;">CREATE </span> <span style="color: black;">TABLE </span> <span style="color: black;">`short_url_map`</span>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> (</p> <span style="color: black;">`id`</span> <span style="color: black;">int</span>(<span style="color: black;">11</span>) <span style="color: black;">unsigned </span> <span style="color: black;">NOT </span> <span style="color: black;">NULL</span>AUTO_INCREMENT<span style="color: black;">COMMENT</span> <span style="color: black;">短链 id</span>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">,</p> <span style="color: black;">`lurl`</span> <span style="color: black;">varchar</span>(<span style="color: black;">10</span>) <span style="color: black;">DEFAULT </span> <span style="color: black;">NULL </span> <span style="color: black;">COMMENT</span> <span style="color: black;">长链</span>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">,</p> <span style="color: black;">`md5`</span> <span style="color: black;">char</span>(<span style="color: black;">32</span>) <span style="color: black;">DEFAULT </span> <span style="color: black;">NULL </span> <span style="color: black;">COMMENT</span> <span style="color: black;">长链md5</span>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">,</p> <span style="color: black;">`gmt_create`</span> <span style="color: black;">int</span>(<span style="color: black;">11</span>) <span style="color: black;">DEFAULT </span> <span style="color: black;">NULL </span> <span style="color: black;">COMMENT</span> <span style="color: black;">创建时间</span>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">,</p> PRIMARY <span style="color: black;">KEY</span> (<span style="color: black;">`id`</span>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>) <span style="color: black;">ENGINE</span>=<span style="color: black;">InnoDB </span> <span style="color: black;">DEFAULT </span> <span style="color: black;">CHARSET</span>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">=utf8;</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当然了,数据量<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>很大的话,后期就需要分区或分库分表了。</p>
    <h2 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">高性能短链的架构设计</h2>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在电商<span style="color: black;">机构</span>,经常有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>活动,秒杀,抢红包等等,在某个时间点的 QPS 会很高,<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>到这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>引入了 openResty,它是一个基于 Nginx 与 Lua 的高性能 Web 平台,<span style="color: black;">因为</span> Nginx 的非阻塞 IO 模型,<span style="color: black;">运用</span> openResty <span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">容易</span>支持 100 w + 的并发数,<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>下你只要<span style="color: black;">安排</span>一台<span style="color: black;">就可</span>,<span style="color: black;">不外</span>为了避免单点故障,两台为宜,<span style="color: black;">同期</span> openResty <span style="color: black;">亦</span>自带了缓存机制,集<span style="color: black;">成为了</span> redis 这些缓存模块,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>直接连 mysql。不需要再<span style="color: black;">经过</span>业务层连这些中间件,性能自然会高不少</p><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">如图示,<span style="color: black;">运用</span> openResty 省去了业务层这一步,直达缓存层与数据库层,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">提高</span>了不少性能。</p>
    <h2 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">总结</h2>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本文对短链设计<span style="color: black;">方法</span>作了<span style="color: black;">仔细</span>地剖析,旨在给<span style="color: black;">大众</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>几种<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的短链设计思路,文中<span style="color: black;">触及</span>到挺多像布隆过滤器,openResty 等技术,文中<span style="color: black;">无</span>展开讲,<span style="color: black;">意见</span><span style="color: black;">大众</span>回头可以再<span style="color: black;">仔细</span><span style="color: black;">认识</span>一下。再<span style="color: black;">例如</span>文中<span style="color: black;">说到</span>的 Mysql 页分裂<span style="color: black;">亦</span>需要对底层<span style="color: black;">运用</span>的 B+ tree 数据结构,操作系统按页获取等知识有比较<span style="color: black;">仔细</span>地<span style="color: black;">认识</span>,相信<span style="color: black;">大众</span>各个知识点都吃透后会收获不小。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">巨人的肩膀</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.cnblogs.com/rjzheng/p/11827426.html</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://time.geekbang.org/column/article/80850</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">欢迎<span style="color: black;">大众</span>扫码关注公众号,<span style="color: black;">一块</span>探讨</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">30天打卡活动:</span></strong></p><a style="color: black;">第九期30天打卡赠书和红包活动,今天正式<span style="color: black;">起步</span>!</a>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">近期</span>热文:</span></strong></p><span style="color: black;">1、<a style="color: black;">别总写代码,这130个网站比涨工资都重要</a></span><span style="color: black;">2、<a style="color: black;">2月份Github上最热门的开源项目</a></span><span style="color: black;">3、<a style="color: black;">Linux命令详解:ping 和 </a>traceroute命令</span><span style="color: black;">4、<a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">一样</span>用Vim编辑器,<span style="color: black;">为何</span>别人比你更<span style="color: black;">有效</span>?</a></span><span style="color: black;">5、<a style="color: black;">知名网站的 404 页面都长啥样?</a></span><span style="color: black;">6、<a style="color: black;">【限时免费】加入<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的社群!</a></span>




4lqedz 发表于 2024-9-28 15:30:50

“板凳”(第三个回帖的人)‌

1fy07h 发表于 6 天前

回顾过去一年,是艰难的一年;展望未来,是辉煌的一年。
页: [1]
查看完整版本: 怎么样设计一个高性能短链系统?