强制取消外链限制,是个好主意吗?
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>一项规则可能带来<span style="color: black;">连续</span>监管的<span style="color: black;">各样</span>挑战和压力,所<span style="color: black;">得到</span>的收益只是<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>普通用户省去手指的一个动作。从成本收益的<span style="color: black;">方向</span>而言,可能并不划算</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/503b7827714c416dba57e880b09e16f5~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1722994770&x-signature=gufdnnY0Y0HIigwqmPI5wrEAvRo%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">文|邓峰</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">编辑|朱弢</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">分部</span>近期<span style="color: black;">需求</span>各互联网平台“解除屏蔽网址链接”。虽然正式的政策文件尚未披露,但就已有信息来看,“解除屏蔽网址链接”有三个标准,“不得改变表现形式”“可直接打开网页”“不附加额外<span style="color: black;">过程</span>”。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这一<span style="color: black;">需求</span><span style="color: black;">实质</span>上针对的是App对<span style="color: black;">外边</span>链接不兼容的现象。虽然<span style="color: black;">所说</span>“屏蔽网址链接”的情形在各个平台都或多或少存在,但人们<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>认为,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">持有</span>超过12亿用户的<span style="color: black;">微X</span>是这项新规的最大受影响者。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">基于<span style="color: black;">微X</span>用户的广泛性,几乎<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>网购者都遇到过这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>:在<span style="color: black;">微X</span>中分享淘宝链接时,会<span style="color: black;">表示</span>为<span style="color: black;">有些</span>中英文混杂的“淘口令”,必须复制它,再离开<span style="color: black;">微X</span>用淘宝App打开,<span style="color: black;">才可</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">实质</span>的分享页面。抖音在向<span style="color: black;">微X</span>分享链接时,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>存在<span style="color: black;">一样</span>的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">对普通用户<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,多了<span style="color: black;">这般</span>一个<span style="color: black;">过程</span>,的确让人觉得有些<span style="color: black;">不方便</span>。不仅如此,随着中央对加强反垄断作出<span style="color: black;">需求</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">有些</span>平台的诉求。过去几年,字节跳动就曾就<span style="color: black;">微X</span>屏蔽抖音链接,多次发起针对腾讯的诉讼,但都<span style="color: black;">无</span>结果。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当监管者<span style="color: black;">知道</span><span style="color: black;">需求</span>平台解除屏蔽网址链接,其用意无疑是好的,试图去<span style="color: black;">处理</span>当前<span style="color: black;">有些</span>网络平台“画地为牢、占山为王”的<span style="color: black;">行径</span>,从而推进网络的互联互通。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>,<strong style="color: blue;">可能<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>人并<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">认识</span>到,<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的监管<span style="color: black;">需求</span>可能会和其他规则产生冲突,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>,会给当下强调的反垄断执法带来麻烦。</strong></p>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">可能给反垄断执法带来困难</h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span>要<span style="color: black;">重视</span>的是,反垄断是一个极其精细、专业的<span style="color: black;">行业</span>,监管<span style="color: black;">亦</span>应当如此,正<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,用某些“一刀切”的方式去<span style="color: black;">处理</span>问题,即使<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>良好动机,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能产生意想不到的后果。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">先举一个例子<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>明这点。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2000年的时候,Intel<span style="color: black;">持有</span><span style="color: black;">全世界</span>计算机CPU市场83%的份额,AMD大概<span style="color: black;">持有</span>12%<span style="color: black;">上下</span>,剩下5%<span style="color: black;">上下</span>由苹果占有。Intel在向下游<span style="color: black;">营销</span>的时候,<span style="color: black;">需求</span>宏碁、戴尔、惠普、联想、NEC、MSH等各大PC厂商采购<span style="color: black;">所有</span>或绝大部分X86处理器时<span style="color: black;">选择</span>Intel的<span style="color: black;">制品</span>,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>采购比例达到<span style="color: black;">必定</span>额度——<span style="color: black;">一般</span>是90%或95%以上,则在年终结算的时候<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span>返利。这种做法是<span style="color: black;">商场</span>世界中常用的竞争手段,它还有一个专门的名字,叫忠诚折扣。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>Intel的这种做法, AMD认为其贿赂PC厂商、排挤AMD<span style="color: black;">制品</span>、违反市场公平竞争原则,从而在<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>寻求法律救济。此后,日本、韩国、欧盟和美国分别对Intel进行了处罚,最为人所知的是,欧盟对Intel作出10.6亿欧元(约14.5亿美元)罚款,是其 2008年营业额的4.15%。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这起案件<span style="color: black;">诱发</span>了反垄断学界的高度关注和激烈争论,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>忠诚折扣在什么<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,会起到排挤竞争对手的效果,各方存在着<span style="color: black;">极重</span><span style="color: black;">歧义</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">为<span style="color: black;">认识</span>决<span style="color: black;">歧义</span>,密歇根大学法学教授丹尼尔‧科雷恩(Daneil Crane)提出了“市场份额理论”。<span style="color: black;">根据</span>这一理论,Intel不是<span style="color: black;">持有</span>83%的市场份额吗?<span style="color: black;">那样</span>只要Intel和下游厂商的忠诚折扣合同之中,约定的采购市场份额不超过83%,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>就<span style="color: black;">能够</span>认定是合法的,<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>产生排挤对手的效果,是防守而不是进攻;但<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>超过了83%,<span style="color: black;">那样</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>为了排挤竞争对手,是一种进攻性的<span style="color: black;">行径</span>,是不合法的。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">所说</span>的“市场份额理论”简单易懂好操作,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>容易得到执法者的<span style="color: black;">喜爱</span>,但<span style="color: black;">实质</span>是一个“馊主意”。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">为何</span>这么说呢?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span>,这个理论把一个宏观的市场问题转换<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>对<span style="color: black;">详细</span>合同条款正当性的评判,<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">根据</span>现有的市场份额去判断一种<span style="color: black;">行径</span><span style="color: black;">是不是</span>合法,相当于固化了现有各方的市场份额。</strong>这<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着,对追赶者AMD<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>只能遵守这个固定的市场份额去实施忠诚折扣。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>,市场份额并不是任何人<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">持有</span>的,市场和竞争是一个动态的过程。其次,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>固定了市场份额的“产权结构”,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>就会形成Intel与AMD,乃至后来的其他寡头竞争者之间的合谋,而对后者的反垄断执法更加困难,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>难以<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>、证明和判断。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因此</span>,这个“馊主意” 遭到了宾夕法尼亚大学法学教授赫伯特·霍文坎普(Herbert Hovenkamp)等反垄断权威学者的反对。得出“馊主意”的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>,在于对企业<span style="color: black;">行径</span>的<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>性认识不足,<span style="color: black;">或</span>说,只<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>了问题,没<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>执法手段的局限性。尽管联邦贸易委员会(FTC)<span style="color: black;">起始</span>的时候认可“市场份额理论”,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>后来改了主意,该案<span style="color: black;">最后</span>以FTC和Intel达成和解结案。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">需求</span>解除屏蔽网址链接,以实现平台之间的互联互通,和科雷恩的思路是<span style="color: black;">同样</span>的,<span style="color: black;">首要</span>会遇到固化市场结构和份额的问题。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">需求</span>落地,市场的新进者、后进者会<span style="color: black;">需求</span>领先者开放链接共享,表面上看,这是对新进者<span style="color: black;">或</span>后进者有利,<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>借力领先者的平台<span style="color: black;">得到</span>发展机会。但<span style="color: black;">将来</span>实现互联互通之后,是<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>市场份额更少的竞争者更能借助市场份额<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的竞争者的“流量”,获取<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的市场份额,还是市场份额<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的竞争者取得了市场份额更少的竞争者的“内容”,从而<span style="color: black;">得到</span><span style="color: black;">更加多</span>市场份额?这是需要实证数据<span style="color: black;">才可</span><span style="color: black;">晓得</span>的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,但大概率会固化现有竞争者的市场<span style="color: black;">优良</span>地位。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">平台经济竞争的核心是争夺消费者的时间,而时间总是有限的,在互联互通之后,<span style="color: black;">已然</span>取得<span style="color: black;">优良</span>地位的平台接入了其他竞争者<span style="color: black;">或</span>上游厂商的链接,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>消费者去下载其他App的意愿就会降低。<span style="color: black;">这般</span>一来,<span style="color: black;">已然</span>取得<span style="color: black;">优良</span>地位的App会变成平台中的“超级平台”。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">事实上,有几个领先者<span style="color: black;">已然</span>有<span style="color: black;">作为</span>“超级平台”的趋势,<span style="color: black;">例如</span><span style="color: black;">微X</span>、支付宝等,<span style="color: black;">海量</span>的功能被整合在一个App之上,这<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着,它们<span style="color: black;">已然</span>能基本满足人们的大<span style="color: black;">都数</span><span style="color: black;">需要</span>。<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">将来</span>实现互联互通,<span style="color: black;">特别有</span>可能<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>是,现有市场份额领先的App会继续维持,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>加强它们的<span style="color: black;">优良</span>地位,<span style="color: black;">作为</span>真正的“超级平台”,其他的后来者很难<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">制品</span>差异化策略,对“超级平台”们<span style="color: black;">形成</span>挑战。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">需要承认的是,互联互通可能在<span style="color: black;">短期</span>内有利于竞争,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>,<span style="color: black;">有些</span>App<span style="color: black;">能够</span>借助于这一政策进入流量大的平台推广自己,形成“搭便车”效应。但一种更大的可能是,两个App互联互通之后,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>相同的<span style="color: black;">制品</span>,占据<span style="color: black;">优良</span>的App就会吸收所有的流量,而劣势一方可能逐步减少新用户的下载和注册,乃至退出,<span style="color: black;">作为</span>前者一个<span style="color: black;">详细</span>分支、分部乃至<span style="color: black;">制品</span>。<span style="color: black;">这般</span>一来,两者原有的竞争关系,就转变<span style="color: black;">作为</span>上下游关系,有可能形成反垄断法上的更头疼的“共谋”。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">从这个<span style="color: black;">方向</span>而言,解除屏蔽网址链接<span style="color: black;">不仅</span>会改变竞争关系,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>将产生新的竞争问题。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>站在反垄断法的立场上,解除屏蔽网址链接后,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>新的滥用市场<span style="color: black;">安排</span>地位<span style="color: black;">行径</span>,<span style="color: black;">那样</span><span style="color: black;">不仅</span>要审查横向关系,还要进入最困难的纵向关系审查,从某种程度上<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,这一政策会<span style="color: black;">导致</span>反垄断执法的巨大困难。<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">例如</span>,互联互通后,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>在支付宝上<span style="color: black;">运用</span>了<span style="color: black;">微X</span>支付,各自的市场份额<span style="color: black;">到底</span>怎么计算?</strong></p>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">处理</span>不了价格问题</h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">电子商务、短视频和即时通讯有重叠的功能,但毕竟属性<span style="color: black;">区别</span>,归于<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的市场,<span style="color: black;">制品</span>之间存在着互补性。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">淘宝、抖音的链接能否相互兼容,本只是<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>争议<span style="color: black;">罢了</span>,而<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>将之<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为屏蔽,在我看来是加重了“罪过”。人们<span style="color: black;">常常</span>把“屏蔽网址链接”和诸如“浏览器挟持”等<span style="color: black;">行径</span>联系在<span style="color: black;">一块</span>,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>两者还是有本质区别的。后者<span style="color: black;">包含</span>篡改IP<span style="color: black;">位置</span>、强制<span style="color: black;">转</span>等<span style="color: black;">行径</span>,威胁的是相对底层的网络通讯“<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">设备</span>”。<strong style="color: blue;">即便是<span style="color: black;">根据</span><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>的界定,前者<span style="color: black;">亦</span>无非是“对特定的<span style="color: black;">制品</span>或服务网址链接附加额外的操作<span style="color: black;">过程</span>,<span style="color: black;">需求</span>用户手动复制连接后转至系统浏览器打开”,<span style="color: black;">并不</span>能算是“屏蔽”,顶多算是“不兼容”。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">我认为,其实并不存在真实的、永远的屏蔽,<span style="color: black;">商场</span>活动中存在的<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,无非是价格和收费的问题。<span style="color: black;">详细</span>到这几个头部互联网企业的争吵,只是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>收费标准没谈拢。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">前些日子,澳大利亚<span style="color: black;">资讯</span><span style="color: black;">公司</span>联合起来抵制谷歌,谷歌则“躺平”<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>“以抵制还抵制”。双方<span style="color: black;">为何</span>会起纠纷?<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span>价格<span style="color: black;">歧义</span>。谷歌分配10%的<span style="color: black;">宣传</span>费给内容<span style="color: black;">供给</span>商,<span style="color: black;">资讯</span><span style="color: black;">公司</span>们觉得太低,最后经过斗争,谷歌<span style="color: black;">加强</span>了<span style="color: black;">有些</span>分成比例,最后双方和解了事。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>中国互联网企业中的这种“不兼容”的<span style="color: black;">状况</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>类似。如前所述,<span style="color: black;">微X</span>中直接打开淘宝<span style="color: black;">或</span>抖音链接,并不<span style="color: black;">必定</span>会损害<span style="color: black;">微X</span>的市场地位,但肯定会影响到它的收费和盈利。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">平台的一个重要的收入<span style="color: black;">源自</span>是“卖流量”,而“流量”的价格在一<span style="color: black;">按时</span>期内是得到市场认可的。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>,头部企业之间的流量价格并没<span style="color: black;">那样</span>容易达成一致,<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">她们</span>都是流量大户,必须<span style="color: black;">思虑</span><span style="color: black;">将来</span>的预期。在价格没谈扰时,<span style="color: black;">实质</span>它们并不敢真正的“屏蔽”对方,而只敢是“不兼容”<span style="color: black;">罢了</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">基于流量市场的客观存在,强制<span style="color: black;">需求</span>解除屏蔽网址链接后,临管者和市场主体都可能面临一系列<span style="color: black;">选取</span>题:<strong style="color: blue;">“互联互通”是免费的,还是收费的?<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>是收费的,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>需要限制价格,还是不限制价格?</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>种<span style="color: black;">选取</span>是,此后互联互通产生的“流量”一概免费。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>是<span style="color: black;">这般</span>,那平台一个很重要的收入<span style="color: black;">源自</span>消失了,这<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">有害</span>于数字经济的发展。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>会形成监管悖论:<span style="color: black;">需求</span>某个App变<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>免费的公共<span style="color: black;">制品</span>,<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>收益,这个公共<span style="color: black;">制品</span>会萎缩<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>消失。要<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>,公共<span style="color: black;">制品</span><span style="color: black;">想要</span><span style="color: black;">连续</span>供给,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是需要收费的。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">第二种<span style="color: black;">选取</span>是,在解除屏蔽网址链接之后<span style="color: black;">准许</span>收费,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>监管者会再面临<span style="color: black;">选取</span>:要不要限制价格?<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>把设定义务,但不限制价格,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>之为“弱监管模式”;设定义务,又限制价格,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>之为“强监管模式”。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">先看“弱监管模式”。<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>之<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>实现互联互通,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是价格<span style="color: black;">无</span>谈拢,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">将来</span>强制互通后,确实可能对价格谈判有所推动,但<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>还是谈不拢呢?<span style="color: black;">另一</span>,互联互通要不要把价格<span style="color: black;">做为</span>例外<span style="color: black;">要求</span>呢?类似不交水电费达到一<span style="color: black;">按时</span>间,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>就<span style="color: black;">能够</span>停水停电。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>是“强监管模式”,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>限制价格,强制交易,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>就得设计收费<span style="color: black;">管理</span>,<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">怎样</span><span style="color: black;">实质</span>操作呢?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">平台<span style="color: black;">供给</span>了流量,<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>市场<span style="color: black;">已然</span>很精确,每发展一个客户的“有效流量”,都有<span style="color: black;">知道</span>的市场价格。存在这个市场价格的前提<span style="color: black;">便是</span>,<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>企业有权拒绝直接打开链接,有权<span style="color: black;">根据</span>自己App的规则改变链接的<span style="color: black;">表示</span>方式。</strong><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>这个前提不存在了,监管<span style="color: black;">分部</span><span style="color: black;">创立</span>价格标准的依据是什么呢?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">要<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>,公共<span style="color: black;">制品</span>之<span style="color: black;">因此</span>能够进行价格<span style="color: black;">管理</span>,是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>它们初期的投入比<span style="color: black;">很强</span>,大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>属于有形<span style="color: black;">制品</span>,如水电气道路等,并且<span style="color: black;">制品</span>相对稳定(<span style="color: black;">例如</span>道路的<span style="color: black;">运用</span>寿命<span style="color: black;">最少</span>有20年),<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>过去100<span style="color: black;">数年</span>来各国都是采用了“成本+<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>收益”<span style="color: black;">做为</span>定价标准。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">而当下平台经济的成本变动更<span style="color: black;">大都是</span>与人力、资本、算法等联系在<span style="color: black;">一块</span>,<span style="color: black;">商场</span>策略和<span style="color: black;">制品</span>演化速度太快,对它们设置价格<span style="color: black;">管理</span>系统,会给监管<span style="color: black;">分部</span>以及<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的经济法律制度带来前所未有的挑战。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">总而言之,<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>平台之间的不兼容,本质上是一个市场价格的问题。<strong style="color: blue;">采用强制手段<span style="color: black;">需求</span>互联互通,就势必<span style="color: black;">触及</span>价格监管。就此而言,价格监管和反垄监管<span style="color: black;">实质</span>上是一种“二选一”,要么管价格,要么反垄断,这个逻辑在现行的价格法中<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是如此<span style="color: black;">表现</span>。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">而一旦平台们接受了价格<span style="color: black;">管理</span>,就势必要<span style="color: black;">保准</span>它们“超级门户”的市场地位,这<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>其<span style="color: black;">不该</span>受到反垄断规制。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>理解了这个经济法上的基本原理,再来看<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>的互联互通政策就<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>,要么这个监管政策<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">思虑</span>竞争法问题,要么<span style="color: black;">将来</span>是要排除竞争法问题。</p>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">可能<span style="color: black;">导致</span>责任边界不清</h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">强制解除屏蔽网址链接,不仅在经济法上<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>不足,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>没<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>到<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>法律上的衔接问题。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">需求</span>一个App对<span style="color: black;">另一</span>一个App的链接是直接、透明、完整的,就会产生责任边界的问题。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>,在<span style="color: black;">微X</span>中打开了淘宝的链接,并完<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>交易,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>了<span style="color: black;">制品</span>责任问题怎么办?是<span style="color: black;">微X</span>的责任,还是淘宝的责任?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">《电子商务法》第三十八条规定,“电子商务平台经营者<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>或者应当<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>平台内经营者<span style="color: black;">营销</span>的商品<span style="color: black;">或</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>的服务不符合<span style="color: black;">保证</span>人身、财产安全的<span style="color: black;">需求</span>,<span style="color: black;">或</span>有其他侵害消费者合法权益<span style="color: black;">行径</span>,未采取必要<span style="color: black;">办法</span>的,依法与该平台内经营者承担连带责任”。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">根据</span>这一法律规定,<strong style="color: blue;">万一在<span style="color: black;">微X</span>里面打开了淘宝的链接后,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>了<span style="color: black;">制品</span>责任问题,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>了法律规定“采取必要<span style="color: black;">办法</span>”的情形,<span style="color: black;">那样</span><span style="color: black;">每一个</span>主体<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">或</span>应该在事前采取什么<span style="color: black;">办法</span>?</strong><span style="color: black;">根据</span>互联互通的<span style="color: black;">需求</span>,<span style="color: black;">好似</span>什么都<span style="color: black;">不可</span>做,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>相互链接必须是直接、透明、完整的。<span style="color: black;">那样</span>在《电子商务法》下<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>界定<span style="color: black;">微X</span>与淘宝的关系?算不算是平台和经营者的关系?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">即使撇开《电子商务法》,不将<span style="color: black;">微X</span>和淘宝看成是平台和经营者的关系,就相当于<span style="color: black;">微X</span>办了一个展销会,淘宝在<span style="color: black;">微X</span>这个展销会上卖<span style="color: black;">制品</span>,<span style="color: black;">此时</span>候应当转而适用《消费者权益<span style="color: black;">守护</span>法》中的展销会规则,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">这般</span>,一旦互联互通后<span style="color: black;">显现</span>了<span style="color: black;">制品</span>、服务纠纷,几乎<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">判断</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>主体要承担连带责任。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">根据</span>基本的法学和经济学原理,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>存在着说不清楚的连带责任,必然会<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span>害怕事后的“殃及池鱼”,而<span style="color: black;">显现</span>事前的“权力”争夺,要么设置收费门槛,要么设置非收费的门槛。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,如果形成连带责任,<span style="color: black;">关联</span>责任人应当有能力相互监督、制约、限制,否则就会形成团伙、团队<span style="color: black;">或</span>合伙式的共谋,而这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>对竞争和监管而言,是最糟糕的激励。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,从法律上、规范上、名义上<span style="color: black;">需求</span>平台网络互联互通,<span style="color: black;">不该</span>当排斥他人,方向无疑是正确的,<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">详细</span>到操作内容和细节上,可并不是一件容易的事。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>一项规则会带来<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>问题,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>可能与其他<span style="color: black;">行业</span>的规则产生冲突,需要更加慎谨。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其实,不是所有的纠纷、麻烦都需要<span style="color: black;">提升</span>到监管和法律层面。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>,美国法院<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会在<span style="color: black;">有些</span>案件中,直接<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>这个案子仅仅是私人事务,不<span style="color: black;">形成</span>法律问题,<span style="color: black;">所说</span>“清官难断家务事”<span style="color: black;">便是</span>如此。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因此</span>,屏蔽网址链接这一类事务,不是说<span style="color: black;">不可</span>管,只是管起来太费劲,付出的成本<span style="color: black;">亦</span>太高,是非标准又不清晰,监管直接介入,可能效果并<span style="color: black;">欠好</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">作者为北京大学教授,北京大学法律经济学<span style="color: black;">科研</span>中心<span style="color: black;">专家</span></p>
感谢楼主的分享!我学到了很多。 楼主的文章深得我心,表示由衷的感谢! 回顾历史,我们不难发现:无数先辈用鲜血和生命铺就了中华民族复兴的康庄大道。 感谢楼主分享,祝愿外链论坛越办越好! “沙发”(SF,第一个回帖的人)
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