探析 “儿童”的各样英文表达
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>们最期待的六一儿童节马上就要来了。</span><span style="color: black;">这一天<span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>们<span style="color: black;">愉快</span>地玩耍，收到心仪的礼物，</span><span style="color: black;">享受最大的偏爱；这一天<span style="color: black;">亦</span>提醒父母老师长辈</span><span style="color: black;">们要多多关爱儿童，<span style="color: black;">守护</span><span style="color: black;">她们</span>健康成长。儿童</span><span style="color: black;">是祖国的<span style="color: black;">将来</span>，通俗地说，未满14周岁的都</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为儿童。这14年<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是<span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>快速成长的</span><span style="color: black;">时期，无论是认知能力还是外表长相都<span style="color: black;">出现</span>巨大</span><span style="color: black;">变化。英语中除kid 和child两个单词用来指代</span><span style="color: black;">少年儿童，<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">区别</span>年龄段的儿童<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的叫法。</span></p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">0</strong><strong style="color: blue;">1</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">0—1岁：baby/infant</strong></p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">baby是<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>最<span style="color: black;">熟练</span>的<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>幼儿的英文单词。英文中有sleep like a baby的表达，描述一个人睡得香甜，<span style="color: black;">睡觉</span>质量高。还有一个习语throw the baby out with the bathwater（把洗澡水连同<span style="color: black;">孩儿</span><span style="color: black;">一块</span>倒掉），（《新牛津英汉双解大词典》The New Oxford English-Chinese Dictionary，下简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>新牛津）解释为discard something valuable along with other things that are inessential or undesirable，指丢弃糟粕时把精华<span style="color: black;">亦</span>扔了。美国当代英语语料库（简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>COCA）中有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>这个习语的<span style="color: black;">运用</span>记录，如：</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">Educators do not want to throw the baby out with the bathwater but rather to implement change only when it leads to sustained improvement in student achievement.</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">教育者们不想全面摒弃以前的做法，而是<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>在变革能够带来学生成绩<span style="color: black;">连续</span><span style="color: black;">提高</span>时才实施变革。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">infant相对<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>是个更书面化的表达，《新牛津》解释为a very young child or baby，经常在<span style="color: black;">资讯</span><span style="color: black;">报告</span>中<span style="color: black;">显现</span>，如描述婴儿死亡的infant mortality，infant death，婴儿<span style="color: black;">食品</span>的配方infant formula <span style="color: black;">或</span>用infant son/ daughter这类短语直接<span style="color: black;">暗示</span><span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>年龄很小。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">0</strong><strong style="color: blue;">2</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">1—3岁：toddler</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">《柯林斯英语词典》（Collins English Dictionary）的释义为a young child who has only just learned to walk or who still walks unsteadily with small, quick steps，指一个<span style="color: black;">起始</span>蹒跚学步的<span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>。英文中常常用terrible twos <span style="color: black;">这般</span>的表达来指代这一年龄段<span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>非常叛逆不守规矩的<span style="color: black;">行径</span>，如COCA有例句:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">They are called the “Terrible Twos” for a reason. This is when they are learning “NO!” and “ THAT’S MINE!”</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">她们</span>被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为“可怕的两岁”是有<span style="color: black;">原由</span>的。那<span style="color: black;">便是</span>这个年龄段<span style="color: black;">她们</span>学会了说“不”和“这是我的”。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">0</strong><strong style="color: blue;">3</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">3—6岁：preschooler/kindergartener</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">preschooler还<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">起始</span>去学校上学，对事物充满了好奇心，很适合培养他的想象力和创造力，这一时期<span style="color: black;">她们</span>的表达能力<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span>很大的<span style="color: black;">加强</span>，面容稚嫩却模仿<span style="color: black;">成人</span>说着老气横秋的话，<span style="color: black;">她们</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>an old head on younger shoulders.</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因为</span>kindergarten仅在北美地区<span style="color: black;">运用</span>，指代幼儿园，<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>在美国，学龄前儿童<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>叫kindergartner。小<span style="color: black;">伴侣</span>们在幼儿园结识了<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>新<span style="color: black;">伴侣</span>，懵懂间可能会对某个<span style="color: black;">朋友</span>产生好感，<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为kindergarten crush。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">0</strong><strong style="color: blue;">4</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">6—12岁：elementary students</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">起始</span>进入学校读书以后，<span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>们就会面对<span style="color: black;">成人</span>更严格的<span style="color: black;">需求</span>，偶尔淘气，会被<span style="color: black;">成人</span>教育“you are old enough to know better”。</span><span style="color: black;">如COCA中有例句:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">Tenyears old is certainly old enough to know better than to mistreat someone.</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">十岁大的<span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>应该足够懂事了，不去欺负别人。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">学业方面当然最基本的是<span style="color: black;">期盼</span><span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>们能make the grade （达到标准），要是能pass with flying colors（高分<span style="color: black;">经过</span>），那就更棒啦。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>付出了<span style="color: black;">奋斗</span><span style="color: black;">然则</span>考试成绩仍然<span style="color: black;">不睬</span>想，那<span style="color: black;">孩儿</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>值得一个A for effort（对<span style="color: black;">奋斗</span>的肯定）。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">0</strong><strong style="color: blue;">5</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">10—14岁：teenager</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>简写为teen，《柯林斯英语词典》对这个年龄段解释为too old to be a child and too young to be a teenager，即比儿童（child）要大些<span style="color: black;">然则</span>比青春期少年（teenager ）要小。这些<span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>心智在<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>成长，但还<span style="color: black;">无</span>独立生活的能力，面临生活中<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的变故会<span style="color: black;">上下</span>为难（in the middle），如《韦氏大词典》（Merriam-Webster） 中的例句:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">He was caught in the middle when his parents got divorced.</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">当他父母离婚的时候，他被夹在中间<span style="color: black;">上下</span>为难。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">另外</span>还要指出的是全世界<span style="color: black;">区别</span>国家尽管都有庆祝儿童节的习惯，<span style="color: black;">然则</span>日期却并不相同。我国<span style="color: black;">选取</span>在6月1日庆祝儿童节，美国的儿童节是6月的第二个星期日，英国的儿童节则在7月14日，日本则把儿童节放在3月3日（女儿节）和5月5日（男孩节），联合国规定每年的11月20日是世界儿童节（Universal Children’s Day），用来提醒全世界人们关注和<span style="color: black;">守护</span>儿童的权力和福祉。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">无论是成人还是儿童，内心都要<span style="color: black;">保存</span>一份纯真和童趣，在这个真实的世界中，以一颗纯净的心，简单、纯粹且充满乐趣地生活。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">作者：高昊欣，系上海杉达学院大学英语部副教授；谢玉珍，系上海杉达学院大学英语部讲师</span></p>
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