什么是肿瘤？什么是癌症？有什么区别？一文带您认识
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">▎药明</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">康德内容团队编辑</span></strong></p><span style="color: black;">癌症是一种可怕的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>，有着较高的发病率和死亡率，令人谈癌色变。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">不外</span>，在<span style="color: black;">平常</span>生活中，<strong style="color: blue;">有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>人将肿瘤与癌症相提并论</strong>，认为长了肿瘤，<span style="color: black;">便是</span>患了癌症；</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">亦</span>有<span style="color: black;">有些</span>人认为，恶性肿瘤才是癌症。</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">那事实<span style="color: black;">到底</span>是<span style="color: black;">怎么样</span>的？<strong style="color: blue;">肿瘤与癌症之间，有<span style="color: black;">那些</span>区别和联系呢？</strong>今天，<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>就为<span style="color: black;">大众</span>介绍肿瘤与癌症之间的关系。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">照片</span><span style="color: black;">源自</span>：</span><span style="color: black;">123RF</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">整体而言，肿瘤和癌症既有联系，又有<span style="color: black;">显著</span>区别，两者是不同的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>，并<span style="color: black;">不可</span>混为一谈。简单来讲，<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>用</span><span style="color: black;">几个公式来<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>肿瘤与癌症的关系：</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">肿瘤=良性肿瘤+恶性肿瘤</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">恶性肿瘤=癌+肉瘤</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">恶性肿瘤=癌症</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">肿瘤</strong></span></strong></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">肿瘤是<span style="color: black;">身体</span>细胞分裂、增殖超过正常水平，或是正常<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下应该死亡的细胞却未<span style="color: black;">无</span>死亡，而生长出的一种<span style="color: black;">反常</span>的肿块或赘生物。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>肿瘤的分化程度，以及复发和转移等，<strong style="color: blue;">可分为良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤</strong>。<span style="color: black;">所说</span>分化程度，<span style="color: black;">便是</span>肿瘤细胞跟正常细胞接近的程度，接近程度越高，肿瘤的分化程度<span style="color: black;">亦</span>就越高，良性的可能性就比<span style="color: black;">很强</span>。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>，还有一种肿瘤介于良性和恶性之间，叫做交界性肿瘤。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">良性肿瘤</strong></span></strong></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">良性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">指的是</span><span style="color: black;">哪些</span>停留在原发部位，<strong style="color: blue;">不</strong><strong style="color: blue;">侵入<span style="color: black;">周边</span>组织或身体其他部位的肿瘤</strong>，如子宫肌瘤和皮肤脂肪瘤。<span style="color: black;">一般</span>，良性肿瘤不会转移、扩散到局部结构或身体远处的部位；<span style="color: black;">常常</span>生长缓慢，边界清楚；不会对身体<span style="color: black;">导致</span>很大的<span style="color: black;">害处</span>；手术切除后复发的可能性不大。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">不外</span>，<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">有些</span>特殊类型的良性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">能够</span>转变为恶性肿瘤</strong>，例如，结直肠息肉，<span style="color: black;">必须</span>密切监测，<span style="color: black;">即时</span>手术切除。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/xlFoDVCgSYHz0jXgtKoGDib8dVIHia9Y7CoekQicbtYI2P5tHKWBnM9k6x0ldaup0DWQJEvIAdzQicPny7ibwbXQlWQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">照片</span><span style="color: black;">源自</span>：</span><span style="color: black;">123RF</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">恶性肿瘤</strong></span></strong></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">恶性肿瘤的边界不规则，<strong style="color: blue;">细胞生长<span style="color: black;">快速</span>且不受<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>，可入侵<span style="color: black;">周边</span>组织，并可<span style="color: black;">经过</span>血液或淋巴系统，扩散、转移到身体的其他部位</strong>。</span><span style="color: black;">恶性肿瘤最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的扩散、转移部位是肝脏、肺部、大脑和骨骼。</span><span style="color: black;">恶性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">即时</span>治疗以避免扩散。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">虽然恶性肿瘤比良性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">常常</span>生长得更快，<span style="color: black;">亦</span>更危险，但有些良性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会对人体产生严重<span style="color: black;">损伤</span>，如大脑中的良性肿瘤。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">重视</span>的是，<strong style="color: blue;">有些恶性肿瘤不会形成实体肿瘤</strong>，如白血病。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>肿瘤细胞<span style="color: black;">源自</span>，<strong style="color: blue;">恶性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">能够</span>分为癌和肉瘤</strong>。上皮细胞<span style="color: black;">源自</span>的恶性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为癌；间叶组织<span style="color: black;">源自</span>的恶性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为肉瘤。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">癌</strong></span></strong></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">癌是最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的恶性肿瘤类型，由上皮细胞形成</span></strong><span style="color: black;">。</span><span style="color: black;">上皮细胞是人体表面皮肤或<span style="color: black;">身体</span>腔道表层的细胞，有多种类型，在显微镜下观察时<span style="color: black;">常常</span>呈柱状。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">起源于不同类型上皮细胞的癌，有不同的名<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>，如腺癌、基底细胞癌、鳞状细胞癌等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">腺癌是在产生液体或粘液的上皮细胞中形成的癌</span></strong><span style="color: black;">，<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>这类上皮细胞的组织有时<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为腺组织。大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>乳腺癌、结肠癌和前列腺癌是腺癌。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/xlFoDVCgSYHz0jXgtKoGDib8dVIHia9Y7CxDw39CPs5NSWAoRHZmY7Q3Int9MDawCmIsBwzv3jBib1gic042dpxotQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">照片</span><span style="color: black;">源自</span>：</span><span style="color: black;">123RF</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">基底细胞癌是一种<span style="color: black;">起始</span>于表皮</span></strong><span style="color: black;">（皮肤）</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">下层或基底层的恶性肿瘤</span></strong><span style="color: black;">，是最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的皮肤恶性肿瘤。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">鳞状细胞癌是一种在鳞状细胞中形成的恶性肿瘤</span></strong><span style="color: black;">。鳞状细胞<span style="color: black;">位置于</span>皮肤外表面正下方的上皮细胞；<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">摆列</span>在许多其他器官上，<span style="color: black;">包含</span>胃、肠、肺、膀胱和肾。在显微镜下观察时，鳞状细胞看起来就像鱼鳞。鳞状细胞癌有时<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为表皮样癌。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">移行细胞癌是一种在被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为移行上皮，或尿路上皮的上皮组织中形成的癌症</span></strong><span style="color: black;">。这种组织由多层上皮细胞<span style="color: black;">构成</span>，存在于膀胱、输尿管和部分肾脏（肾盂）以及<span style="color: black;">少许</span>其他器官的内衬中。<span style="color: black;">有些</span>膀胱癌、输尿管癌和肾癌，是移行细胞癌。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">癌的名<span style="color: black;">叫作</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">一般</span>是<span style="color: black;">按照</span>其最初形成的器官或组织来命名的</strong>。例如，肺癌始于肺部细胞，胃癌始于胃部细胞。癌<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>形成它们的细胞类型来命名，例如肺鳞癌、肺腺癌、胃腺癌、胃鳞癌等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/xlFoDVCgSYHz0jXgtKoGDib8dVIHia9Y7CuOOpSl2Z7mBppmBDNPDResmZq0giaXdBYHw8SRFCQJKYXpLRZWdw4Ag/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">照片</span><span style="color: black;">源自</span>：</span><span style="color: black;">123RF</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">肉瘤</strong></span></strong></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">肉瘤是在软骨或软组织的间叶组织中形成的恶性肿瘤</strong></span><span style="color: black;">。软组织<span style="color: black;">包含</span>肌肉、脂肪、血管、淋巴管和纤维组织（如肌腱和韧带）等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">骨肉瘤是最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的软骨恶性肿瘤；而<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的软组织肉瘤类型是平滑肌肉瘤、卡波西肉瘤、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、恶性脂肪肉瘤和隆突性皮肤纤维肉瘤等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">另外</span>，白血病、淋巴瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、黑色素瘤，以及部分脑和脊髓肿瘤，<span style="color: black;">亦</span>属于恶性肿瘤。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/xlFoDVCgSYHz0jXgtKoGDib8dVIHia9Y7CKSdBYM6dxBDXZoZn9tosicicNPUbA5WAUMUQCf3vJXmBA8cbQR45slPg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">照片</span><span style="color: black;">源自</span>：</span><span style="color: black;">123RF</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">人们常用癌症泛指恶性肿瘤，<span style="color: black;">包含</span>癌和肉瘤。</strong></span><span style="color: black;">而人们讲到恶性肿瘤时，<span style="color: black;">常常</span>会省略前面的“恶性”这两个字，只讲“肿瘤”。这<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是<span style="color: black;">为何</span>人们有时候会分不清“癌症”和“肿瘤”这两种名<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>之一。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在<span style="color: black;">平常</span>生活中，<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">大夫</span>说某人患的是癌症，这<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着患的是恶性肿瘤；<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>说长了肿瘤，并不<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着患了癌症，很大可能是良性肿瘤。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">当然，<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">这儿</span>采用了简化的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>，<span style="color: black;">实质</span>上肿瘤的<span style="color: black;">归类</span>和命名还要更加<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>得多。为了便于<span style="color: black;">大众</span>理解，<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>把<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">位置于</span>中间灰色地带的肿瘤类型给省略掉了。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">总而言之，不论是<span style="color: black;">发掘</span><span style="color: black;">身患</span>良性肿瘤还是恶性肿瘤，在<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>后，都应及早治疗，<strong style="color: blue;">防止良性肿瘤发展为恶性肿瘤、恶性肿瘤转移至其他器官</strong>。越早治疗、<span style="color: black;">损伤</span>越少。</span></p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">还吃<span style="color: black;">那样</span>咸吗？<span style="color: black;">小心</span>肺癌<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span></span></a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">40%的成人会患病，血脂<span style="color: black;">反常</span>的<span style="color: black;">平常</span>管理看这篇就够了！</span></a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">哈佛16万人<span style="color: black;">科研</span>：得了糖尿病，与癌症<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>近40%<span style="color: black;">相关</span>，尤其是肝癌</a></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">参考资料</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"> Aisha Patel,(2020). Benign vs Malignant Tumors. JAMA Oncol, DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.2592.</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> Cancer Basics. Retrieved Jun 9 ,2021,from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-basics.html</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> Science Surgery: ‘Are benign tumours different from cancerous tumours?’ . Retrieved Jun 9 ,2021,from https://news.cancerresearchuk.org/2020/03/02/science-surgery-are-benign-tumours-different-from-cancerous-tumours/</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> What Is Cancer? . Retrieved Jun 9 ,2021,from https：//www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">注：</span><span style="color: black;">本文旨在介绍医药健康<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span>，不是治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>。</span><span style="color: black;">如需<span style="color: black;">得到</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span><span style="color: black;">指点</span>，请前往正规医院就诊。</span></p>
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