疾患百科全书|结肠癌
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结肠癌,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为大肠癌。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结肠癌<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>结肠内的组织层中<span style="color: black;">反常</span>细胞不受<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>地生长。结肠是消化道的一部分。它有五英尺长,构<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>大肠的大部分,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>叫大肠。在<span style="color: black;">食品</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>身体的路径中,结肠在小肠之后,在直肠之前。结肠吸收水分和盐分,形成粪便,并排出<span style="color: black;">身体</span>的废物。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结肠和直肠的癌症有时被<span style="color: black;">一块</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为「结肠直肠癌」。在本文中,它们将被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为「结肠癌」。WHO国际癌症<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">公司</span><span style="color: black;">颁布</span>的2020年<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>最新癌症<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>的数据<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,全世界有超过193万人被新确诊为结直肠癌,占<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>新确诊癌症人数的9.7%。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结肠中的腺体产生粘液并润滑结肠和直肠的内壁。大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>结肠癌是腺癌,它们从形成这些腺体的细胞<span style="color: black;">起始</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>结肠癌病例<span style="color: black;">起始</span>于某些类型的良性息肉的发展,这些息肉被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为腺瘤,是突入肠腔的手指状生长物。这些息肉在50岁以上的人中比较<span style="color: black;">平常</span>,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>保持良性。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结肠腺瘤有不同程度的癌变<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。一个人<span style="color: black;">持有</span>的腺瘤的类型、<span style="color: black;">体积</span>和数量决定了后续测试和/或治疗的类型和程度。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">一旦息肉<span style="color: black;">出现</span>癌变,它<span style="color: black;">能够</span>侵入结肠组织并扩散到身体的其他部位(转移)。它们形成的肿瘤有时会在肠道内<span style="color: black;">导致</span>堵塞,阻碍粪便的排出。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在2020年,中国有超过55万人新患结直肠癌,占中国新确诊癌症人数的12.2%。值得<span style="color: black;">重视</span>的是女性结直肠癌的死亡人数仅次于肺癌,已<span style="color: black;">作为</span>中国女性癌症死亡的第二大<span style="color: black;">原由</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,深入<span style="color: black;">认识</span>结直肠癌的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>新<span style="color: black;">发展</span>,对结直肠癌的早诊断、早治疗、早预防<span style="color: black;">拥有</span><span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">道理</span>。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结肠癌的确切<span style="color: black;">原由</span>尚不清楚,但<span style="color: black;">危害</span>随着年龄、<span style="color: black;">过重</span>或<span style="color: black;">肥壮</span>以及身体其他部位癌症的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>而<span style="color: black;">增多</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其他<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>的例子<span style="color: black;">包含</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ 遗传:有患结肠癌或多发性息肉的家族成员;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ <span style="color: black;">膳食</span>:高脂肪和肉类<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>是一个<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>,<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是结合<span style="color: black;">无</span>吃足够的<span style="color: black;">果蔬</span>、蔬菜和/或高纤维<span style="color: black;">食品</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ 生活方式:这些<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>吸烟、过量饮酒和缺乏<span style="color: black;">定时</span><span style="color: black;">熬炼</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ <span style="color: black;">身患</span>溃疡性结肠炎,这是一种炎症性肠病;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ <span style="color: black;">身患</span>2型糖尿病;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ 有结肠癌和/或高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>癌前息肉的个人病史(见测试下的<span style="color: black;">增多</span>和高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>);</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ <span style="color: black;">身患</span>一种罕见的遗传性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为家族性腺瘤性息肉病(FAP):这<span style="color: black;">引起</span>良性息肉在生命<span style="color: black;">初期</span>发展,除非切除结肠,否则几乎所有受影响的人都会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>癌症;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ <span style="color: black;">身患</span>一种叫做林奇<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>的遗传<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>(遗传性非息肉病结肠癌或HNPCC)。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结肠癌的发展经常不产生<span style="color: black;">初期</span>的迹象或症状。随着病情的发展,会<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">有些</span>症状和体征,如:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ 腹泻、便秘、大便比平时狭窄,或其他<span style="color: black;">连续</span>10天或以上的排便习惯变化;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ 直肠<span style="color: black;">流血</span>,大便带血(鲜红或深色);</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ 感觉到<span style="color: black;">必须</span>排便,但排便后不消失;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ <span style="color: black;">没</span>法解释的缺铁性贫血;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ 腹痛和下腹部触痛;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ 腹部不适(频繁的气痛、腹胀、饱胀和痉挛);</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ 不明<span style="color: black;">原由</span>的体重减轻;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ <span style="color: black;">连续</span>疲倦。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这些迹象和症状可能<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>癌症或其他<span style="color: black;">有些</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>的。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>这些迹象和症状,<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的是要与<span style="color: black;">大夫</span><span style="color: black;">交流</span>,即使<span style="color: black;">无</span>任何迹象或症状,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>要对结肠癌进行筛查。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>能<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>并切除<span style="color: black;">引起</span>癌症的息肉,结肠癌<span style="color: black;">常常</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>预防。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>结肠癌被<span style="color: black;">初期</span>发现,高达90%的病例是<span style="color: black;">能够</span>治愈的。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2017年,美国大肠癌多社会工作组(MSTF)<span style="color: black;">颁布</span>了<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>癌前息肉和结肠癌的筛查指南。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">美国癌症协会(ACS)在2018年更新了<span style="color: black;">她们</span>的指南,美国预防服务工作组(USPSTF)在2021年<span style="color: black;">颁布</span>了更新的<span style="color: black;">意见</span>。虽然MSTF<span style="color: black;">意见</span>结肠癌平均<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的人在50岁<span style="color: black;">起始</span>筛查,但ACS和USPSTF<span style="color: black;">意见</span>结肠癌筛查从45岁<span style="color: black;">起始</span>。应与您的保健<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>讨论<span style="color: black;">各样</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">筛查<span style="color: black;">方法</span>可分为两类:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ 全面或部分结构<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结肠本身,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>癌症和癌前病变的息肉;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ 对粪便样本进行实验室测试,检测可能由现有癌症<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的血液,或检测粪便中脱落的癌细胞。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这些筛查<span style="color: black;">方法</span>的另一个区别是,直接<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,如乙状结肠镜和结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,<span style="color: black;">准许</span>在<span style="color: black;">检测</span>时切除息肉。所有其他的<span style="color: black;">检测</span>都<span style="color: black;">必要</span>在做完另一个手术后<span style="color: black;">才可</span>切除任何可疑的生长物。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">MSTF<span style="color: black;">按照</span>筛查效果将筛查测试分为三个等级。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">一级<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,这些是首选的<span style="color: black;">检测</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ 每10年一次的结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>应该是<span style="color: black;">供给</span>给病人的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ <span style="color: black;">倘若</span>结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>被拒绝,则每年<span style="color: black;">供给</span>一次粪便免疫化学<span style="color: black;">实验</span>(FIT)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">二级<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,与一级<span style="color: black;">检测</span>相比,这些<span style="color: black;">检测</span>有<span style="color: black;">有些</span>缺点:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ 每5年一次的计算机断层结肠造影(CTC);</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ 每3年进行一次FIT-DNA组合粪便<span style="color: black;">检测</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ 每5~10年进行一次柔性乙状结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">三级<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,胶囊结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,每5年一次,吞下一个维生素<span style="color: black;">体积</span>的胶囊,里面有一个<span style="color: black;">没</span>线摄像头,在穿过消化道时传送<span style="color: black;">照片</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">关于这种测试还<span style="color: black;">无</span>足够的证据,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>广泛<span style="color: black;">运用</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>MSTF把它放在一个较低的类别。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">美国癌症协会并<span style="color: black;">无</span>优先<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>某种特定的测试,而是<span style="color: black;">举荐</span><span style="color: black;">以上</span>相同的筛查<span style="color: black;">机会</span>,这取决于<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>哪种测试。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2016年,加拿大预防保健工作组(CTFPHC)<span style="color: black;">颁布</span>了结肠癌筛查<span style="color: black;">意见</span>,部分<span style="color: black;">意见</span>与美国组不同。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ CTFPHC<span style="color: black;">意见</span>50至74岁的成年人每2年进行一次基于愈创木的粪便隐血<span style="color: black;">实验</span>(gFOBT)或FIT筛查,或每10年进行一次柔性乙状结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ CTFPHC<span style="color: black;">意见</span>不要<span style="color: black;">运用</span>结肠镜进行初筛。然而,与美国预防服务工作组<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,CTFPHC<span style="color: black;">意见</span>不要对75岁及以上的成年人进行筛查。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4.1、针对<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>或高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群的筛查</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结肠癌<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>或高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的人可能被<span style="color: black;">意见</span>在50岁之前就<span style="color: black;">起始</span>筛查。<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">意见</span>进行结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>它是最准确和彻底的。<span style="color: black;">另一</span>,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>高危人群的筛查间隔比<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>的人要短(如每1~2年一次,而不是每10年一次)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">另外</span>,经过筛查<span style="color: black;">发掘</span><span style="color: black;">身患</span>结肠癌或高危癌前息肉的人<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>更频繁的复查,<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">最少</span>每3年一次。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">例如,MSTF指南<span style="color: black;">意见</span>对有3-10个小管状腺瘤以及有1个或<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>高危息肉(即绒毛状特征,直径大于10毫米的管状腺瘤或锯齿状<span style="color: black;">没</span>柄息肉,或任何<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>非常不典型特征的息肉,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为高等级<span style="color: black;">生长</span>不良)的人加强监测。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">另一方面,<span style="color: black;">哪些</span>在结肠中有1~2个小的(<span style="color: black;">少于</span>10毫米)管状腺瘤的人<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在正常的间隔时间(即每10年)进行重新筛查。另一种<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的息肉,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为增生性息肉,不觉得会<span style="color: black;">增多</span>结肠癌的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4.2、针对平均<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群的筛查</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">MSTF<span style="color: black;">意见</span><span style="color: black;">拥有</span>结肠癌平均<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的人在50岁时<span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">定时</span>筛查,非裔美国人从45岁<span style="color: black;">起始</span>。ACS和USPSTF<span style="color: black;">意见</span>所有平均<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的人在45岁<span style="color: black;">起始</span>筛查。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">下表总结了<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>的筛查项目:</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/80/v2-19f6ac128c9b272c99cfdf4c405fc47a_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">除了筛查测试外,保健<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>还<span style="color: black;">能够</span>进行数字直肠<span style="color: black;">检测</span>(DRE),用戴着手套的手指来感受直肠肿块。然而,大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>结肠癌都超出了DRE的检测范围。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>以外的其他<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结果提示有息肉或癌症,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>要进行结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,以<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">全部</span>结肠并切除息肉或潜在的癌症区域。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/80/v2-b9805e9e92590c0c84720ea7876caf43_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5.1、活组织<span style="color: black;">检测</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>在结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>中<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>一个或多个息肉,则将其切除。这<span style="color: black;">能够</span>防止任何可能的癌前息肉变成癌症。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">取出的任何样本(活检)<span style="color: black;">一般</span>由病理学家在显微镜下<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。不同类型的息肉在显微镜下看起来有所不同。在<span style="color: black;">检测</span>过程中,病理学家会确定<span style="color: black;">有些</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>,如息肉的类型以及它是癌前病变还是癌症。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>该组织是癌症,下一步<span style="color: black;">便是</span>确定<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的<span style="color: black;">周期</span>(或程度)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">治疗将部分取决于结肠癌的「<span style="color: black;">周期</span>」,它是<span style="color: black;">按照</span>结肠癌从其原始部位扩散的程度来<span style="color: black;">归类</span>的。结肠癌的分期系统在世界不同地区有所不同,有些<span style="color: black;">运用</span>字母而不是数字。一个用于描述结肠癌分期的常用系统是:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ 0期:结肠或直肠最内层的极<span style="color: black;">初期</span>癌症(原位癌)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ Ⅰ期:肿瘤在结肠内层,但<span style="color: black;">无</span>长过结肠壁</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ Ⅱ期:肿瘤在结肠外层和/或<span style="color: black;">周边</span>组织,但未扩散到淋巴结</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ Ⅲ期:肿瘤已扩散到淋巴结,但未扩散到身体的远处器官</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">✔ Ⅳ期:肿瘤<span style="color: black;">已然</span>扩散到远处的器官,如肺部、骨骼或肝脏(转移)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5.2、癌胚抗原(CEA)测试</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">需求</span>进行癌胚抗原(CEA)的实验室测试,以<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>进行分期。这种蛋白质在许多结肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中<span style="color: black;">增多</span>,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>血液水平<span style="color: black;">一般</span>与<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的<span style="color: black;">周期</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>。癌胚抗原测试<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可用于<span style="color: black;">评定</span>手术或其他治疗的成功率。这种血液<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">不消</span>于诊断结肠癌。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5.3、KRAS、BRAF和/或NRAS基因突变测试</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">检测肿瘤组织中KRAS、BRAF和/或NRAS基因突变的测试可用于<span style="color: black;">指点</span>癌症治疗和<span style="color: black;">评定</span>转移性结肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的预后。某些突变的存在<span style="color: black;">显示</span>,抗EGFR<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗,如西妥昔单抗和帕尼单抗,将<span style="color: black;">不可</span>有效治疗癌症,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>预后可能较差。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5.4、错配修复(MMR)和微卫星不稳定性(MSI)检测</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">错配修复(MMR)和微卫星不稳定性(MSI)检测<span style="color: black;">能够</span>对肿瘤组织进行基因检测,以确定癌细胞<span style="color: black;">可否</span>有错配修复基因的变化和高水平的基因变化。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">测试可用于<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span><span style="color: black;">指点</span>治疗。所有结肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中<span style="color: black;">大概</span>15%,与林奇<span style="color: black;">综合症</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>的结肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中90%有微卫星不稳定性。<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">显示</span>,<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>微卫星不稳定的肿瘤比<span style="color: black;">无</span>微卫星不稳定的肿瘤预后更好,但微卫星不稳定的肿瘤可能对某些化疗<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>反应。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5.5、septin 9基因测试</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span>正在<span style="color: black;">科研</span>将病人血液中的septin 9基因<span style="color: black;">做为</span>结直肠癌(CRC)的潜在标志物。<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">显示</span>,当一个人血液中的septin 9基因「超甲基化」水平高于正常甲基化的septin 9基因时,患CRC的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>更高。(甲基化<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为甲基的化合物被添加到基因中)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">不<span style="color: black;">意见</span>将septin 9检测<span style="color: black;">做为</span>CRC筛查的常规手段。然而,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>向不同意进行<span style="color: black;">第1</span>级或第二级CRC筛查的病人<span style="color: black;">供给</span>septin 9测试。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>级<span style="color: black;">检测</span>是每10年一次的结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>或每年一次的粪便免疫化学<span style="color: black;">实验</span>(FIT)。第二级测试<span style="color: black;">包含</span>每5年一次的CT结肠造影,每3年一次的FIT-DNA测试,或每5至10年一次的柔性乙状结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/80/v2-d6dd490ef3c80a13d348b5722f015b49_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">所有<span style="color: black;">周期</span>的结肠癌<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>手术切除癌症,可能还有<span style="color: black;">有些</span><span style="color: black;">周边</span>的组织,在某些<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下还有淋巴结。其他治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span>可能<span style="color: black;">包含</span>化疗和/或放疗,这些治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span>可能被添加进来以<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>杀死任何剩余的癌细胞。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">靶向治疗是一种相对较新的治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,它<span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>来靶向<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>细胞生长和成熟的特定蛋白质。功能失调的蛋白质可能<span style="color: black;">引起</span>癌症不受<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>的生长。例如,西妥昔单抗和帕尼单抗等<span style="color: black;">药品</span>攻击表皮生长因子受体(EGFR),像<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的靶向治疗<span style="color: black;">常常</span>比标准化疗的副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>要小。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">免疫疗法<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是相对较新的疗法,可用于治疗<span style="color: black;">有些</span>晚期结肠癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。免疫疗法的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>是<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>病人<span style="color: black;">自己</span>的免疫系统更有效地识别和杀死癌细胞。</p>
我深感你的理解与共鸣,愿对话长流。 期待楼主的下一次分享!”
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