【地形地理】 各样地形图知识点总结大全，这些山脉的地理功效
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">地形图</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">一</span>.绝对高度和相对高度</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q2.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240424/9cba5017986f4ccc8635e7af8c30537b.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q8.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240424/2a3edc6397034864a544cde62737619d.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1.绝对高度：</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">指的是海拔，指地面某个地点高出海平面的垂直距离。图中甲点的绝对高度为</span>2500<span style="color: black;">米，乙点的绝对高度为</span>1000<span style="color: black;">米，丙点的绝对高度为</span>1800<span style="color: black;">米，丁点的绝对高度为</span>-500<span style="color: black;">米。</span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2.相对高度：</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">指地面某个地点高出另一个地点的垂直距离。图中甲乙的相对高度为</span>1500<span style="color: black;">米，乙丙的相对高度为</span>800<span style="color: black;">米，丙丁的相对高度为</span>2300<span style="color: black;">米。</span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">二</span>.等高线地形图</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1.定义：</span></strong><span style="color: black;">地图上高程相等的各相邻点所连成的闭合曲线。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">2.特点：</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q9.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240424/715f058ce12e4ed1a473cc5c1a51fdb8.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3.地形部位</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q0.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240424/9f33cdac80f14314adb58c453a31e5b3.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q5.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240424/70cef76797c94b5c89dde57abbac026d.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q8.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240424/4e55921be463458f83683b2fafa9ce4b.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q2.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240424/60d34088cfb34fe398201c60487d6450.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">【<span style="color: black;">弥补</span>】示坡线—为垂直于等高线的短线，且由海拔高处指向低处。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">.</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">特殊地形的等高线地形图</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">由于</span>专注<span style="color: black;">因此</span>专业</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">优秀</span>内容值得传播</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>转发评论留言</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">欢迎标注<span style="color: black;">源自</span>转载</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">）火山口等高线地形图</span></strong><span style="color: black;">：火山口它<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">位置于</span>火山的顶端，是一个圆形<span style="color: black;">凹地</span>。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">①示坡线<span style="color: black;">暗示</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q1.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240424/66bcd6d2656441c6aeab8e4ce988b452.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">②数值<span style="color: black;">暗示</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q4.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240424/2274983c1b51402687d9ff6ebf40770c.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">（</span>2）冲积扇地形图</span></strong><span style="color: black;">：冲积扇像个大的山脊，但在河流经过的<span style="color: black;">地区</span>，又<span style="color: black;">能够</span>看到小的山谷。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q9.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240424/c3974773917846488e343233c5be5a4e.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">（</span>3）沙丘等高线地形图</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">：沙丘是在风力<span style="color: black;">功效</span>下由沙粒聚成的沙堆。迎风坡凸而平缓</span><span style="color: black;">，背风坡凹而较陡。</span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q5.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240424/6afc61bd732845c6b10802eecdc6bf38.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">（</span>4）风蚀蘑菇等高线地形图</span></strong><span style="color: black;">：在等高线地形图中蘑菇石基座因被高处蘑菇石遮挡，用虚线<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>，而高处则用实线<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q7.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240424/0c35d307756341e7be446715e5272530.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">（</span>5）峡谷等高线地形图</span></strong><span style="color: black;">：两山脊间的狭窄部分，是修建水库的最好选址。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q4.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240424/01740969480a471bae09ef2d15eeb029.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">（</span>6）岱崮地貌等高线地形图</span></strong><span style="color: black;">：在等高线地形图中崮顶等高线稀疏，外围为陡崖（等高线上标有示坡线），向山麓过渡等高线由密集变稀疏。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q6.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240424/ab24a918360e4608b9ccb245f0329f2e.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">7</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">）地上河等高线地形图</span></strong><span style="color: black;">：在地上河等高线图中表现为河道整体部分等高线向低海拔处凸出，而河床处等高线则向高海拔处凸出。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">8</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">）梯田等高线地形图</span></strong><span style="color: black;">：表现为梯田田埂处等高线较密，田面平坦，等高线稀疏。等高线平行，稀疏分组<span style="color: black;">显著</span>，海拔较低，等高距较小。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q3.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240424/d39764149a154bb187bf40741feb4ab6.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">4.</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">两条等高线之间闭合处等高线高度的确定</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>两个点的海拔范围都是一个范围，则应先把两点的数值范围用大于号或<span style="color: black;">少于</span>号<span style="color: black;">摆列</span>，<span style="color: black;">而后</span>同是大于号或<span style="color: black;">少于</span>号的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上，对角相减就能得到两点的相对高度范围，如下图：</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q1.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240424/e0989134c0074a05826b9940d28611f0.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">300米＜A＜400米，100米＜B＜200米，则100米＜A-B＜300米。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">5.陡崖处高度的计算<span style="color: black;">办法</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span>从图中读出在陡崖处重合的等高线中最大值</span>(H</span><span style="color: black;">大</span><span style="color: black;">)、最小值(H</span><span style="color: black;">小</span><span style="color: black;">)、<span style="color: black;">等高距</span>d和重合的等高线的条数n。如图，H</span><span style="color: black;">大</span><span style="color: black;">=400米,H</span><span style="color: black;">小</span><span style="color: black;">=100米，d=100米，n=4，则:</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q9.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240424/13ce9b7d5fa54598ab5983b25d051889.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">（</span>1）陡崖最大海拔（H</span><span style="color: black;">最大</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">）：</span>H</span><span style="color: black;">大</span><span style="color: black;">≤H</span><span style="color: black;">最大</span><span style="color: black;"><h< span><span style="color: black;">大</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">十</span>d</span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">（</span>2）<span style="color: black;">陡崖最小海拔</span>(H</span><span style="color: black;">最小</span><span style="color: black;">) <span style="color: black;">：</span>H</span><span style="color: black;">小</span><span style="color: black;">-d<h< span><span style="color: black;">最小</span><span style="color: black;">≤H</span><span style="color: black;">小</span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">（</span>3）陡崖的相对高度（H</span><span style="color: black;">相</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">）：</span>(n-1)d≤H</span><span style="color: black;">相</span><span style="color: black;"><(n+1)d </span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">6.</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">两条等高线之间闭合处等高线高度的确定</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">位置于</span>两条等高线之间的闭合区域，<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>其值与两侧等高线中的较低值相等，则闭合区域内的海拔<span style="color: black;">小于</span>其等高线的值</span>;<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>闭合等高线的值与两侧等高线中的较高值相等，则闭合区域内的海拔高于其等高线的值<span style="color: black;">，即</span>“</span><span style="color: black;">大于大的，<span style="color: black;">少于</span>小的</span><span style="color: black;">”<span style="color: black;">。<span style="color: black;">详细</span>如图所示</span>:</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q7.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240424/8a519d3c7cbc40bd9876ba54b1d26aff.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（1）“<span style="color: black;">少于</span>小的”：0米<A<100米。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（2）“大于大的”：300米>B>200米。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">7</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">.</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">判断坡度大小的<span style="color: black;">办法</span></span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">（</span>1）</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">同一等高线地形图上坡度的<span style="color: black;">体积</span></span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在同一等高线地形图上，等高线分布越密集，则坡度越大，即坡越陡;等高线越稀疏，则坡度越小，即坡越缓。可<span style="color: black;">按照</span>“坡度=垂直（相对）高度/水平距离”来确定。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">（</span>2）</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">不同等高线地形图上坡度的<span style="color: black;">体积</span></span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">①比例尺和等高距相同，则看等高线的疏密程度，等高线越密集，坡度越大;等高线越稀疏，坡度越小。例如，下图中(比例尺相同，数值单位: m)的坡度由大到小的<span style="color: black;">次序</span>为: C>A>D>B。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">②比例尺相同，等高距不同，则相同的水平范围等高距越大,坡度越大;等高距越小，坡度越小。例如，下图中(比例尺相同,数值单位: m)的坡度由大到小的<span style="color: black;">次序</span>为: B>D>A>C。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">③比例尺不同，等高距相同，则比例尺越大，坡度越大;比例尺越小，坡度越小。例如，下 图中的坡度由大到小的<span style="color: black;">次序</span>为:A>C>D>B。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">8.</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">等高线地形图的<span style="color: black;">实质</span>运用</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">（</span>1）</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">选</span>“点”设计:</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">①水库的坝址:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">a：坝址应选在等高线密集的河流峡谷处，<span style="color: black;">由于</span>该处筑坝工程量小，且地势落差大。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">b：库区宜选在河谷、山谷地区，或“口袋”形的<span style="color: black;">凹地</span>或小盆地，以<span style="color: black;">保准</span>有<span style="color: black;">很强</span>的集水面积和库容。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">②港口的选址:避风的海湾;避开含沙量大的河流(<span style="color: black;">以避免</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>航道淤塞)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">③<span style="color: black;">宿营地的选址</span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">a：宿营地应避开河谷、河岸，以避开暴雨<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的山洪。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">b：避开陡崖、陡坡,以防崩塌、落石<span style="color: black;">导致</span><span style="color: black;">损伤</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">c：应在地势较高的缓坡或较平坦的鞍部宿营。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">④疗养院的选址:应建在地势坡度较缓、气候适宜、空气清新<span style="color: black;">地区</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">⑤航空港应建在等高线稀疏的<span style="color: black;">地区</span>,<span style="color: black;">需求</span>地势平坦开阔、坡度适当、易排水,还要地质<span style="color: black;">前提</span>好;<span style="color: black;">重视</span>盛行风向;与城市保持适当的距离等等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">⑥气象站应建在地势较高、地形开阔的<span style="color: black;">地区</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">（</span>2）</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">选</span>“线”设计</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">①如公路、铁路线的设计，其基本<span style="color: black;">需求</span>是:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">a：利用有利的地形地势，<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>路线短、坡度平缓、少过河建桥，以降低施工难度和建设成本。通往山顶的公路,<span style="color: black;">常常</span>需建盘山路(下图中公路选线为①)</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">b：避免<span style="color: black;">经过</span>高寒区、沙漠区、沼泽地、永久冻土区、地下溶洞区等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">②引水线路的选“线”，路线尽可能短，<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span>避免<span style="color: black;">经过</span>山脉、大河，<span style="color: black;">同期</span>自流比较适宜等。（下图中<span style="color: black;">选取</span>④线）</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">③输油、输气线路选址：路线尽可能短，<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span>避免<span style="color: black;">经过</span>山脉、大河等，以降低施工难度和建设成本。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">（</span>3）</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">选</span>“面”</span></strong><span style="color: black;">:<span style="color: black;">包含</span>城市规划、居民区、农业、工业区、<span style="color: black;">各样</span><span style="color: black;">研发</span>区等。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">①如工业区宜建在地形较为平坦开阔的地形区，且交通便利，水源充足，资源丰富。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">②居民区应<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>:依山傍水，靠近水源;地势平坦开阔地向阳地带; 交通便利，远离污染源等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">四</span>.地形剖面图</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1.画法</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（1）确定剖面的方向，画出剖面基线AB。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（2）确定垂直比例尺，垂直比例尺<span style="color: black;">通常</span>是原图的5、<span style="color: black;">十、</span>15、20倍，倍数越大，起伏越<span style="color: black;">显著</span>。水平比例尺与原图一致。在原图的下面绘水平线MN,按水平比例尺的<span style="color: black;">体积</span>定出剖面范围为横坐标，按垂直比例尺的<span style="color: black;">体积</span>，绘出纵坐标。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（3）点出剖面基线AB与等高线的交点，并从每一个交点向MN线上引垂线，并交于相应的海拔高度线上。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（4）用平滑曲线把垂线与海拔高度线的交点相连，即得AB剖面线的地形剖面图。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">重视</span>：连接海拔相等的相邻两点时要<span style="color: black;">重视</span>分析等高线图上原两点间的地势高低走势及两点间的海拔高度，从而做到准确平滑过渡。（<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>在相同点的中间取一个点，找出的范围，<span style="color: black;">而后</span>引垂线，止于对应的海拔范围）</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2.</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">各样</span>地形的剖面示意图</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（</span>1）山峰</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（</span>2）<span style="color: black;">凹地</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（</span>3）山脊</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（</span>4）山谷</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">（</span>5）鞍部</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（</span>6）峡谷</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3.</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">地形剖面图中剖面线的判定<span style="color: black;">办法</span></span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">4.</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">剖面图的判读与应用</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">（</span>1）</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">确定<span style="color: black;">可否</span>通视</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">：通视问题可<span style="color: black;">经过</span>作地形剖面图来<span style="color: black;">处理</span>。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>过已知两地作的地形剖面图<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>物</span>(<span style="color: black;">如山地或山脊</span>)阻挡，则两地可互相通视。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">①“凹形坡”与“凸形坡”对通视的影响。从山顶向四周，等高线先密后疏，为“凹形坡”，可通视；等高线先疏后密，为“凸形坡”，“凸形坡”容易挡住人们的视线。见下图。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">②<span style="color: black;">有时仅看两地的</span>“凹凸坡”<span style="color: black;">不可</span>确定视野<span style="color: black;">状况</span>。<span style="color: black;">由于</span>两地之间可能有山脊存在，这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下，“凹形坡”<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>通视，如下图中A地<span style="color: black;">不可</span>看到B地。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（2）判定河流流向：受河流侵蚀<span style="color: black;">功效</span>影响，上游横剖面图上河谷呈“V”形；下游堆积<span style="color: black;">功效</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>，横剖面图上河谷呈“U”形。由此可判定河流上下游关系及河流流向。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">五</span>.分层设色地形图</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1.颜色</span></strong><span style="color: black;">：海洋用蓝色，平原用绿色，低山丘陵用黄色，山地和高原用棕褐色浅紫色<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>积雪、冰川。在不同的等深线之间，用分层设色法着上深浅不同的蓝色，<span style="color: black;">能够</span>用来<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>海底的深度。在不同的等高线之间，绿色越浓，<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>地势越低；棕褐色越深，<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>地势越高；雪线以上的地区<span style="color: black;">一般</span>用白色<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2.间距</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">：分层设色地形图<span style="color: black;">不消</span>遵守</span>“等距”原理，两条线之间的间隔<span style="color: black;">能够</span>是不同的，而黑白的等高线图、等温线图等都<span style="color: black;">必须</span>是“等距”的，相邻的两条线之间的间隔都是<span style="color: black;">同样</span>的。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">.</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">道理</span></span></strong><span style="color: black;">：分层设色地形图的立体感强，它既能<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>海拔，又能<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>相对高度，<span style="color: black;">因此</span>它既能<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>地势，又能在<span style="color: black;">必定</span>程度上<span style="color: black;">暗示</span><span style="color: black;">各样</span>地形类型。分层设色地形图上<span style="color: black;">各样</span>颜色<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>的高度范围，<span style="color: black;">能够</span>查看图上所附的等高线分层设色表</span><span style="color: black;">。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">祁连山</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（1）地势：地势<span style="color: black;">1、</span>二级阶梯的分界线</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（2）地形区：青藏高与内蒙古高原的分界线</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（3）温度带：青藏高寒气候区与暖温带的分界线</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（4）气候类型：青藏高原、高山气候区与温带大陆性气候的分界线。</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（5）自然分区：青藏高寒区与西北干旱半干旱区的分界线</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">祁连山<span style="color: black;">位置于</span>甘肃和青海境内，是两省的界山，东起乌鞘岭，西止当金山口与阿尔金山相接，东西长约1000<span style="color: black;">千米</span>，南北宽约300<span style="color: black;">千米</span>。海拔<span style="color: black;">通常</span>在4000—5300米，4000米以上的山地面积占<span style="color: black;">全部</span>山区的三分之一，<span style="color: black;">高挑</span>的山峰截住了气流和云团，在高山<span style="color: black;">生长</span>了众多的雪山和冰川。祁连山脉是我国地势的<span style="color: black;">1、</span>二阶分界线，即河西走廊、黄土高原和青藏高原。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1）高山上的冰川是西部干旱区宝贵水资源的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">源自</span>。祁连山北坡流向河西走廊的河流形<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>石羊河水系、黑河水系、北大河水系、疏勒河水系和党河水系。这些水系<span style="color: black;">亦</span>养育了河西走廊的绿洲和人口，是河西走廊灌溉农业的<span style="color: black;">保证</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2）祁连山东部阻挡了来自太平洋的东南季风的水汽降雨丰富。东部生长着茂密的森林，向西森林<span style="color: black;">起始</span>减少，形<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>三段各不相同的景观，即森林、草原、荒漠。中段草原丰盛，<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>是我国<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的牧区。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3）在垂直方向上，<span style="color: black;">亦</span>形<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>各具特点的垂直自然带：高山上白雪皑皑，山坡上森林茂盛，山间谷地里河水流淌、草原密布。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4）祁连山像是一座伸进西部干旱区的湿岛，阻挡了沙漠的西侵、南侵。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>祁连山森林、草原、湿地的复合生态系统，<span style="color: black;">增多</span>降水、涵养水源、改善气候，才有效阻止三大沙漠南侵，</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">它的北边是戈壁和沙漠（北山戈壁和巴丹吉林沙漠），南边有柴达木干旱盆地，西边是库姆塔格沙漠，东边有黄土高原。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">5）祁连山<span style="color: black;">生长</span>的河流<span style="color: black;">亦</span>为河西走廊绿洲的<span style="color: black;">生长</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>了土壤<span style="color: black;">前提</span>。夏季洪流携带泥沙在山前沉积，形成肥沃的冲积扇。谭老师地理工作室综合整理</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">阴山</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（1）季风区与非季风区的分界线</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（2）温带季风气候与温带大陆性气候的分界线</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">（3）内、外流区域的分界线</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">阴山山脉是古老的断块山，南坡山势陡峭，北坡则较为平缓，山脉的平均海拔高度在1500至2300米之间。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1）夏季，阴山南坡<span style="color: black;">高挑</span>山体阻挡了来自海洋的湿润气流，南坡<span style="color: black;">作为</span>迎风坡，北坡<span style="color: black;">作为</span>背风坡，使得南坡降水量<span style="color: black;">显著</span>大于北坡；山地降水较多，森林植被涵养水源，<span style="color: black;">增多</span>地下水补给；<span style="color: black;">亦</span>为河套平原<span style="color: black;">供给</span>了<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的水源；阴山南北气候差异<span style="color: black;">明显</span>,是草原与荒漠草原的分界线。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2）冬春季，阴山阻挡了来自蒙古、西伯利亚的寒潮，使得阴山南坡城市年均温<span style="color: black;">显著</span>高于阴山北坡；减少寒潮对南部的河套平原农作物受冻害的威胁；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3）山脉阻挡，利于减缓北部沙漠入侵，<span style="color: black;">守护</span>耕地；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4）夏季暴雨使河流径流增大，侵蚀能力加强，河流含沙量增大，其携带物质便呈扇形铺散沉积下来，形成洪积扇；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">5）阴山东西走向，<span style="color: black;">因为</span>山脉阻挡，改变黄河流向，使流速减慢，泥沙沉积，形成肥沃的冲积平原，<span style="color: black;">作为</span>“塞上米粮川”。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">6）阴山南坡山岳形态<span style="color: black;">明显</span>，与土默川平原相连，而北坡坡度较缓，<span style="color: black;">最后</span>嵌入内蒙古高原，<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>其是内蒙古高原与土默川平原的分界线，阻碍了南北两侧的联系，而其中的沟谷却<span style="color: black;">作为</span>南北两侧经济交流的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>通道</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">贺兰山</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">200毫米等降水量线</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">半干旱区与干旱区界线</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">季风气候区与非季风气候区的分界线</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">外流区和内流区的界线</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">内蒙古温带草原地区与西北温带及暖温带荒漠地区的界线</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">贺兰山又<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>阿拉善山，南北走向；是宁夏回族自治区和内蒙古自治区的界山。西部贺兰山海拔1400米以上，其最高峰海拔3566米；贺兰山东麓海拔1122—1400米。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1）贺兰山东侧夏受夏季风影响，西太平洋水汽受贺兰山东麓地形阻挡，多降水。东侧削弱了东南季风潮湿气流的西进；<span style="color: black;">作为</span>我国草原与荒漠的分界线。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2）西侧阻挡了西北高寒气流的东袭，为宁夏平原农业生产<span style="color: black;">供给</span>更好的热量<span style="color: black;">前提</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3）阻挡风沙和寒流东侵的生态屏障<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。、贺兰山的西部和北部分别为腾格里大沙漠与乌兰布和大沙漠，东部为银川平原。贺兰山阻挡了风沙的东侵，有效<span style="color: black;">守护</span>银川平原免受风沙之苦，<span style="color: black;">亦</span>减缓了西北和华北的沙化过程。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4）东侧山地降水多，森林植被丰富，蓄积水源和保持水土的生态涵养<span style="color: black;">功效</span>强，为宁夏平原<span style="color: black;">供给</span><span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的地下水。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">5）夏季暴雨使河流径流量大，河流含沙量增大，携带泥沙在山前形成冲积扇，为宁夏平原带来肥沃土壤；</span></p>
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