fny5jt9 发表于 2024-8-9 18:43:39

为啥有些昆虫兴趣光？有灯就能“诱”虫吗？


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">文图 / 侯永翔（华南农业大学）</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">本文来自《知识<span style="color: black;">便是</span>力量》杂志</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">生物对外界刺激作出反应，是它们求生的本能。这些能力在植物中被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为向性，在动物中被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为趋性。<span style="color: black;">专家</span>们<span style="color: black;">能够</span>凭借<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的趋性对昆虫进行诱集，从而<span style="color: black;">有效</span>获取<span style="color: black;">科研</span>材料。其中，灯诱是一种较为<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的方式，<span style="color: black;">到底</span>灯光下藏着什么玄机呢？</span></span></p>
    <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d4f0b896b37b48eb95ad73df257c0888~noop.image?_iz=58558&amp;from=article.pc_detail&amp;lk3s=953192f4&amp;x-expires=1723555437&amp;x-signature=nVkXmQAIPSUHmPT1ehaWcOVP7rs%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">蝉的羽化，拍摄于华南农业大学校园（拍摄/侯永祥）</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>“拿捏”昆虫的<span style="color: black;">爱好</span></span></span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">昆虫的<span style="color: black;">平常</span>趋性<span style="color: black;">重点</span>有以下几种：</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1.趋色性，昆虫对颜色的<span style="color: black;">爱好</span>存在差异，大部分昆虫对黄色<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>，<span style="color: black;">因此</span>黄色的衣服<span style="color: black;">更易</span>吸引昆虫。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2.趋热性，寄生性昆虫如跳蚤，在寄主体温<span style="color: black;">反常</span><span style="color: black;">上升</span>时，会寻找新的健康寄主，间接完成<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的传播。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3.趋湿性，昆虫为<span style="color: black;">保证</span><span style="color: black;">身体</span>水分充足，会<span style="color: black;">选取</span>相对潮湿的环境<span style="color: black;">存活</span>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4.趋化性，昆虫<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>识别同类性信息素，确认正确交配对象的能力；<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可识别<span style="color: black;">区别</span>植物的气味信息，确定合适的寄主植物。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">5.趋光性，依靠昆虫对光的<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>性吸引昆虫向光源集中。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">实质</span>应用中，<span style="color: black;">一般</span>结合多种趋性以提<span style="color: black;">有效</span>率，如下图展示的<span style="color: black;">便是</span>将趋色性和趋化性结合的一个诱集桔小实蝇的<span style="color: black;">安装</span>。</span></p>
    <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bb83af42df754c859d51d8670bcbe348~noop.image?_iz=58558&amp;from=article.pc_detail&amp;lk3s=953192f4&amp;x-expires=1723555437&amp;x-signature=TscilbyHjoczliO4%2FzI6H%2BQAmHA%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">黄色部分设有陷阱入口，瓶内设置有桔小实蝇的性诱剂诱芯（拍摄/侯永祥）</span></span></p>
    <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/652c08d46cec491681aa631e0f3a392c~noop.image?_iz=58558&amp;from=article.pc_detail&amp;lk3s=953192f4&amp;x-expires=1723555437&amp;x-signature=8rAS0ZeDCRvlfR2KXxI5Mjey33k%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">诱集<span style="color: black;">安装</span>中的桔小实蝇，拍摄于华南农业大学校园（拍摄/侯永祥）</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">昆虫“派对”<span style="color: black;">背面</span>的种种动机</span></span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">关于昆虫<span style="color: black;">为何</span><span style="color: black;">拥有</span>趋光性，<span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>有4种假说：</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1.光定向假说，昆虫依靠天体定位，使<span style="color: black;">自己</span>与光线呈<span style="color: black;">必定</span>夹角从而保持直线行进。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2.生物天线假说，昆虫的趋光是受到振动频率近似求偶信息素的光线干扰。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3.光干扰假说，昆虫在适应<span style="color: black;">阴暗</span>环境后，<span style="color: black;">忽然</span>进入明亮光线中，会产生类似于人的眩晕状态，<span style="color: black;">没法</span>寻找正确的路径，<span style="color: black;">出现</span>扑灯、跌落等现象。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4.光胁迫假说，由华中农业大学雷朝亮教授团队提出，昆虫的趋光性是受到了环境光线的威胁，神经<span style="color: black;">处在</span>高度兴奋状态，从而向光运动。</span></p>
    <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a52407ed89cc499f8239be3df0d1aaeb~noop.image?_iz=58558&amp;from=article.pc_detail&amp;lk3s=953192f4&amp;x-expires=1723555437&amp;x-signature=eNwxAAjHtFmBW%2BaKZc4jJy2vVic%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">昆虫趋光性的光定向假说示意图（供图/侯永祥）</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">“派对”成员与“不速之客”</span></span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">区别</span>昆虫类群对<span style="color: black;">区别</span>波段的光线<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>度<span style="color: black;">区别</span>，<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是对应复眼3种光受体的紫外光、蓝光和黄绿光3个波段，大部分昆虫对315-400 纳米的紫外光波段<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">区别</span>的“派对”地点（生境），生活的昆虫类群<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">区别</span>。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>靠近河流、湖泊灯诱，会有许多水生昆虫，如蜉蝣、石蝇（襀翅目）、石蛾（毛翅目）等。这些昆虫对水质<span style="color: black;">需求</span>较高，它们的丰富度是<span style="color: black;">评估</span>当地水质的重要生物指标，<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为EPT指数。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">灯诱时偶尔还会有<span style="color: black;">有些</span>意外收获，<span style="color: black;">大都是</span>以这些昆虫为食的不速之客，例如肉食性的甲虫、食虫虻、壁虎等。清晨收拾现场前，还会有鸟类前来吃“自助餐”。</span></p>
    <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/68c51c301aae49e89467614edc237fe7~noop.image?_iz=58558&amp;from=article.pc_detail&amp;lk3s=953192f4&amp;x-expires=1723555437&amp;x-signature=PLvTarbTK4NUu%2BdWzaS9obuWXyY%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">高压汞灯结构示意图（供图/侯永祥）</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">有灯就能“诱”虫吗</span></span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">其实，并不是所有的灯都适合灯诱，<span style="color: black;">平常</span>调查生物多样性，常<span style="color: black;">选取</span>高压汞灯。高压汞灯内部的放电管填充了汞和惰性气体，工作时电流激发汞蒸气产生<span style="color: black;">海量</span>峰值为365.0纳米的紫外线，这正是诱集昆虫所<span style="color: black;">必须</span>的。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">除了高压汞灯外，<span style="color: black;">实质</span>农业生产中还有<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>其他<span style="color: black;">选取</span>，例如黑光灯、频振式杀虫灯、LED诱虫灯等。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">守护</span>生物的<span style="color: black;">第1</span>步，<span style="color: black;">首要</span>要搞清楚它们是谁，种群<span style="color: black;">状况</span><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>，生境压力<span style="color: black;">体积</span>，否则就都是纸上谈兵。做好物种普查，制定<span style="color: black;">守护</span>名单，<span style="color: black;">守护</span>它们的栖息地才是真正的<span style="color: black;">守护</span>。灯诱不仅是一种采集<span style="color: black;">办法</span>，<span style="color: black;">更加是</span>一场人与自然在灯下的聚会。</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">（</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">责任编辑/王佳颖</span></span><span style="color: black;">）</span></p>




j8typz 发表于 2024-9-29 06:42:03

你的见解真是独到，让我受益匪浅。

7wu1wm0 发表于 2024-11-6 13:47:19

哈哈、笑死我了、太搞笑了吧等。
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