犊牛蛔虫病的活体症状 犊牛蛔虫病的检疫、诊断及其防治！
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<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">内容摘要：犊牛蛔虫病<span style="color: black;">亦</span>叫做新蛔虫病,是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>小肠内寄生有牛新蛔虫而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>是<span style="color: black;">少于</span>6月龄的犊牛容易<span style="color: black;">出现</span>,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>症状是消化<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>,<span style="color: black;">导致</span>腹泻、腹痛、贫血、机体消瘦以及肺脏病变等,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>感染<span style="color: black;">海量</span>虫体还可能<span style="color: black;">引起</span>死亡。下面<span style="color: black;">详细</span>来<span style="color: black;">认识</span>一下：犊牛蛔虫病的活体症状 犊牛蛔虫病的检疫、诊断及其防治。</h1>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/dfic-imagehandler/21fbb2f9-5961-467f-bec5-ceb887f94412~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723558978&x-signature=njLOt%2B1fSw0BMCB8GAFrE68fnPY%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1、病因分析</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">犊牛小肠内寄生的成虫会在该处产卵，并经由粪便排到体外，当外界环境适宜时，7～9天之后就会<span style="color: black;">生长</span>变成幼虫，并在13～15天之后于卵壳内<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">第1</span>次蜕变，<span style="color: black;">生长</span>为第二期幼虫，<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>感染性虫卵。在母牛采食饲草、舔食异物<span style="color: black;">或</span>饮水时就能够吞入这种虫卵，并在进入小肠后逸出幼虫，接着穿过肠壁，移行到肝脏、肾脏、肺脏等器官<span style="color: black;">出现</span>第二次蜕变，<span style="color: black;">生长</span>为第三期幼虫，并在这些器官中停留。当母牛妊娠大约8.5个月时，幼虫就能够移行到子宫，并进入胎盘羊水，<span style="color: black;">出现</span>第三次蜕变后变成第四期幼虫，且容易被胎牛吞人而侵入其肠中继续<span style="color: black;">生长</span>。当犊牛产出后，幼虫会在小肠内进行第四次蜕变，25～31天之后即<span style="color: black;">生长</span>为成虫。成虫<span style="color: black;">通常</span>可在肠内<span style="color: black;">存活</span>2～5个月，之后<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>被排到体外而变成传染源。<span style="color: black;">另一</span>，妊娠母牛<span style="color: black;">身体</span>的幼虫还可经由胎盘移动到胎儿的肝脏和肺脏，接着进入小肠内继续<span style="color: black;">生长</span>，<span style="color: black;">引起</span>生前感染，从而在犊牛产出时小肠内<span style="color: black;">已然</span>寄生有成虫。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">幼虫<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是在<span style="color: black;">身体</span>移行时对机体产生<span style="color: black;">损害</span>，严重时能够<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肺水肿、肝脏脂肪变性等。成虫寄生在肠内，会对肠黏膜产生不良刺激，<span style="color: black;">导致</span><span style="color: black;">流血</span>、溃疡，从而ILIJ现继发感染，<span style="color: black;">从而</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>肠炎，且虫体分泌的毒素还会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>机体<span style="color: black;">出现</span>过敏、阵发性痉挛等，致死率在22%<span style="color: black;">上下</span>，还能够<span style="color: black;">引起</span>胆管、胰管被阻塞。当寄生<span style="color: black;">太多</span>虫体时，有时会在小肠内缠绕成团而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>阻塞，严重时可能<span style="color: black;">出现</span>肠穿孔。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/dfic-imagehandler/4cef4ea8-bc83-43ba-9b6d-4c65e079a3b2~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723558978&x-signature=fnn276uFC8qLUgR2cn2mNfPE6oA%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2、活体症状</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">该病<span style="color: black;">通常</span>是3月龄以内的犊牛容易<span style="color: black;">出现</span>，尤其是3周龄时最容易<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。当犊牛感染严重时，初期精神状态较好，能够正常吮乳，排出糊状粪便，呈灰白色，且<span style="color: black;">一般</span>散发恶臭味；随着症状的加重，病犊精神沉郁，减少走动，<span style="color: black;">常常</span>卧地，食欲<span style="color: black;">衰退</span>，吮乳乏力，腹部<span style="color: black;">持续</span>膨大，有时会伴有腹痛现象，并排出硬结<span style="color: black;">或</span>水泥样粪便，<span style="color: black;">亦</span>散发恶臭味。当症状进一步加重后，病犊精神萎靡，停止采食，严重消瘦，被毛粗乱，黏膜苍H，拱背，后驱无力，走动摇晃，<span style="color: black;">没法</span>稳定站立，<span style="color: black;">常常</span><span style="color: black;">长期</span>卧地不起<span style="color: black;">或</span>垂头呆立，呼出散发有特殊腥臭味的气体；体温<span style="color: black;">通常</span>偏低，尤其是耳尖和四肢厥冷，极度衰弱<span style="color: black;">或</span>陷入<span style="color: black;">晕倒</span>状态。当寄生<span style="color: black;">海量</span>虫体时，会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肠阻塞<span style="color: black;">或</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>破裂，<span style="color: black;">或</span>继发<span style="color: black;">导致</span>胆道蛔虫症而<span style="color: black;">出现</span>死亡。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3、宰后剖检</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">对病死牛进行剖检，<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>肠内容物呈淡黄色黏稠状，并含有<span style="color: black;">海量</span>虫体；<span style="color: black;">因为</span>虫体产生的机械损害，会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肠黏膜大面积<span style="color: black;">出现</span>炎症，并散布有溃疡；有时还会<span style="color: black;">出现</span>肠管堵塞、肠破裂、肠套叠、腹膜炎以及胆管堵塞。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>犊牛产出后才食入感染性虫卵，会进入肠管后孵化出幼虫，并钻过肠壁侵入肝脏，在移动过程中就会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>消化机能被损害，使肝组织被破坏，从而<span style="color: black;">导致</span>食欲<span style="color: black;">衰退</span>。幼虫移动到肺脏时，会停留在该处继续发育，并使肺组织被破坏，<span style="color: black;">显现</span>点状<span style="color: black;">流血</span>，并<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肺炎，从而在临床上表现出<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难和咳嗽，且嗜酸性白细胞<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">增加</span>。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/dfic-imagehandler/7bc9a647-af8e-46b9-b891-744e8dca892e~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723558978&x-signature=tpe3CaTyUkHv67F0tXFAodD6prA%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4、实验室<span style="color: black;">检测</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">取病死犊牛的直肠内容物以及存活的<span style="color: black;">少于</span>5月龄患病犊牛排出的<span style="color: black;">鲜嫩</span>粪便，用于虫卵<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。<span style="color: black;">通常</span>采取饱和盐水浮集法收集虫卵，<span style="color: black;">而后</span>进行镜检。虫卵呈淡黄色，接近圆形，卵壳较厚，<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>蜂窝状外层，且表面存在多孔结构的厚蛋白膜，里面存在1个卵细胞，<span style="color: black;">体积</span>在(70～80)um×(60～70)um，阳性率<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">达到</span>到60%<span style="color: black;">上下</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5、防治<span style="color: black;">办法</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗。盐酸噻咪唑，患病犊牛<span style="color: black;">能够</span>按体重灌服12～15mg/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>，<span style="color: black;">一般</span>2天之后就会排出虫体。<span style="color: black;">或</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>盐酸左旋咪唑片，每头病犊口服300mg，驱虫效果<span style="color: black;">亦</span>较好。<span style="color: black;">或</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>依维菌素片进行驱虫，按每10千克体重<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>50mg，这是一种广谱、低毒、<span style="color: black;">有效</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>，治疗效果<span style="color: black;">亦</span>较好。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>该药<span style="color: black;">协同</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>驱虫净，<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>更好的治疗效果。即先<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>一种<span style="color: black;">药品</span>进行驱虫，2周之后冉<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>另一种<span style="color: black;">药品</span>进行驱虫。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>患病犊牛<span style="color: black;">连续</span>腹泻，要<span style="color: black;">即时</span>口服补液，即在1000mL水中添加20g白糖、3.5g盐、1.5 g氯化钾、2.5g小苏打粉，混合均匀后自由饮用，<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>加用矽碳银、泻痢停，并<span style="color: black;">协同</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>木炭末<span style="color: black;">或</span>炒糊的高梁，都<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>较好的止泻效果。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>病犊伴有腹痛，可肌肉注射10mL添加有100万IU青霉素的50%安乃近注射液。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">预防性驱虫。犊牛蛔虫病<span style="color: black;">一般</span>是在生前<span style="color: black;">经过</span>母体胎盘感染，使其较小日龄就会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>发病，<span style="color: black;">一般</span>在30日龄<span style="color: black;">上下</span>就会由于发病而死亡。凶此最好采取<span style="color: black;">初期</span>预防性驱虫，<span style="color: black;">通常</span>在20～25日龄和60～65日龄各进行1次，能够有效<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>病情，并减少经济损失。<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>敌百虫片，按体重<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>们～50mg/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>，<span style="color: black;">或</span>按体重<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>8～10mg/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>盐酸左旋咪唑片，且驱虫后适宜供给健胃剂。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/dfic-imagehandler/7783ec4d-d5bb-46fd-91d8-ce9e9f3d61ee~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723558978&x-signature=AkrimhElE0GrYlnsqiof59ZKOUk%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">犊牛蛔虫病的防治</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 流行特点</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本病<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>于5个月以内的犊牛。成虫在犊牛的小肠中<span style="color: black;">能够</span>寄生2～5个月，以后<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>从宿主<span style="color: black;">身体</span>排出。成年牛<span style="color: black;">仅在</span>内部器官组织中寄生有移行<span style="color: black;">周期</span>的幼虫，尚未见有成虫寄生的<span style="color: black;">报告</span>。虫卵对干燥及高温的耐受能力较差。土壤表面的虫卵，在阳光直接照射下，经4h<span style="color: black;">所有</span>死亡；在干燥的环境里，虫卵经48～72h死亡；感染期的虫卵，需有80﹪的相对湿度<span style="color: black;">才可</span>够生存。但虫卵对消毒<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的抵抗力较强，虫卵在2%的福尔马林中仍能正常<span style="color: black;">生长</span>；在29℃时，虫卵在2%克辽林或2%来苏尔溶液中可存活20h。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">症状与病理变化</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 犊牛出生两周后为受害最严重时期，虫体的机械性刺激<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">损害</span>小肠黏膜，<span style="color: black;">导致</span>黏膜<span style="color: black;">流血</span>和溃疡，并继发细菌感染，从而<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肠炎。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">症状表现为消化失调、食欲不振和腹泻，<span style="color: black;">初期</span>会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>咳嗽，有特殊的臭味，排多量黏液或血便，患畜虚弱消瘦，精神迟钝，后肢无力，站立不稳。成虫<span style="color: black;">海量</span>寄生时，会夺取<span style="color: black;">海量</span>营养，使犊牛<span style="color: black;">出现</span>消化<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>，可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>肠阻塞或肠穿孔，<span style="color: black;">导致</span>死亡。虫体的毒素<span style="color: black;">功效</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>严重<span style="color: black;">害处</span>，如过敏、阵发性痉挛等。成虫聚集成团可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>肠道阻塞或肠穿孔。出生后的犊牛受感染时，<span style="color: black;">因为</span>幼虫的移行，可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>肠壁、肺脏、肝脏等组织的<span style="color: black;">损害</span>、点状<span style="color: black;">流血</span>、发炎，血液和组织中嗜酸性粒细胞<span style="color: black;">明显</span><span style="color: black;">增加</span>。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/dfic-imagehandler/d6214142-b10b-4356-a570-2c910d56c83f~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723558978&x-signature=zoXlMvl2L8rYBRob%2FZW08e4Nq%2BA%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 诊断</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">犊牛有腹泻、排<span style="color: black;">海量</span>黏液并<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>特殊恶臭、咳嗽、消瘦及生长<span style="color: black;">生长</span>停滞等现象时，均可<span style="color: black;">做为</span>疑似蛔虫病的依据，进一步确诊可采用直接涂片法或饱和盐水漂浮法<span style="color: black;">检测</span>粪便中<span style="color: black;">有没有</span>虫卵。<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可结合症状、流行病学资料分析，进行诊断性驱虫来加以判定。死后剖检可在小肠找到虫体或在血管、肺脏找到移行期幼虫。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 防治</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1.治疗</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">左旋咪唑：剂量为每千克体重4～6mg，肌肉注射；或每千克体重8mg口服。中毒可用阿托品解除；左旋咪唑还可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>肝功能变化，严重肝病患畜禁用；肌肉注射或皮下注射时，对组织有较强的刺激性，尤其是盐酸左旋咪唑；泌乳期动物禁用；休药期内服给药为3d，注射给药为28d。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">阿苯达唑：剂量为每千克体重10～15mg，口服。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">阿维菌素或伊维菌素类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>：有效<span style="color: black;">成份</span>剂量为每千克体重0.3mg，皮下注射(针剂)或口服（片剂）。用药后28d后所产生牛奶，人不得食用；牛屠宰前21d停用<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">哌嗪：<span style="color: black;">亦</span>叫驱虫灵。剂量为每千克体重250mg，一次口服。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">精制敌百虫：剂量为每千克体重100mg，总量不超过10g，溶解后均匀拌入饲料内，一次喂服。<span style="color: black;">显现</span>副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>时，用阿托品解之。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2.预防</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">应对15～30日龄的犊牛进行驱虫，许多犊牛尽管不表现临诊症状，但可能带虫，<span style="color: black;">况且</span>此时成虫数量正达到高峰。<span style="color: black;">初期</span>治疗不仅对<span style="color: black;">守护</span>犊牛健康有益，并可减少虫卵对环境的污染。还要<span style="color: black;">重视</span>保持牛舍的干燥与清洁，<span style="color: black;">每日</span><span style="color: black;">按时</span>清理粪便并堆积发酵，以杀死虫卵。将母牛和犊牛隔离饲养，减少母牛受感染的机会。</p>
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