从Python安装到语法基本,小白都能懂的爬虫教程!(附代码)
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<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/0a5d989404eb4b158f7ac48dae8b0ad6~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723890850&x-signature=haoMniRdG5AL%2BzVMuzcsw2BmelM%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">源自</span>:大数据</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">作者:罗攀 蒋仟</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本文约<strong style="color: blue;">5000字</strong>,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>阅读20分钟。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本文<span style="color: black;">安身</span><span style="color: black;">基本</span>,讲解Python和PyCharm的安装,及Python最简单的语法<span style="color: black;">基本</span>和爬虫技术中所需的Python语法。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本文<span style="color: black;">触及</span>的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>知识点如下:</p>Python和PyCharm的安装:学会Python和PyCharm的安装<span style="color: black;">办法</span>变量和字符串:学会<span style="color: black;">运用</span>变量和字符串的基本用法函数与<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>语句:学会Python循环、判断语句、循环语句和函数的<span style="color: black;">运用</span>Python数据结构:理解和<span style="color: black;">运用</span>列表、字典、元组和集合Python文件操作:学习<span style="color: black;">运用</span>Python<span style="color: black;">创立</span>文件并写入数据Python面向对象:<span style="color: black;">认识</span>Python中类的定义和<span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">01 Python与PyCharm安装</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“工欲善其事,必先利其器”,本节介绍Python环境的安装和Python的集成<span style="color: black;">研发</span>环境(IDE)PyCharm的安装。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">1. Python安装(Windows、Mac和Linux)</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当前主流的Python版本为2.x和3.x。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>Python 2第三方库<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>(<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>库<span style="color: black;">无</span>向Python 3转移),企业<span style="color: black;">广泛</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>Python 2。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">做为</span>学习和<span style="color: black;">科研</span>的话,<span style="color: black;">意见</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>Python 3,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>它是<span style="color: black;">将来</span>的发展方向。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>本教程<span style="color: black;">选取</span>Python 3的环境。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">1.1 Windows中安装Python 3</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在Windows系统中安装Python 3,请参照下面的<span style="color: black;">过程</span>进行。</p>打开浏览器,<span style="color: black;">拜访</span>Python官网(https://www.python.org/)。光标移动至Downloads链接,单击Windows链接。<span style="color: black;">按照</span>自己的Windows版本(32位或64位),下载相应的Python 3.5版本,如为Windows 32位系统,应下载Windows x86 executable installer,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>为Windows 64位系统,应下载Windows x86-64 executable installer。单击运行文件,勾选Add Python 3.5 to PATH,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>单击Install Now按钮<span style="color: black;">就可</span>完成安装。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在计算机中打开命令提示符(cmd)窗口,输入python,如图1.1所示,说明Python环境安装成功。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/7322535cfde842159e2b1a3d9e9542f5~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723890850&x-signature=VZ1s%2BdNP%2BJyTBVNqd4nkDdGOptc%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图1.1 运行Python环境</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当界面<span style="color: black;">显现</span>提示符>>>时,就<span style="color: black;">显示</span>进入了Python交互式环境,输入代码后按Enter键<span style="color: black;">就可</span>运行Python代码,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>输入exit()并按Enter键,就<span style="color: black;">能够</span>退出Python交互式环境。</p><span style="color: black;">重视</span>:<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>错误,可能是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>安装时未勾选Add Python3.5 to PATH选项,此时卸载Python后重新安装时勾选Add Python3.5 to PATH选项<span style="color: black;">就可</span>。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">1.2 Mac中安装Python3</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Mac系统中自带了Python 2.7,需到Python官网上下载并安装Python3.5。Mac系统中的安装比Windows更为简单,<span style="color: black;">始终</span>单击“下一步”按钮<span style="color: black;">就可</span>完成。安装完后,打开终端并输入Python3,<span style="color: black;">就可</span>进入Mac的Python3的交互式环境。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">1.3 Linux中安装Python3</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">大部分Linux系统内置了Python2和Python3,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>在终端输入python–version,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>查看当前Python3的版本。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>安装某个特定版本的Python,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在终端中输入:</p>sudo apt-get install python3.5
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">2. PyCharm安装</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">安装好Python环境后,还<span style="color: black;">必须</span>安装一个集成<span style="color: black;">研发</span>环境(IDE),IDE集<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>代码编写功能、分析功能、编译功能和调试功能。在<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>向读者<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>一个最智能、好用的Python IDE,叫做PyCharm。进入PyCharm的官网,下载社区版<span style="color: black;">就可</span>:</p>http://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因为</span>PyCharm上手极为简单,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>就不<span style="color: black;">仔细</span>讲解PyCharm的<span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>了。以下讲解<span style="color: black;">怎样</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>PyCharm<span style="color: black;">相关</span>Python解释器,让PyCharm<span style="color: black;">能够</span>运行Python代码。</p>打开PyCharm,在菜单栏中<span style="color: black;">选取</span>File ∣ Defalut Settings命令。在弹出的对话框中<span style="color: black;">选取</span>Project Interpreter,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>在右边<span style="color: black;">选取</span>Python环境,<span style="color: black;">这儿</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>Python 3.5,单击OK按钮,<span style="color: black;">就可</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>Python解释器,如图1.2所示。<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/e130a507a64f4903a00dcc522dadb5d7~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723890850&x-signature=%2Ba%2BZS4jiOLp%2F7LIOxf%2BbgmGNUUg%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图1.2 <span style="color: black;">相关</span>Python解释器</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">02 变量和字符串</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本节<span style="color: black;">重点</span>介绍Python变量的概念、字符串的基本<span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>、字符串的切片和索引,以及字符串的几种常用<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">1. 变量</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Python中的变量很好理解,例如:</p>a = 1
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这种操作<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为赋值,意思为将数值1赋给了变量a。</p><span style="color: black;">重视</span>:Python中语句结束不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>以分号结束,变量不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>提前定义。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>有变量a和变量b,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>下面代码进行变量a、b值的对换。</p>a = 4
b = 5
t = a #把a值赋给t变量
a = b #把b值赋给a变量
b = t #把t值赋给b变量
print(a,b)
# result 5 4
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这种方法类似于将两个杯子中的饮料对换,只<span style="color: black;">必须</span>多加一个杯子,<span style="color: black;">就可</span>完成饮料的对换工作。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">2. 字符串的“加法”和“乘法”</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因为</span>Python爬虫的对象大部分为文本,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>字符串的用法尤为重要。在Python中,字符串由双引号或单引号和引号中的字符<span style="color: black;">构成</span>。<span style="color: black;">首要</span>,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>下面代码<span style="color: black;">瞧瞧</span>字符串的“加法”:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">a = I</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">b = love</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">c = Python</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">print(a + b + c) #字符串相加</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># result I love Python</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在爬虫代码中,会经常构造URL,例如,在爬取一个网页链接时,<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>一部分/u/9104ebf5e177,这部分链接是<span style="color: black;">没法</span><span style="color: black;">拜访</span>的,还<span style="color: black;">必须</span>http://www.jianshu.com,<span style="color: black;">此时</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>字符串的“加法”进行合并。</p><span style="color: black;">重视</span>:此网站为笔者的简书首页。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Python的字符串不仅<span style="color: black;">能够</span>相加,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>乘以一个数字:</p>a = word
print(a*3) #字符串乘法
#result wordwordword
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">字符串乘以一个数字,意思<span style="color: black;">便是</span>将字符串复制这个数字的份数。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">3. 字符串的切片和索引</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">字符串的切片和索引<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>string,获取字符串的一部分信息:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">a = I love python</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">print(a) #取字符串<span style="color: black;">第1</span>个元素</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#result I</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">print(a) #取字符串<span style="color: black;">第1</span>个到第五个元素</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#result I lov</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">print(a[-1]) #取字符串最后一个元素</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#result n</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span>图1.3就能清楚地理解字符串的切片和索引。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/9ab47aceee2d42f88c09df6a481b886e~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723890850&x-signature=d4hKWFjvHx6Te5DZKipjCg6iXUo%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图1.3 字符串切片和索引</p><span style="color: black;">重视</span>:a中的第5个是不会<span style="color: black;">选取</span>的。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在爬虫实战中,经常会<span style="color: black;">经过</span>字符串的切片和索引,提取<span style="color: black;">必须</span>的部分,剔除<span style="color: black;">有些</span>不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>的部分。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">4. 字符串<span style="color: black;">办法</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Python<span style="color: black;">做为</span>面向对象的语言,<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>对象都有相应的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,字符串<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">同样</span>,<span style="color: black;">持有</span>多种<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,在<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>介绍爬虫技术中常用的几种<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">4.1 split()<span style="color: black;">办法</span></strong></p>a = www.baidu.com
print(a.split(.))
# result
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">字符串的split()<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>给定的分隔符(在<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>为‘.’),将一个字符串分割为一个列表(后面将<span style="color: black;">仔细</span>讲解列表)。</p><span style="color: black;">重视</span>:<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>任何分隔符,程序会把所有的空格<span style="color: black;">做为</span>分隔符(空格、制表、换行等)。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">4.2 repalce()<span style="color: black;">办法</span></strong></p>a = There is apples
b = a.replace(is,are)
print(b)
# result There are apples<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这种<span style="color: black;">办法</span>类似文本中的“<span style="color: black;">查询</span>和替换”功能。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">4.3 strip()<span style="color: black;">办法</span></strong></p>a = python is cool
print(a.strip())
# result python is cool
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">strip()<span style="color: black;">办法</span>返回去除两侧(不<span style="color: black;">包含</span>内部)空格的字符串,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>指定<span style="color: black;">必须</span>去除的字符,将它们列为参数中<span style="color: black;">就可</span>。</p>a = ***python *is *good***
print(a.strip(*!))
# result python *is *good
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这个<span style="color: black;">办法</span>只能去除两侧的字符,在爬虫得到的文本中,文本两侧常会有多余的空格,只需<span style="color: black;">运用</span>字符串的strip()<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">就可</span>去除多余的空格部分。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">4.4 format()<span style="color: black;">办法</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">最后,再讲解下好用的字符串格式化符,<span style="color: black;">首要</span>看以下代码:</p>a = {} is my love.format(Python)
print(a)
# result Python is my love<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">字符串格式化符就像是做<span style="color: black;">选取</span>题,留了空给做题者<span style="color: black;">选取</span>。在爬虫过程中,有些网页链接的部分参数是可变的,<span style="color: black;">此时</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>字符串格式化符<span style="color: black;">能够</span>减少代码的<span style="color: black;">运用</span>量。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">例如,Pexels素材网(https://www.pexels.com/),当搜索<span style="color: black;">照片</span>时,网页链接<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会<span style="color: black;">出现</span>变化。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">如在搜索栏中输入book,网页<span style="color: black;">转</span>为</p>https://www.pexels.com/search/book/,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>设计如下代码,笔者只需输入搜索内容,便可返回网页链接。
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">content = input(请输入搜索内容:)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">url_path = https://www.pexels.com/search/{}/.format(content)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">print(url_path)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">运行程序并输入book,便可返回网页链接,单击网页链接便可<span style="color: black;">拜访</span>网页了,如图1.4所示。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/178505e4f6134e7e80d9c224475847a0~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723890850&x-signature=nOQXj3Sc65upmYUGZ6e7X80wjwM%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图1.4 字符串格式化符演示</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">03 函数与<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>语句</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本节<span style="color: black;">重点</span>介绍Python()函数的定义与<span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>,介绍Python的判断和循环两种爬虫技术中常用的控制语句。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">1. 函数</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“脏活累活交给函数来做”,<span style="color: black;">首要</span>,<span style="color: black;">瞧瞧</span>Python中定义函数的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</p>def 函数名(参数1,参数2...):
return 结果
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">制作一个输入直角边就能计算出直角三角形的面积函数:</p>def function(a,b):
return 1/2*a*b
#<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">这般</span>写
def function(a,b):
print( 1/2*a*b)
<span style="color: black;">重视</span>:读者不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>太纠结二者的区别,用return是返回一个值,而第二个是调用函数执行打印功能。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span>输入function(2,3),便<span style="color: black;">能够</span>调用函数,计算直角边为2和3的直角三角形的面积。<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>来做一个综合练习:读者都<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>网上<span style="color: black;">颁布</span>的<span style="color: black;">tel</span>号码,如156****9354,中间的数值用其他符号代替了,而用户输入手机号时却是完整地输入,下面就<span style="color: black;">经过</span>Python()函数来实现这种转换功能。</p>def change_number(number):
hiding_number = number.replace(number,**4)
print(hiding_number)
change_number(15648929354)
# result 156****9354
<span style="color: black;">重视</span>:<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>的手机号码是随意输入的,不是真实的号码。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">代码说明如下:</p>定义了一个名为change_number的函数。对输入的参数进行切片,把参数的部分替换为‘*’号,并打印出来。调用函数。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">2. 判断语句</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在爬虫实战中<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会经常<span style="color: black;">运用</span>判断语句,Python的判断语句格式如下:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">if condition:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> do</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">else:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> do</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># <span style="color: black;">重视</span>:冒号和缩进不要忘记了</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 再看一下多重<span style="color: black;">要求</span>的格式</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">if condition:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> do</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">elif condition:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> do</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">else:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> do</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在平时<span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">秘码</span>时,输入的<span style="color: black;">秘码</span>正确<span style="color: black;">就可</span>登录,<span style="color: black;">秘码</span>错误时就<span style="color: black;">必须</span>再次输入<span style="color: black;">秘码</span>。</p>def count_login():
password = input(password:)
if password == 12345:
print(输入成功!)
else:
print(错误,再输入)
count_login()
count_login()<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">程序说明如下:</p>运行程序,输入<span style="color: black;">秘码</span>后按Enter键。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>输入的字符串为12345,则打印“输入成功!”,程序结束。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>输入的字符串不是12345,则打印“错误,再输入”,继续运行程序,直到输入正确为止。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">读者<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>将程序设计得更为有趣,例如,“3次输入失败后,退出程序”等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">3. 循环语句</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Python的循环语句<span style="color: black;">包含</span>for循环和while循环,代码如下:</p>#for循环for item in iterable:
do
#item<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>元素,iterable是集合
for i in range(1,11):
print(i)
#其结果为依次输出1到10,切记11是不输出的,range为Python内置函数
#while循环
while condition:
do<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">例如,设计一个小程序,计算1~100的和:</p>i = 0sum = 0
while i < 100:
i = i + 1
sum = sum + i
print(sum)
# result 5050<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">04 Python数据结构</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">数据结构是存放数据的容器,本节<span style="color: black;">重点</span>讲解Python的4种基本数据结构,即列表、字典、元组和集合。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">1. 列表</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在爬虫实战中,<span style="color: black;">运用</span>最多的<span style="color: black;">便是</span>列表数据结构,不论是构造出的多个URL,还是爬取到的数据,大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>都为列表数据结构。下面<span style="color: black;">首要</span>介绍列表最<span style="color: black;">明显</span>的特征:</p>列表中的每一个元素都是可变的。列表的元素都是有序的,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>说<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>元素都有对应的位置(类似字符串的切片和索引)。列表<span style="color: black;">能够</span>容纳所有的对象。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">列表中的<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>元素都是可变的,这<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着<span style="color: black;">能够</span>对列表进行增、删、改操作,这些操作在爬虫中很少<span style="color: black;">运用</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">这儿</span><span style="color: black;">再也不</span>给读者添加知识<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">列表的<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>元素都有对应的位置,这种用法与字符串的切片和索引很<span style="color: black;">类似</span>。</p>list =
print(list)
print(list)
# result
peter
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>为切片,返回的<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是列表的数据结构。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">列表<span style="color: black;">能够</span>容纳所有的对象:</p>list = [
1,
1.1,
string,
print(1),
True,
,
(1, 2),
{key, value}
]<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">列表中会经常用到多重循环,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>读者有必要去<span style="color: black;">认识</span>和<span style="color: black;">运用</span>多重循环。<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>,摆在读者面前有两个列表,分别是姓名和年龄的列表:</p>names =
ages = <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">此时</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>多重循环让name和age<span style="color: black;">同期</span>打印在屏幕上:</p>names = ages =
for name, age in zip(names, ages):
print(name,age)
# result
xiaoming 23
wangwu 15
peter 58
<span style="color: black;">重视</span>:多重循环前后变量要一致。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在爬虫中,经常请求多个网页,<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>下会把网页存到列表中,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>循环依次取出并<span style="color: black;">拜访</span>爬取数据。这些网页都有<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的规律,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>是手动将这些网页URL存入到列表中,不仅花费太多时间,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会<span style="color: black;">导致</span>代码冗余。<span style="color: black;">此时</span>可<span style="color: black;">经过</span>列表推导式,构造出<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的列表,例如某个网站每页的URL是<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的(一共13页):</p>http://bj.xiaozhu.com/search-duanzufang-p1-0/http://bj.xiaozhu.com/search-duanzufang-p2-0/http://bj.xiaozhu.com/search-duanzufang-p3-0/http://bj.xiaozhu.com/search-duanzufang-p4-0/……<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span>以下代码<span style="color: black;">就可</span>构造出13页URL的列表数据:</p>urls =
for url in urls:
print(url)<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span>一行代码<span style="color: black;">就可</span>构造出来,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>for循环打印出<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>URL,如图1.5所示。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/976833d040b74d389cc2107ed9c826ae~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723890850&x-signature=7LfiE2d5cQiI3kyAkjPvNz5Ix34%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图1.5 列表推导式构造URL列表</p><span style="color: black;">重视</span>:本网站为小猪短租网。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">2. 字典</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Python的字典数据结构与现实中的字典类似,以键值对(key-value)的形式表现出来。本文中只讲解字典的创造,字典的操作在后面会<span style="color: black;">仔细</span>介绍。字典的格式如下:</p>user_info = {
name:xiaoming,
age:23,
sex:man
}
<span style="color: black;">重视</span>:<span style="color: black;">插进</span>MongoDB数据库需用字典结构。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">3. 元组和集合</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在爬虫中,元组和集合很少用到,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">这儿</span>只做简单介绍。元组类似于列表,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>元组的元素<span style="color: black;">不可</span>修改只能查看,元组的格式如下:</p>tuple = (1,2,3)
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">集合的概念类似数学中的集合。<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>集合中的元素是无序的,不<span style="color: black;">能够</span>有重复的对象,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>集合把重复的数据去除。</p>list = set = set(list)
print(set)
# result {zhangyun, xiaoming}
<span style="color: black;">重视</span>:集合是用大括号构建的。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">05 Python文件操作</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在爬虫初期的工作中,常常会把数据存储到文件中。本节<span style="color: black;">重点</span>讲解Python<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>打开文件和读写数据。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">1. 打开文件</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Python中<span style="color: black;">经过</span>open()函数打开文件,语法如下:</p>open(name[, mode[, buffering]])
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">open()函数<span style="color: black;">运用</span>文件名<span style="color: black;">做为</span><span style="color: black;">独一</span>的强制参数,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>返回一个文件对象。模式(mode)和缓冲(buffering)是可选参数。在Python的文件操作中,mode参数的输入是有必要的,而buffering<span style="color: black;">运用</span>较少。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>在本机上有名为file.txt的文件(读者<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在本机中新建一个文本文件),其存储路径为C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop,<span style="color: black;">那样</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>下面代码打开文件:</p>f = open(C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/file.txt)
<span style="color: black;">重视</span>:此代码为Windows系统下的路径写法。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>文件不存在,则会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>如图1.6所示的错误。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p26-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/6244f4051a02425eabb8a8aee6923153~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723890850&x-signature=wPbjtuzAoVPXsKg9%2Bi3ocE54Hf8%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图1.6 文件不存在报错信息</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>open()函数只是加入文件的路径这一个参数,则只能打开文件并读取文件的<span style="color: black;">关联</span>内容。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>要向文件中写入内容,则<span style="color: black;">必要</span>加入模式这个参数了。下面<span style="color: black;">首要</span>来<span style="color: black;">瞧瞧</span>open()函数中模式参数的常用值,如表1.1所示。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/57a263c447a9434b8170d166225d3410~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723890850&x-signature=ZdT%2FTvVjC1csSR6NU58z3OkUaCk%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">表1.1 open()函数中模式参数的常用值</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">2. 读写文件</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">上一节中有了名为f的类文件对象,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>就<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>f.write()<span style="color: black;">办法</span>和f.read()<span style="color: black;">办法</span>写入和读取数据了。</p>f = open(C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/file.txt,w+)
f.write(hello world)<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">此时</span>,在本机上打开file.txt文件,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>看到如图1.7所示的结果。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/03586991eff649619171787434d4b922~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723890850&x-signature=wFqHfWUxPMdvXgnOfH8jx8mfyRs%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图1.7 Python写文件</p><span style="color: black;">重视</span>:<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">创立</span>文件,运行上面代码<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>成功。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>再次运行程序,txt文件中的内容不会继续添加,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>修改模式参数为r+,便可<span style="color: black;">始终</span>写入文件。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Python读取文件<span style="color: black;">经过</span>read()<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,下面尝试把f的类文件对象写入的数据读取出来,<span style="color: black;">运用</span>如下代码<span style="color: black;">就可</span>完成操作:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">f = open(C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/file.txt,r)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">content = f.read()</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">print(content)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># result hello world</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">3. 关闭文件</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当完成读写工作后,应该牢记<span style="color: black;">运用</span>close()<span style="color: black;">办法</span>关闭文件。<span style="color: black;">这般</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">保准</span>Python进行缓冲的清理(出于效率<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>而把数据临时存储在内存中)和文件的安全性。<span style="color: black;">经过</span>下面代码<span style="color: black;">就可</span>关闭文件。</p>f = open(C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/file.txt,r)
content = f.read()
print(content)
f.close()<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">06 Python面向对象</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Python<span style="color: black;">做为</span>一个面向对象的语言,很容易创建一个类和对象。本节<span style="color: black;">重点</span>讲解类的定义及其<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">1. 定义类</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">类是用来描述<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>相同属性和<span style="color: black;">办法</span>的对象集合。人<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">区别</span>的肤色划分为<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的种族,<span style="color: black;">食品</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>有<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的种类,商品<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是形形色色。但划分为同一类的物体,肯定<span style="color: black;">拥有</span><span style="color: black;">类似</span>的特征和<span style="color: black;">行径</span>方式。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>同一款<span style="color: black;">自动</span>车而言,它们的<span style="color: black;">构成</span>结构都是<span style="color: black;">同样</span>的,如车架、车轮和脚踏板等。<span style="color: black;">经过</span>Python<span style="color: black;">能够</span>定义这个自行车的类:</p>class Bike:
compose =
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>class定义一个<span style="color: black;">自动</span>车的类,类中的变量compose<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为类的变量,专业术语为类的属性。<span style="color: black;">这般</span>,顾客购买的<span style="color: black;">自动</span>车<span style="color: black;">构成</span>结构<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">同样</span>的了。</p>my_bike = Bike()
you_bike = Bike()
print(my_bike.compose)
print(you_bike.compose) #类的属性都是<span style="color: black;">同样</span>的<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结果如图1.8所示。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/4fa0ea04aefc420ab80c5138b0dc64f5~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723890850&x-signature=UU%2By6SasekWMTIROB4H81Hx8ON4%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图1.8 类属性引用</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在左边写上变量名,右边写上类的名<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>,这个过程<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>之为类的实例化,而my_bike就是类的实例。<span style="color: black;">经过</span>“.”加上类的属性,<span style="color: black;">便是</span>类属性的引用。类的属性会被类的实例共享,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>结果都是<span style="color: black;">同样</span>的。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">2. 实例属性</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>同一款<span style="color: black;">自动</span>车<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,有些顾客买回去后会改造下,如加一个车筐<span style="color: black;">能够</span>放东西等。</p>class Bike:
compose =
my_bike = Bike()
my_bike.other = basket
print(my_bike.other) #实例属性<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结果如图1.9所示。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/2a9dc2373dc445bcae639285dad5ba36~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723890850&x-signature=8KUiU0ttaDc%2FUd3KU6DFeprJNic%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图1.9 实例属性</p>说明:<span style="color: black;">经过</span>给类的实例属性进行赋值,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>实例属性。compose属性属于所有的该款<span style="color: black;">自动</span>车,而other属性只属于my_bike这个类的实例。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">3. 实例<span style="color: black;">办法</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">读者<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>还记得字符串的format()<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>函数,<span style="color: black;">办法</span>是对实例进行<span style="color: black;">运用</span>的,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>又叫实例<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">自动</span>车而言,它的<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>骑行。</p>class Bike:
compose =
def use(self):
print(you are riding)
my_bike = Bike()
my_bike.use()<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结果如图1.10所示。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/0c4a823d7ff34493a5288e79afef2082~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723890850&x-signature=ldK0wRga2FbEn1VQoOjSOut%2BOqI%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图1.10 实例<span style="color: black;">办法</span></p><span style="color: black;">重视</span>:<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>的self参数<span style="color: black;">便是</span>实例本身。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">和函数<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,实例<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>是<span style="color: black;">能够</span>有参数的。</p>class Bike:
compose =
def use(self,time):
print(you ride {}m.format(time*100))
my_bike = Bike()
my_bike.use(10)<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结果如图1.11所示。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/7d923bbb44584eaaba8b50fe1f494fb3~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723890850&x-signature=VKkZAxJ0%2BcdISfgot0bjeUJvYPg%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图1.11 实例<span style="color: black;">办法</span>多参数</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Python的类中有<span style="color: black;">有些</span>“魔法<span style="color: black;">办法</span>”,_init_()<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>其中之一。在<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>创造实例的时候,不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>引用该<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>会被自动执行。</p>class Bike:
compose =
def __init__(self):
self.other = basket
def use(self,time):
print(you ride {}m.format(time*100))
my_bike = Bike()
print(my_bike.other)<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结果如图1.12所示。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/d596eebb252742e9ac52ad2ec8c61a2b~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723890850&x-signature=CqBG4bZnf0Br%2BcohrwOFtHXhZaI%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图1.12 魔术<span style="color: black;">办法</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">4. 类的继承</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">共享单车的<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,方便了人们的出行。共享单车和原来的<span style="color: black;">自动</span>车<span style="color: black;">构成</span>结构类似,但多了付费的功能。</p>class Bike:
compose =
def __init__(self):
self.other = basket #定义实例的属性
def use(self,time):
print(you ride {}m.format(time*100))
class Share_bike(Bike):
def cost(self,hour):
print(you spent {}.format(hour*2))
bike = Share_bike()
print(bike.other)
bike.cost(2)<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结果如图1.13所示。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/f5e5f171ca9d40efa31e3191bb234f70~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723890850&x-signature=IyAxs828cbfP4xik9ihjFljaARQ%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图1.13 类的继承</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在新的类Share_bike后面的括号中加入Bike,<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>Share_bike继承了Bike父类。父类中的变量和<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>完全被子类继承,在特殊<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>对其覆盖。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">关于作者:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">罗攀,知名论坛Python爬虫专题管理员。<span style="color: black;">善于</span>Python爬虫技术,并对Python数据分析与挖掘<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有<span style="color: black;">科研</span>。曾经在CSDN等多个知名博客网站<span style="color: black;">发布</span>多篇技术<span style="color: black;">文案</span>,深受读者的<span style="color: black;">喜欢</span>。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>从事线上Python网络爬虫的培训工作。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">蒋仟,<span style="color: black;">喜欢</span>并<span style="color: black;">善于</span>Python编程,并将Python<span style="color: black;">做为</span>学术<span style="color: black;">科研</span>手段。在数据采集、数据分析等方面均有较为深入的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>。对Python网络爬虫技术应用<span style="color: black;">亦</span>颇有心得。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>从事林业遥感技术的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>,并利用业余时间兼职从事Python培训方面的工作。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本文摘编自《从零<span style="color: black;">起始</span>学Python网络爬虫》,经出版方授权发布。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">编辑:王菁</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">校对:林<span style="color: black;">也</span>霖</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">— 完 —</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">关注清华-青岛数据科学<span style="color: black;">科研</span>院官方<span style="color: black;">微X</span>公众平台“<strong style="color: blue;">THU数据派</strong>”及姊妹号“<strong style="color: blue;">数据派THU</strong>”获取<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>讲座福利及<span style="color: black;">优秀</span>内容。</p>
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