一天快速入门 Python
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Python <span style="color: black;">是由于</span>Guido Van Rossum在 90 年代<span style="color: black;">初期</span>设计,<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>是最常用的编程语言之一。<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是人工智能的火热,再加之它的语法简洁且优美,实乃初学者入门AI<span style="color: black;">必须</span>的编程语言。</p><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/RRSUAvB46Z8XA2~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723892847&x-signature=SHluV%2BaRCJCduXHabFvebsG5nUI%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">作者 | yuquanle</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">责编 | 屠敏</p><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/RT4Gwk56bt5iOJ~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723892847&x-signature=yvshP5HZSWWxYCvLczhZtcTe%2F78%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">Python基本语法</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">标识符</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>个字符<span style="color: black;">必要</span>是英文字母或下划线 _ 。标识符的其他的部分由字母、数字和下划线<span style="color: black;">构成</span>。标识符对<span style="color: black;">体积</span>写<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">保存</span>字</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">保存</span>字即关键字,<span style="color: black;">不可</span>用作任何标识符名<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>。keyword 模块<span style="color: black;">能够</span>输出当前版本的所<span style="color: black;">相关</span>键字:</p><span style="color: black;">import</span> <span style="color: black;">keyword</span><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">keyword</span><span style="color: black;">.kwlist</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">[<span style="color: black;">False</span>, <span style="color: black;">None</span>, <span style="color: black;">True</span>, <span style="color: black;">and</span>, <span style="color: black;">as</span>, <span style="color: black;">assert</span>, <span style="color: black;">break</span>, <span style="color: black;">class</span>, <span style="color: black;">continue</span>, <span style="color: black;">def</span>, <span style="color: black;">del</span>, <span style="color: black;">elif</span>, <span style="color: black;">else</span>, <span style="color: black;">except</span>, <span style="color: black;">finally</span>, <span style="color: black;">for</span>, <span style="color: black;">from</span>, <span style="color: black;">global</span>, <span style="color: black;">if</span>, <span style="color: black;">import</span>, <span style="color: black;">in</span>, <span style="color: black;">is</span>, <span style="color: black;">lambda</span>, <span style="color: black;">nonlocal</span>, <span style="color: black;">not</span>, <span style="color: black;">or</span>, <span style="color: black;">pass</span>, <span style="color: black;">raise</span>, <span style="color: black;">return</span>, <span style="color: black;">try</span>, <span style="color: black;">while</span>, <span style="color: black;">with</span>, <span style="color: black;">yield</span>]</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">注释</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">单行注释采用#,注释是给人看的,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>是任意内容,解释器会忽略掉注释。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">多行注释采用或"""。</p><span style="color: black;">#</span><span style="color: black;"> <span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"我是注释,不会执行"</span>)</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"正常执行代码"</span>)</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">这是多行注释,用三个单引号</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">这是多行注释,用三个单引号</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"Hello, World!"</span>)</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">""</span><span style="color: black;">"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">这是多行注释,用三个双引号</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">这是多行注释,用三个双引号</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">"</span><span style="color: black;">""</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"Hello, World!"</span>)</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">行与缩进</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Python <span style="color: black;">运用</span>缩进来<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>代码块而不是大括号 {}。缩进的空格数是可变的,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>同一个代码块的语句<span style="color: black;">必要</span>是相同的缩进空格数。<span style="color: black;">意见</span>四个空格数。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">重视</span>Tab和四格空格混用会报错,这个错误还<span style="color: black;">不易</span>被察觉。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">输入输出</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">一般</span>是一条语句一行,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>语句很长,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>反斜杠(\)来实现多行语句。在 , {}, 或 中的多行语句,则不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>反斜杠。</p><span style="color: black;">sentence1</span> = <span style="color: black;">"I love "</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> + \</p><span style="color: black;">"python"</span>sentence2 = [<span style="color: black;">"I"</span>, <span style="color: black;">"love"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">,</p><span style="color: black;">"python"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">]</p><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/RT7S2kzFTfre26~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723892847&x-signature=nA%2Br01iDePM0AM5a99vzJl6Ha6w%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">基本数据类型</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">计算机程序要处理<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的数据,<span style="color: black;">必须</span>定义<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的数据类型。Python 中的变量不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>声明,<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>变量在<span style="color: black;">运用</span>前都<span style="color: black;">必要</span>赋值,变量赋值以后该变量才会被创建。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Python中变量<span style="color: black;">便是</span>变量,<span style="color: black;">无</span>类型,所说的"类型"是变量所指的内存中对象的类型。等号(=)用来给变量赋值。等号(=)运算符左边是一个变量名,等号(=)运算符右边是存储在变量中的值。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">数字类型(Number)</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">数字类型是不可变数据。Python3 支持 int(整数)、float(浮点数)、bool(布尔)、complex(复数),数值类型的赋值和计算是很直观的。</p># <span style="color: black;">int</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(整数)</p>a = <span style="color: black;">3</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># float(浮点数)</p>b = <span style="color: black;">3.5</span>#<span style="color: black;">bool</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(布尔)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">c = True</p>#<span style="color: black;">complex</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(复数)</p>d = <span style="color: black;">4</span>+<span style="color: black;">3</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">j</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">print(a, b, c, d)</p>#内置的 <span style="color: black;">type</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 函数<span style="color: black;">能够</span>用来<span style="color: black;">查找</span>变量所指的对象类型</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">type</span>(a), <span style="color: black;">type</span>(b), <span style="color: black;">type</span>(c), <span style="color: black;">type</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(d))</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#还<span style="color: black;">能够</span>用 isinstance 来判断</p>#isinstance 和 <span style="color: black;">type</span> 的区别在于:<span style="color: black;">type</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">不会认为子类是一种父类类型,isinstance会认为子类是一种父类类型</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(isinstance(a,<span style="color: black;">int</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">))</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(isinstance(a, float))<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">关于数值运算,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">同期</span>为多个变量赋值,如a, b = 1, 2。一个变量<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>赋值指向<span style="color: black;">区别</span>类型的对象。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">除法<span style="color: black;">包括</span>两个运算符:/ 返回一个浮点数,// 返回一个整数。混合计算时,Python会把整型转换<span style="color: black;">作为</span>浮点数。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 加</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"A</span><span style="color: black;">dd</span><span style="color: black;"> operation: 5 + 4 = "</span>,<span style="color: black;">5</span> + <span style="color: black;">4</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 减</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"Sub operation: 5 - 4 = "</span>,<span style="color: black;">5</span> - <span style="color: black;">4</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 乘</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"Mul operation: 5 * 4 = "</span>,<span style="color: black;">5</span> * <span style="color: black;">4</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 除,得到一个浮点数</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"Div operation: 5 / 4 = "</span>,<span style="color: black;">5</span> / <span style="color: black;">4</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 除,得到一个整数</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"Div operation: 5 // 4 = "</span>,<span style="color: black;">5</span> // <span style="color: black;">4</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 取余</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"Mod operation: 5 % 4 = "</span>,<span style="color: black;">5</span> % <span style="color: black;">4</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 乘方</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"Pow operation: 5 ** 4 = "</span>,<span style="color: black;">5</span> ** <span style="color: black;">4</span>)<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">字符串类型(String)</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Python <span style="color: black;">无</span>单独的字符类型,一个字符<span style="color: black;">便是</span>长度为1的字符串。字符串用单引号 或双引号 " 括起来。</p>s1 = <span style="color: black;">"I love python"</span>s2 = <span style="color: black;">I love python</span><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(s1)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(s2)</p>#索引值以 <span style="color: black;">0</span> 为<span style="color: black;">起始</span>值,<span style="color: black;">-1</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 为从末尾的<span style="color: black;">起始</span>位置</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"s1首字母字符:"</span>, s1[<span style="color: black;">0</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">])</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"s1末尾字母字符:"</span>, s1[<span style="color: black;">-1</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">])</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"输出从第三个<span style="color: black;">起始</span>到第五个的字符:"</span>, s1[<span style="color: black;">2</span>:<span style="color: black;">5</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">])</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#加号 + 是字符串的连接符</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#星号 * <span style="color: black;">暗示</span>复制当前字符串,紧跟的数字为复制的次数</p>str = <span style="color: black;">"I love python "</span><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"连接字符串:"</span>, str + <span style="color: black;">"!!!"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"输出字符串两次:"</span>, str * <span style="color: black;">2</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#反斜杠 \ 转义特殊字符</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#若不想让反斜杠<span style="color: black;">出现</span>转义,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在字符串前面添加一个 r</p>print(<span style="color: black;">I\nlove\npython</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"反斜杠转义失效:"</span>,r<span style="color: black;">I\nlove\npython</span>)<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">列表类型(List)</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">列表类型是一种有序的集合。列表中元素的类型<span style="color: black;">能够</span>不相同,它支持数字,字符串<span style="color: black;">乃至</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">包括</span>列表(<span style="color: black;">所说</span>嵌套)。列表是写在方括号 之间、用逗号分隔开的元素列表。</p><span style="color: black;">list_a</span> <span style="color: black;">=</span> <span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">list_b</span> <span style="color: black;">=</span> <span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">print(list_a)</span><span style="color: black;">print(list_b)</span><span style="color: black;">#列表<span style="color: black;">能够</span>被索引和截取,列表被截取后返回一个<span style="color: black;">包括</span>所需元素的新列表</span><span style="color: black;">print</span> <span style="color: black;">("输出完整列表:</span> <span style="color: black;">", list_a)</span><span style="color: black;">print ("</span><span style="color: black;">输出列表<span style="color: black;">第1</span>个元素:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a)</span><span style="color: black;">print</span> <span style="color: black;">("从第二个<span style="color: black;">起始</span>输出到第三个元素:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a)</span><span style="color: black;">print</span> <span style="color: black;">("输出从第三个元素<span style="color: black;">起始</span>的所有元素:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a)</span><span style="color: black;">print</span> <span style="color: black;">("连接两次列表:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a</span> <span style="color: black;">*</span> <span style="color: black;">2</span><span style="color: black;">)</span><span style="color: black;">print</span> <span style="color: black;">("连接列表:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a</span> <span style="color: black;">+</span> <span style="color: black;">list_b)</span><span style="color: black;">#列表中的元素是<span style="color: black;">能够</span>改变的</span><span style="color: black;">list_a</span> <span style="color: black;">=</span> <span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">print("变化前:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a)</span><span style="color: black;">list_a</span> <span style="color: black;">=</span> <span style="color: black;">0</span><span style="color: black;">list_a</span> <span style="color: black;">=</span> <span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">print("变化后:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a)</span><span style="color: black;">#append<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:在列表末尾添加新的对象</span><span style="color: black;">list_a</span> <span style="color: black;">=</span> <span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">print("添加前:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a)</span><span style="color: black;">list_a.append(7)</span><span style="color: black;">list_a.append(8)</span><span style="color: black;">print("添加后:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a)</span><span style="color: black;">#del语句:删除列表元素</span><span style="color: black;">list_a</span> <span style="color: black;">=</span> <span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">print("删除前:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a)</span><span style="color: black;">del</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a</span><span style="color: black;">print("删除后:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a)</span><span style="color: black;">#len<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:计算列表长度</span><span style="color: black;">list_a</span> <span style="color: black;">=</span> <span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">print("列表长度:",</span> <span style="color: black;">len(list_a))</span><span style="color: black;">#max<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:返回列表元素最大值。min<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:返回列表元素最小值</span><span style="color: black;">list_a</span> <span style="color: black;">=</span> <span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">print("列表最小值:",</span> <span style="color: black;">min(list_a))</span><span style="color: black;">print("列表最大值:",</span> <span style="color: black;">max(list_a))</span><span style="color: black;">#list<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:将字符串转换为列表</span><span style="color: black;">str</span> <span style="color: black;">=</span> <span style="color: black;">123456</span><span style="color: black;">print("转换后:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list(str))</span><span style="color: black;">#count<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:统计某个元素在列表中<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的次数</span><span style="color: black;">list_a</span> <span style="color: black;">=</span> <span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">print("1在list_a中<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的次数:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a.count(1))</span><span style="color: black;">#index<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:从列表中找出某个值<span style="color: black;">第1</span>次<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的索引位置</span><span style="color: black;">list_a</span> <span style="color: black;">=</span> <span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">print("3<span style="color: black;">第1</span>次<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的位置:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a.index(3))</span><span style="color: black;">#insert<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:将对象</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">插进</span></span><span style="color: black;">列表指定位置</span><span style="color: black;">list_a</span> <span style="color: black;">=</span> <span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">print("</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">插进</span></span><span style="color: black;">前:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a)</span><span style="color: black;">list_a.insert(0</span> <span style="color: black;">,7)</span><span style="color: black;">print("</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">插进</span></span><span style="color: black;">后:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a)</span><span style="color: black;">#pop<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:移除列表中的一个元素(默认最后一个元素),并且返回该元素的值</span><span style="color: black;">list_a</span> <span style="color: black;">=</span> <span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">print("默认移除最后一个元素:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a.pop)</span><span style="color: black;">print("指定移除<span style="color: black;">第1</span>个元素:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a.pop(0))</span><span style="color: black;">#reverse<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:翻转列表中元素</span><span style="color: black;">list_a</span> <span style="color: black;">=</span> <span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">print("翻转前:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a)</span><span style="color: black;">list_a.reverse</span><span style="color: black;">print("翻转后:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a)</span><span style="color: black;">#sort<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:该<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>返回值,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>对原列表进行排序</span><span style="color: black;">list_a</span> <span style="color: black;">=</span> <span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">print("排序前:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a)</span><span style="color: black;">list_a.sort</span><span style="color: black;">print("升序排序:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a)</span><span style="color: black;">list_a.sort(reverse</span> <span style="color: black;">=</span> <span style="color: black;">True</span><span style="color: black;">)</span><span style="color: black;">print("降序排序:",</span> <span style="color: black;">list_a)</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">元组类型(Tuple)</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">元组类型是不可变类型,元组<span style="color: black;">运用</span>小括号。</p>tup1 = (<span style="color: black;">1</span>, <span style="color: black;">2</span>, <span style="color: black;">3</span>, <span style="color: black;">4</span>, <span style="color: black;">5</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> )</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 元组中只<span style="color: black;">包括</span>一个元素时,<span style="color: black;">必须</span>在元素后面添加逗号,否则括号会被当作运算符<span style="color: black;">运用</span></p>tup2 = (<span style="color: black;">50</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">,)</p>tup3 = (<span style="color: black;">50</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">type</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(tup2))</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">type</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(tup3))</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#<span style="color: black;">拜访</span>元组:<span style="color: black;">运用</span>下标索引来<span style="color: black;">拜访</span>元组中的值</p>tup1 = (<span style="color: black;">1</span>, <span style="color: black;">2</span>, <span style="color: black;">3</span>, <span style="color: black;">4</span>, <span style="color: black;">5</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> )</p><span style="color: black;">print</span> (<span style="color: black;">"tup1: "</span>, tup1[<span style="color: black;">0</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">])</p><span style="color: black;">print</span> (<span style="color: black;">"tup1: "</span>, tup1[<span style="color: black;">1</span>:<span style="color: black;">3</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">])</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#修改元组:元组中的元素值是不<span style="color: black;">准许</span>修改的,但<span style="color: black;">能够</span>对元组进行连接组合</p>tup1 = (<span style="color: black;">1</span>, <span style="color: black;">2</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>tup2 = (<span style="color: black;">a</span>, <span style="color: black;">b</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 创建一个新的元组</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">tup3 = tup1 + tup2</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">print(tup3)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#删除元组:元素值是不<span style="color: black;">准许</span>删除,但<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>del语句来删除<span style="color: black;">全部</span>元组</p>tup1 = (<span style="color: black;">1</span>, <span style="color: black;">2</span>, <span style="color: black;">3</span>, <span style="color: black;">4</span>, <span style="color: black;">5</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> )</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(tup1)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">del tup1</p>print(<span style="color: black;">"删除后的元组 tup1: "</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(tup1)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#元组运算符:如 + 号和 * 号</p>tup1 = (<span style="color: black;">1</span>, <span style="color: black;">2</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>tup2 = (<span style="color: black;">a</span>, <span style="color: black;">b</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"连接:"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, tup1 + tup2)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"复制3次:"</span>, tup1 * <span style="color: black;">3</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>#<span style="color: black;">len</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">:计算元组元素个数</p>tup1 = (<span style="color: black;">1</span>, <span style="color: black;">2</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"元组长度:"</span>, <span style="color: black;">len</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(tup1))</p>#<span style="color: black;">max</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>: 返回元组中元素最大值。<span style="color: black;">min</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">办法</span>: 返回元组中元素最小值</p>tup1 = (<span style="color: black;">1</span>, <span style="color: black;">2</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"元组最大值:"</span>, <span style="color: black;">min</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(tup1))</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"元组最大值:"</span>, <span style="color: black;">max</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(tup1))</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#tuple<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:将列表转换为元组</p>list1= [<span style="color: black;">1</span>, <span style="color: black;">2</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">]</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"转换前:"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, list1)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">tup1 = tuple(list1)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"转换后:"</span>, tup1)<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">集合类型(Set)</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">集合类型是无序的不重复元素序列。<span style="color: black;">运用</span>大括号 {} <span style="color: black;">或</span> set 函数创建集合。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">重视</span>:创建一个空集合<span style="color: black;">必要</span>用 set 而不是 {},<span style="color: black;">由于</span> {} 是用来创建一个空字典。</p>a={<span style="color: black;">a</span>,<span style="color: black;">b</span>,<span style="color: black;">c</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">}</p>b=set(<span style="color: black;">abc</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">c=set</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">d={}</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(a)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(b)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">type</span>(a), <span style="color: black;">type</span>(b), <span style="color: black;">type</span>(c), <span style="color: black;">type</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(d))</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#无序性</p>a = set(<span style="color: black;">python</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(a)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#互异性</p>a = set(<span style="color: black;">good</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(a)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#add<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:为集合添加元素</p>a = set(<span style="color: black;">good</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>a.add(<span style="color: black;">p</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(a)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#update<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:给集合添加元素</p>a = set(<span style="color: black;">good</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>a.update(<span style="color: black;">p</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"添加一个元素"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, a)</p>a.update([<span style="color: black;">a</span>, <span style="color: black;">b</span>, <span style="color: black;">c</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">])</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"添加多个元素"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, a)</p>a.update([<span style="color: black;">H</span>, <span style="color: black;">e</span>], {<span style="color: black;">l</span>, <span style="color: black;">l</span>, <span style="color: black;">o</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">})</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">添加列表和集合</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, a)</p>#<span style="color: black;">remove</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">办法</span>:移除指定元素</p>s = {<span style="color: black;">P</span>, <span style="color: black;">y</span>, <span style="color: black;">t</span>, <span style="color: black;">h</span>, <span style="color: black;">o</span>, <span style="color: black;">n</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">}</p>s.<span style="color: black;">remove</span>(<span style="color: black;">t</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"去掉t"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, s)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#pop<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:随机移除元素</p>s = {<span style="color: black;">P</span>, <span style="color: black;">y</span>, <span style="color: black;">t</span>, <span style="color: black;">h</span>, <span style="color: black;">o</span>, <span style="color: black;">n</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">}</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"随机删除元素:"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, s.pop)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#clear<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:移除集合中的所有元素</p>s = {<span style="color: black;">P</span>, <span style="color: black;">y</span>, <span style="color: black;">t</span>, <span style="color: black;">h</span>, <span style="color: black;">o</span>, <span style="color: black;">n</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">}</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">s.clear</p>print(<span style="color: black;">"清空集合:"</span>, s, <span style="color: black;">len</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(s))</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#issubset<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:判断指定集合<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>为该<span style="color: black;">办法</span>参数集合的子集</p>A = set(<span style="color: black;">abcd</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>B = set(<span style="color: black;">cdef</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>C = set(<span style="color: black;">ab</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"C<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>A子集:"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, C.issubset(A))</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#union<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:返回两个集合的并集,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>用 |</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"A和B并集:"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, A|B)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"A和B并集:"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">,A.union(B))</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#intersection<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:返回集合的交集,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>用&</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"A和B交集:"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, A&B)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"A和B交集:"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">,A.intersection(B))</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#difference<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:差集,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>用-</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"A和B差集:"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, A-B)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"A和B差集:"</span>,A.difference(B))<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">字典类型(Dictionary)</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">字典类型是可变类型。在同一个字典中,键(key)<span style="color: black;">必要</span>是<span style="color: black;">独一</span>的。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">字典的<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>键值(key=>value)对用冒号(:)分割,<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>对之间用逗号(,)分割,<span style="color: black;">全部</span>字典<span style="color: black;">包含</span>在花括号({})中。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 用{}创建字典</p>dict1 = {<span style="color: black;">"a"</span>:<span style="color: black;">"1"</span>, <span style="color: black;">"b"</span>:<span style="color: black;">"2"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">}</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(dict1)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 用内置函数dict</p>dict2 = dict(a=<span style="color: black;">"1"</span>, b=<span style="color: black;">"2"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(dict2)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#<span style="color: black;">拜访</span>字典里的值</p>dict1 = {<span style="color: black;">"a"</span>:<span style="color: black;">"1"</span>, <span style="color: black;">"b"</span>:<span style="color: black;">"2"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">}</p><span style="color: black;">print</span> (<span style="color: black;">"dict1: "</span>, dict1[<span style="color: black;">a</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">]) #<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>会报错</p><span style="color: black;">print</span> (<span style="color: black;">"dict1.get(a): "</span>, dict1.get(<span style="color: black;">a</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)) #<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>返回None</p>print(<span style="color: black;">"获取所有的key值:"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, dict1.keys)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"获取所有的value值:"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, dict1.values)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#<span style="color: black;">增多</span>新的键/值对</p>dict1 = {<span style="color: black;">"a"</span>:<span style="color: black;">"1"</span>, <span style="color: black;">"b"</span>:<span style="color: black;">"2"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">}</p><span style="color: black;">print</span> (<span style="color: black;">"<span style="color: black;">增多</span>前:"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, dict1)</p>dict1[<span style="color: black;">c</span>] = <span style="color: black;">3</span><span style="color: black;">print</span> (<span style="color: black;">"<span style="color: black;">增多</span>后:"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, dict1)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#删除字典指定元素</p>dict1 = {<span style="color: black;">"a"</span>:<span style="color: black;">"1"</span>, <span style="color: black;">"b"</span>:<span style="color: black;">"2"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">}</p><span style="color: black;">print</span> (<span style="color: black;">"删除前:"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, dict1)</p>del dict1[<span style="color: black;">a</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">]</p><span style="color: black;">print</span> (<span style="color: black;">"删除后:"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, dict1)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#清空字典</p>dict1 = {<span style="color: black;">"a"</span>:<span style="color: black;">"1"</span>, <span style="color: black;">"b"</span>:<span style="color: black;">"2"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">}</p><span style="color: black;">print</span> (<span style="color: black;">"清空前:"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, dict1)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">dict1.clear</p>print (<span style="color: black;">"清空后:"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, dict1)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#dir<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:查看dict所有<span style="color: black;">办法</span></p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(dir(dict))<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">要求</span>判断和循环</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">要求</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>:<span style="color: black;">经过</span>一条或多条语句的执行结果(True<span style="color: black;">或</span>False)来决定执行的代码块。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">每一个</span><span style="color: black;">要求</span>后面要<span style="color: black;">运用</span>冒号:,<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>接下来是满足<span style="color: black;">要求</span>后要执行的语句块。<span style="color: black;">运用</span>缩进来划分语句块,相同缩进数的语句在<span style="color: black;">一块</span><span style="color: black;">构成</span>一个语句块。在Python中<span style="color: black;">无</span>switch–case语句。</p>#<span style="color: black;">if</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">操作</p>x = <span style="color: black;">5</span><span style="color: black;">i</span>f x > <span style="color: black;">3</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">:</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"yes"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>#<span style="color: black;">if</span>嵌套:<span style="color: black;">if</span>...elif...<span style="color: black;">else</span>#<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>把 <span style="color: black;">if</span>...elif...<span style="color: black;">else</span> 结构放在<span style="color: black;">另一</span>一个 <span style="color: black;">if</span>...elif...<span style="color: black;">else</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 结构中</p>x = <span style="color: black;">99</span><span style="color: black;">i</span>f x<<span style="color: black;">60</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">:</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"不及格"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>elif x<<span style="color: black;">80</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">:</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"良好"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">else</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">:</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"优秀"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#while循环</p>sum = <span style="color: black;">0</span>counter = <span style="color: black;">1</span>while counter <= <span style="color: black;">10</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">sum = sum + counter</p>counter += <span style="color: black;">1</span><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"1 到 10 之和为: %d"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> % sum)</p>#while 循环<span style="color: black;">运用</span> <span style="color: black;">else</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 语句</p>count = <span style="color: black;">0</span>while count < <span style="color: black;">5</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">:</p><span style="color: black;">print</span> (count, <span style="color: black;">" <span style="color: black;">少于</span> 5"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>count = count + <span style="color: black;">1</span><span style="color: black;">else</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">:</p><span style="color: black;">print</span> (count, <span style="color: black;">" 大于或等于 5"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>#<span style="color: black;">for</span> 语句:<span style="color: black;">for</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">循环<span style="color: black;">能够</span>遍历任何序列(列表、字符串等)</p>str = <span style="color: black;">python</span>list1 = [<span style="color: black;">I</span>, <span style="color: black;">love</span>, <span style="color: black;">python</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">]</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"遍历字符串"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">for</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> i in str:</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(i)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"遍历列表"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">for</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> i in list1:</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(i)</p>#<span style="color: black;">range</span>函数:遍历数字序列,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>内置<span style="color: black;">range</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">函数生成数列</p><span style="color: black;">for</span> i in <span style="color: black;">range</span>(<span style="color: black;">5</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">):</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(i)</p>#<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">range</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">指定区间的值</p><span style="color: black;">for</span> i in <span style="color: black;">range</span>(<span style="color: black;">2</span>,<span style="color: black;">6</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">):</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(i)</p>#<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>使<span style="color: black;">range</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">以指定数字<span style="color: black;">起始</span>并指定<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的增量(步长),<span style="color: black;">能够</span>是负数</p><span style="color: black;">for</span> i in <span style="color: black;">range</span>(<span style="color: black;">0</span>, <span style="color: black;">10</span>, <span style="color: black;">3</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">):</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(i)</p><span style="color: black;">for</span> i in <span style="color: black;">range</span>(<span style="color: black;">-10</span>, <span style="color: black;">-100</span>, <span style="color: black;">-30</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">):</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(i)</p>#<span style="color: black;">能够</span>结合<span style="color: black;">range</span>和<span style="color: black;">len</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">函数以遍历一个序列的索引</p>list1 = [<span style="color: black;">I</span>, <span style="color: black;">love</span>, <span style="color: black;">Python</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">]</p><span style="color: black;">for</span> i in <span style="color: black;">range</span>(<span style="color: black;">len</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(list1)):</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(list1)</p>#<span style="color: black;">break</span>语句:跳出 <span style="color: black;">for</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 和 while 的循环体</p>list1 = [<span style="color: black;">I</span>, <span style="color: black;">love</span>, <span style="color: black;">Python</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">]</p><span style="color: black;">for</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> i in list1:</p><span style="color: black;">if</span>i ==<span style="color: black;">love</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">break</p>print(<span style="color: black;">当前为 :</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, i)</p>#<span style="color: black;">continue</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">语句:跳过当前循环块中的剩余语句,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>继续进行下一轮循环</p><span style="color: black;">var</span> = <span style="color: black;">10</span>while <span style="color: black;">var</span> > <span style="color: black;">0</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">:</p><span style="color: black;">var</span> = <span style="color: black;">var</span> <span style="color: black;">-1</span># 变量为 <span style="color: black;">5</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 时跳过输出</p><span style="color: black;">if</span> <span style="color: black;">var</span> == <span style="color: black;">5</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">continue</p>print (<span style="color: black;">当前值 :</span>, <span style="color: black;">var</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span> (<span style="color: black;">"hello world!"</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#pass 语句:pass是空语句,是为了保持程序结构的完整性,pass 不做任何事情,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>用做占位语句</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">while True:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">pass # 等待键盘中断 (Ctrl+C)</p><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/RTJXJ1kBqzfCnu~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723892847&x-signature=wfKbUYc3EmZLkIPn05huh2baMe0%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">函数</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">函数是组织好的,可重复<span style="color: black;">运用</span>的,用来实现单一,或<span style="color: black;">关联</span>联功能的代码段。函数能<span style="color: black;">加强</span>应用的模块性,和代码的重复利用率。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Python<span style="color: black;">供给</span>了许多内建函数,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>“print”,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>自己创建函数,这被叫做用户自定义函数。</p># <span style="color: black;">1.</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">无参函数</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 用def定义新函数</p>def<strong style="color: blue;">my_func</strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">:</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"test..."</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">return</span> <span style="color: black;">1</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 调用函数</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">my_func</p># <span style="color: black;">2.</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">有参函数</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 关键字参数、默认参数、可变参数。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 关键字参数: 调用时指定参数的名<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>,且与函数声明时的参数名<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>一致。<span style="color: black;">运用</span>关键字参数<span style="color: black;">准许</span>函数调用时参数的<span style="color: black;">次序</span>与声明时不一致。</p>def<strong style="color: blue;">my_func1</strong><strong style="color: blue;">(x, y)</strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">:</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(x)</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(y)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 标准调用</p>my_func1(<span style="color: black;">1</span>, <span style="color: black;">2</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 关键字调用</p>def<strong style="color: blue;">my_func1</strong><strong style="color: blue;">(y = <span style="color: black;">1</span>, x = <span style="color: black;">2</span>)</strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 默认参数:在函数声明时,指定形参的默认值,调用时可不传入参数(<span style="color: black;">运用</span>默认值)。</p>def<strong style="color: blue;">my_func2</strong><strong style="color: blue;">(x, y=<span style="color: black;">1</span>)</strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">:</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(x+y)</p>my_func2(<span style="color: black;">2</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>#可变参数:变参数<span style="color: black;">便是</span>传入的参数个数是可变的,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>是<span style="color: black;">1</span>个、<span style="color: black;">2</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">个到任意个。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#在参数前面加了一个*号。在函数内部,参数numbers接收到的是一个tuple。</p>def<strong style="color: blue;">my_func3</strong><strong style="color: blue;">(*numbers)</strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">:</p>sum = <span style="color: black;">0</span><span style="color: black;">for</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> n in numbers:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">sum = sum + n * n</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">return sum</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 函数调用</p>my_func3 #返回结果<span style="color: black;">0</span>my_func3(<span style="color: black;">1</span>,<span style="color: black;">2</span>) #返回结果<span style="color: black;">5</span># 关键字参数:可变参数<span style="color: black;">准许</span>你传入<span style="color: black;">0</span>个或任意个参数,这些可变参数在函数调用时自动组装为一个tuple。而关键字参数<span style="color: black;">准许</span>你传入<span style="color: black;">0</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">个或任意个含参数名的参数,这些关键字参数在函数内部自动组装为一个dict。</p>def<strong style="color: blue;">my_func4</strong><strong style="color: blue;">(x, **kw)</strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">:</p><span style="color: black;">print</span> (<span style="color: black;">x:</span>, x, <span style="color: black;">other:</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, kw)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#除了必选参数x外,还接受关键字参数kw。在调用该函数时,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>只传入必选参数。</p>my_func4(<span style="color: black;">8</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>传入任意个数的关键字参数</p>my_func4(<span style="color: black;">8</span>, z=<span style="color: black;">"66"</span>)<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">类</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">类(Class):用来描述<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>相同的属性和<span style="color: black;">办法</span>的对象的集合。它定义了该集合中<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>对象所共有的属性和<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。对象是类的实例。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">类变量:类变量在<span style="color: black;">全部</span>实例化的对象中是公用的。类变量定义在类中且在函数体之外。类变量<span style="color: black;">一般</span>不<span style="color: black;">做为</span>实例变量<span style="color: black;">运用</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">数据成员:类变量<span style="color: black;">或</span>实例变量, 用于处理类及其实例对象的<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的数据。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#创建类Student</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">class Student(object):</p><span style="color: black;">"学生成绩"</span>def __init__(<span style="color: black;">self</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">, name, score):</p><span style="color: black;">self</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">.name = name</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">self.score = score</p>def print_score(<span style="color: black;">self</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">):</p>print(<span style="color: black;">%s: %s</span> % (<span style="color: black;">self</span>.name, <span style="color: black;">self</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">.score))</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#创建Student类的对象bart</p>jack = Student(<span style="color: black;">Bart Simpson</span>, <span style="color: black;">59</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#创建Student类的对象lisa</p>bob = Student(<span style="color: black;">Lisa Simpson</span>, <span style="color: black;">87</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#<span style="color: black;">拜访</span>类的属性</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">jack.print_score</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">bob.print_score</p># 添加一个 <span style="color: black;">age</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 属性</p>jack.age = <span style="color: black;">7</span>print(<span style="color: black;">"添加一个 age 属性:"</span>,hasattr(jack, <span style="color: black;">age</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">))</p># 修改 <span style="color: black;">age</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 属性</p>jack.age = <span style="color: black;">8</span>print(<span style="color: black;">"修改 age 属性:"</span>,getattr(jack, <span style="color: black;">age</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">))</p># 删除 <span style="color: black;">age</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 属性</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">del jack.age</p>print(<span style="color: black;">"删除 age 属性:"</span>,hasattr(jack, <span style="color: black;">age</span>))<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">类的继承</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">面向对象的编程带来的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>好处之一是代码的重用,实现这种重用的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>之一是<span style="color: black;">经过</span>继承机制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span>继承创建的新类<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为子类或派生类,被继承的类<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为基类、父类或超类。</p>#编写一个名为Fruit的<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">class</span>,执行<span style="color: black;">run</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>直接打印</span><span style="color: black;">#编写<span style="color: black;">Apple</span>和<span style="color: black;">Orange</span>类时,就<span style="color: black;">能够</span>直接从<span style="color: black;">Fruit</span>类继承</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">class</span> <span style="color: black;">Fruit</span></span>(<span style="color: black;">object</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">):</p><span style="color: black;">父类Animal</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">def run_father(self):</p>print(<span style="color: black;">调用父类<span style="color: black;">办法</span>...</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">class</span> <span style="color: black;">Apple</span></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(Fruit):</p><span style="color: black;">子类1 Apple</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">def run_son(self):</p>print(<span style="color: black;">调用子类<span style="color: black;">办法</span>...</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">class</span> <span style="color: black;">Orange</span></span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(Fruit):</p><span style="color: black;">子类2 Orange</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">def run_son(self):</p>print(<span style="color: black;">调用子类<span style="color: black;">办法</span>...</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#实例化子类</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">apple = Apple</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">orange = Orange</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#调用父类<span style="color: black;">办法</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">apple.run_father</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">orange.run_father</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">#调用子类<span style="color: black;">办法</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">apple.run_son</p>orange.run_son<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">办法</span>重写</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>父类<span style="color: black;">办法</span>的功能<span style="color: black;">不可</span>满足你的需求,你<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在子类重写你父类的<span style="color: black;">办法</span></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">class</span> <span style="color: black;">Fruit</span><span style="color: black;">(object)</span>:</span><span style="color: black;">父类Animal</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">def</span> <span style="color: black;">run</span><span style="color: black;">(self)</span>:</span>print(<span style="color: black;">调用父类<span style="color: black;">办法</span>...</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">class</span> <span style="color: black;">Apple</span><span style="color: black;">(Fruit)</span>:</span><span style="color: black;">子类1 Apple</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">def</span> <span style="color: black;">run</span><span style="color: black;">(self)</span>:</span>print(<span style="color: black;">子类1 Apple 重写父类<span style="color: black;">办法</span>...</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">class</span> <span style="color: black;">Orange</span><span style="color: black;">(Fruit)</span>:</span><span style="color: black;">子类2 Orange</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">def</span> <span style="color: black;">run</span><span style="color: black;">(self)</span>:</span>print(<span style="color: black;">子类2 Orange 重写父类<span style="color: black;">办法</span>...</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">)</p><span style="color: black;">#实例化子类</span><span style="color: black;">apple = Apple</span><span style="color: black;">orange = Orange</span><span style="color: black;">#调用父类<span style="color: black;">办法</span></span><span style="color: black;">apple.run</span><span style="color: black;">orange.run</span><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/RTJXJ7YR5xGDl~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723892847&x-signature=0Wc8jRPkswfoIuSGwEpeYO7H2i0%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">模块</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Python 模块(Module),是一个 Python 文件,以 .py 结尾,<span style="color: black;">包括</span>了 Python 对象定义和Python语句。模块让你能够有<span style="color: black;">规律</span>地组织你的 Python 代码段。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">把<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的代码分配到一个模块里能让你的代码更好用,更易懂。模块能定义函数,类和变量,模块里<span style="color: black;">亦</span>能<span style="color: black;">包括</span>可执行的代码。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 导入模块</p>import <span style="color: black;">math</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># <span style="color: black;">此刻</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>调用模块里<span style="color: black;">包括</span>的函数了</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"求e的n次幂:"</span>,<span style="color: black;">math</span>.<span style="color: black;">exp</span>(<span style="color: black;">1</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">))</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># from…import 语句:从模块中导入一个指定的部分到当前命名空间中</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># 导入模块中的特定函数</p>from <span style="color: black;">math</span>import<span style="color: black;">exp</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># <span style="color: black;">此刻</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>直接<span style="color: black;">运用</span>该函数了</p><span style="color: black;">print</span>(<span style="color: black;">"求e的n次幂:"</span>,<span style="color: black;">exp</span>(<span style="color: black;">1</span>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">))</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"># from…import* 语句:导入一个模块中的所有项目。然而这种声明<span style="color: black;">不应</span>被<span style="color: black;">太多</span>地<span style="color: black;">运用</span></p>from <span style="color: black;">math</span> import *<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">声明:本文为公众号「 AI小白入门」投稿,版权归作者所有。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">【END】</p>
感谢你的精彩评论,带给我新的思考角度。
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