夏绍毅:从石涛的题画诗说起
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">从石涛的题画诗说起</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">夏绍毅</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">【摘要】:诗文是作者的心画心声,情动于中而行于言,故而有诗文。《尚书.尧典》:“诗言志,歌永言,声依永,律和声。”意思是:诗是用来表达人们的志意的,歌是拖长声调咏唱诗的语言。苏轼说:“文如其人。”什么样的人就有什么样的言语,如叶燮所云:“功名之士,必<span style="color: black;">不可</span>为泉石淡泊之音;轻浮之子,必<span style="color: black;">不可</span>为敦厚大雅之响。”艺术史上的石涛,历来物议纷纭。他是旧王孙,明清鼎革,他遁入空门,本来应该青灯古佛,做一个大德高僧,可是他又是迎驾,又是献画,颂扬新朝的仁政。他时时穿梭于权门富家,诗文酬酢之外,还放下身段,帮<span style="color: black;">她们</span>叠石造园。他真是一个<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>的个体。邵松年说他“<span style="color: black;">一辈子</span>郁勃之气,无所发泄,一一寄于诗画,故有时如豁然长啸,有时若戚然长鸣,无不以笔墨之中寓之。”他的入世和出世,他的山河泪,他的功利心,应该都<span style="color: black;">能够</span>从诗文中一窥因果。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">关键词:石涛;山水画;题画诗;</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">石涛《孤松隐士图》</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span>题画诗最能反映其<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>的内心世界。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">艺术史上的石涛,历来物议纷纭。他是旧王孙,明清鼎革,他遁入空门,本来应该青灯古佛,做一个大德高僧,可是他又是迎驾,又是献画,颂扬新朝的仁政。他时常穿梭于权门富家,诗文酬酢之外,还放下身段,帮<span style="color: black;">她们</span>叠石造园。他真是一个<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>的个体。邵松年说他<strong style="color: blue;">“<span style="color: black;">一辈子</span>郁勃之气,无所发泄,一一寄于诗画,故有时如豁然长啸,有时若戚然长鸣,无不以笔墨之中寓之。”</strong>他的入世和出世,他的山河泪,他的功利心,应该都<span style="color: black;">能够</span>从诗文中一窥因果。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">石涛生前并无诗文集行世。他身后,先后<span style="color: black;">显现</span>了多种颇有影响的诗文辑录,尤其以汪绎辰的《大涤子题画诗跋》(一卷)、汪鋆《清湘老人题记》、神州国光本《大涤子题画诗跋》(四卷)、汪世清《石涛诗录》流布最广。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">石涛《行到水穷处》</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">如其中一首《题画墨荷》题识:<strong style="color: blue;">墨团团里黑团团,墨黑丛中花叶宽。试看笔从烟里过,<span style="color: black;">波涛</span>转处不须完。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">另一</span>一首《题画墨荷》:<strong style="color: blue;">慢道</strong><strong style="color: blue;">花香叶不香,花时虽好叶时常。怜他出水舒仙掌,向月迎风碧舞裳。</strong></p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">石涛《新花新叶添新涨》</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">《新花新叶添新涨》题识:<strong style="color: blue;">新花新叶添新涨,偏<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>晚风花气长。花插胆瓶烧烛赏,叶馀水面覆鸳鸯。</strong>苦瓜老人济。钤印:原济、石涛。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">石涛是明朝的宗室,其抱无穷之痛,尤深于他人。那肮脏不平之气,发之于诗书画,不啻点点血泪,石涛曾说:“作书作画,无论先辈后学,当以气胜,得之者精神灿烂,出之纸上。意懒则浅薄无神。”</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span>读其题画诗能带给后学<span style="color: black;">许多</span>内心感慨。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">便是</span>从事书画创作,要有文化底蕴,要有情怀。笔墨技法是一回事,内心境界是另一回事,<span style="color: black;">所说</span>“笔墨意趣”“意在笔先”。<span style="color: black;">一样</span>的物象,<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的画家诗人的观感是不<span style="color: black;">同样</span>的,写出来、画出来的作品<span style="color: black;">亦</span>各不相同、高下立判。唐代画家张璪提出“外师造化,中得心源”,石涛<span style="color: black;">亦</span>说“黄山是我师,我是黄山友。”造化千变万化无穷无尽,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的内心<span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>丘壑、<span style="color: black;">无</span>泉源。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">石涛 《西樵苍翠图》</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">如石涛其中一首关于菜根的题画诗:<strong style="color: blue;">冷淡生涯本业儒,家贫休厌食无鱼。菜根切莫多油煮,留点青灯教子书。</strong>读后给人许多内心启发,可由此想到先儒之“孔颜之乐”,在《论语-雍<span style="color: black;">亦</span>》里,记录的颜回之乐,子曰:“贤哉,回<span style="color: black;">亦</span>!一箪食,一瓢饮,在陋巷,人不堪其忧,回<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不改其乐。贤哉,回<span style="color: black;">亦</span>!” 在《论语述而》记录孔子<span style="color: black;">自己</span>之乐,子曰:“<strong style="color: blue;">饭疏</strong>食饮水,曲肱而枕之,乐<span style="color: black;">也</span>在其中矣。不义而富且贵,于我如浮云。”,“孔颜之乐”在石涛的画里<span style="color: black;">做为</span>一种崇高精神,启发了后习画者贵在乐道,和贫富无关。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3、</span>读其题画诗<span style="color: black;">能够</span>进一步对其绘画理论的<span style="color: black;">认识</span>。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">石涛是他有一本《画语录》,提出著名的“一画论”,《历代黄山图题画诗考释》,收录了石涛多篇与黄山<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的题画诗,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">帮忙</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>更透彻理解他的绘画理论。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">石涛《黄山图》</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">如《前海观莲花峰》题画诗:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">海风吹白练,百里涌青莲。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">壁立不知顶,崔嵬势接天。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">云开峰坠地,岛阔树相连。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">坐久忘归去,萝衣上紫烟。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">石涛对泼墨山水画的论述与认识,可说包罗甚广,天地之间的气象,明暗高低远近,都在其中,所言画“不似之似似之”的表现形式,不是“具象”,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不是“抽象”,而是“意象”,令人遐想。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">石涛《黄山紫玉屏图》</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">如石涛题泼墨山水</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">天地浑融一气,再分风雨四时。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">明暗高低远近,不似之似似之。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">石涛在绘画技法上是多变的,在题赭墨山水时石涛曾云:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">半空半壑远山村,疑是风烟势欲吞。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">险到无边堪绝倒,凭天不尽画云门。</strong></p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">石涛《黄山莲花峰图》</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">4、</span>结语。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">崔颢写黄鹤楼“昔人已乘黄鹤去,此地空余黄鹤楼。”后人李白只能感叹:“眼前有景道不得,崔颢题诗在上头。”同一题材,同一景致,画家别出心裁,争奇斗巧,诗人<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是<span style="color: black;">同样</span>。石涛的题画诗对当代书画家有许多额外的启发,<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>的<span style="color: black;">有些</span>书画家急功近利,<span style="color: black;">无</span>基本的文化修养,更缺乏对中国博大精深的传统文化的真切的认知。如<span style="color: black;">必须</span>题几个字,写起字来只是“<span style="color: black;">清闲</span>致远”、“观海听涛”这些套话,<span style="color: black;">或</span>几首被写烂了的古诗。像启功先生<span style="color: black;">这般</span>老一辈的书家,题的字会尽力符合受赠对象身份,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>书写自拟的对联、自作诗。画家题款<span style="color: black;">亦</span>要得体,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>要出彩,要懂点旧体诗词,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>会写两句。画家要把书法写好,在自己的作品上写的书法<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>,题的字句<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>,<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>得体,能否为画作添彩,是判别一个画家层次高下的重要标准。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">石涛《收尽奇峰打草稿局部图》01</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">石涛《收尽奇峰打草稿局部图》02</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">石涛《收尽奇峰打草稿局部图》03</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">注:<span style="color: black;">照片</span>源自网路络。</p>
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期待你更多的精彩评论,一起交流学习。 论坛的成果是显著的,但我们不能因为成绩而沾沾自喜。 真情实感,其含义为认真了、走心了的意思,是如今的饭圈常用语。
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