美国疫苗癌症根治率97%!真相到底怎么样?
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">文案</span><span style="color: black;">转载</span><span style="color: black;">微X</span>公众号:盛诺一家(stluciabj)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">近期</span>,一篇名为《美国癌症疫苗<span style="color: black;">开发</span>成功,彻底根治率达 97%》的<span style="color: black;">文案</span>刷了屏。<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">文案</span><span style="color: black;">报告</span>,美国斯坦福大学近期<span style="color: black;">开发</span>出新型“癌症疫苗”,在携带恶性肿瘤的小鼠身上<span style="color: black;">实验</span>取得了惊人的成果,小鼠身上癌细胞不仅完全消失,并且这种疫苗还<span style="color: black;">能够</span>有效对抗多种癌症。<span style="color: black;">文案</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>,该<span style="color: black;">科研</span>“让人们看到了人类彻底击败癌症的新曙光”。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">那样</span>,这项<span style="color: black;">科研</span>是真的吗?<span style="color: black;">科研</span>结果<span style="color: black;">可靠</span>吗?<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>能用在人身上吗?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">为<span style="color: black;">认识</span>答这些问题,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>专门对此进行了求证。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span>,<span style="color: black;">科研</span>是真的,从科学<span style="color: black;">科研</span>的<span style="color: black;">方向</span>看,它的结果真实,<span style="color: black;">况且</span><span style="color: black;">特别有</span><span style="color: black;">道理</span>;<span style="color: black;">然则</span>这项实验的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>对象是小鼠,并非病人,小鼠实验的结果跟人体实验可能会有很大差异,小鼠实验绝不等同于人体<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,这种<span style="color: black;">药品</span>要用在人身上,还有很长的路要走。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">根治率97%的癌症疫苗</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这项<span style="color: black;">科研</span>来自斯坦福大学医学院肿瘤系Ronald Levy教授带领的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>团队。Ronald Levy教授是美国科学院院士,被誉为癌症免疫抗体疗法的鼻祖之一,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>广泛<span style="color: black;">运用</span>的淋巴瘤的免疫靶向<span style="color: black;">药品</span>美罗华,就出自他的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/80/v2-fbec435df7b40b3f96e354fdf25ec71f_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Levy教授</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">而<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>——CpG和OX40,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>都有<span style="color: black;">可靠</span>的来历:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">正常<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,当人体<span style="color: black;">显现</span>肿瘤这些<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>时,人体的卫兵——免疫细胞便会冲锋陷阵,杀死肿瘤细胞。而OX40能够促进免疫细胞产生<span style="color: black;">各样</span>杀伤肿瘤细胞的武器。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>关于OX40激动剂的一期临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>正在进行<span style="color: black;">其中</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,OX40的表达<span style="color: black;">非常</span>有限,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>能有一种办法<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>OX40的表达,对肿瘤细胞的杀伤效果就会大大<span style="color: black;">加强</span>。而CpG寡链核苷酸<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">这般</span>一种物质。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">于是在这项实验<span style="color: black;">其中</span>,Levy教授<span style="color: black;">运用</span>了90只移植了淋巴瘤的小鼠(每只小鼠都在两个不同的部位含有淋巴瘤),并为它们的其中一处淋巴瘤注射了CpG联合OX40<span style="color: black;">构成</span>的“疫苗”。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/80/v2-fbd924f99e5d4ec3e3eaebad085b8db5_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">实验<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,90只小鼠注射部位的肿瘤<span style="color: black;">所有</span>消失,并且<span style="color: black;">无</span>接受注射的另一处肿瘤<span style="color: black;">亦</span>随之消失;在接受治疗超过100天之后,仅有3只小鼠肿瘤复发,并且在接受第二次注射后,肿瘤再次消失。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">后续<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>,这种疫苗<span style="color: black;">不仅</span>对淋巴瘤有<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>乳腺癌、结肠癌、黑色素瘤等都能起到<span style="color: black;">一样</span>的治疗效果。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">并且最棒的一点是,每次治疗所用的注射剂量非常少,能够快速<span style="color: black;">运用</span>,并且价格便宜。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">听着<span style="color: black;">是否</span>很诱人?简直喜大普奔~</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">然则</span>,这种治疗的局限性<span style="color: black;">一样</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>是<span style="color: black;">非常</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>的:<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>肿瘤<span style="color: black;">其中</span>的恶性侵略性癌细胞含量很低,<span style="color: black;">不可</span>有效刺激免疫细胞,那<span style="color: black;">药品</span>就<span style="color: black;">无</span>用武之地,疫苗的效果就会大打折扣。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">小鼠实验结果<span style="color: black;">不可</span>直接应用于临床</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">原由</span>很简单,小鼠,并不是人。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>的医学实验,在进行人体<span style="color: black;">实验</span>之前,为了<span style="color: black;">保准</span><span style="color: black;">必定</span>的安全性和有效性,都会先在动物身上进行实验。小鼠和人类有85%相同的基因,又比较方便饲养,自然<span style="color: black;">成为了</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>动物的首选。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">虽然小白鼠是迄今最成功、运用最广泛的实验动物之一。然而,小白鼠的局限性<span style="color: black;">亦</span>很<span style="color: black;">显著</span>:小白鼠毕竟不是灵长类而是啮齿目动物,代谢类型和生理病理等与<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>的<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>方面与人类差异甚大。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">早在2008年,美国密歇根大学的进化生物学家Jianzhi Zhang便进行过<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>。<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>,即使是相同的基因,人类和小鼠之间<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能产生不同的显型(phenotype),<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>在线<span style="color: black;">发布</span>于2008年的美国《国家科学院院刊》(PNAS)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">而2014年,来自斯坦福大学的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>团队<span style="color: black;">亦</span>指出,在进行了更大范围的人与小鼠基因表达<span style="color: black;">科研</span>之后<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,小鼠和人类的基因基本相同,但基因的表达模式有着不可<span style="color: black;">忽略</span>的差异,<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">一样</span><span style="color: black;">发布</span>于2014年的美国《国家科学院院刊》(PNAS)。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/80/v2-c41c6bb58947b4d102ee1051d904c0f0_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">举个简单的例子:小鼠自己<span style="color: black;">能够</span>合成维生素 C,而人类就不行;小鼠的糖尿病与人类的非常不同,以糖尿病小鼠<span style="color: black;">做为</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>对象,用于治疗人类糖尿病的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>就不奏效。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">除了生物学不同以外,就肿瘤方面而言,小鼠的肿瘤异质性远<span style="color: black;">小于</span>人类,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>说人<span style="color: black;">身体</span>的肿瘤要比小鼠<span style="color: black;">身体</span>的<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>的多;并且小鼠<span style="color: black;">身体</span>的肿瘤比人<span style="color: black;">身体</span>的小太多了,而当肿瘤细胞多了之后,就容易互相支持,产生耐药。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">而就<span style="color: black;">日前</span>的新药<span style="color: black;">开发</span>而言,临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>前期到临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>2期的<span style="color: black;">开发</span>项目有94%<span style="color: black;">不可</span>进入第3期,而有幸进入3期的临床<span style="color: black;">实验</span>有35%会失败。而实验动物模型与人体的差异,<span style="color: black;">便是</span>其中<span style="color: black;">非常</span><span style="color: black;">重要</span>的瓶颈。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">简单<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,<span style="color: black;">便是</span>治愈老鼠很简单,但治愈人,却很难。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">那样</span>,动物实验就毫<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">道理</span>吗?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当然不是。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">动物实验是进行人体<span style="color: black;">实验</span>之前必不可少的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>环节,所有的<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">开发</span>,都要经过动物实验的环节,前面<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span>说过,<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>动物实验验证了<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的安全性和有效性,才有可能开展人体<span style="color: black;">实验</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">动物实验的安全性和有效性为人体<span style="color: black;">实验</span>争取到了可能,为治愈<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>增添了一分<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>,但动物实验结果绝<span style="color: black;">不可</span>等同于人体<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">必定</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>进一步的人体<span style="color: black;">实验</span>进行验证,<span style="color: black;">知道</span>疗效,排除危险之后,<span style="color: black;">才可</span>应用于临床,造福广大<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">而<span style="color: black;">文案</span>开头<span style="color: black;">说到</span>的“癌症疫苗”,<span style="color: black;">关联</span>人体<span style="color: black;">实验</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>正在筹备<span style="color: black;">其中</span>。<span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">实验</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span>申请成功,正在招募<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">不外</span>此次Levy教授仅计划招募15名低度恶性的淋巴瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>参与<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,而非所有类型的癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/80/v2-108896d7e5e45e3d681c04356736a84f_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>期待这项<span style="color: black;">实验</span>能取得好的结果,后续<span style="color: black;">实验</span>能扩大到<span style="color: black;">更加多</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>;<span style="color: black;">一样</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>相信在各国<span style="color: black;">研究</span>人员的<span style="color: black;">奋斗</span>下,癌症<span style="color: black;">必定</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>会被战胜。但与此<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>要理性看待动物实验与人体<span style="color: black;">实验</span>之间的区别,<span style="color: black;">认识</span>动物实验成功之后,还有很长的路要走。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">参考资料:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1. Sagiv-Barfi I, Czerwinski D K, Levy S, et al. Eradication of spontaneous malignancy by local immunotherapy. Science translational medicine, 2018, 10(426): eaan4488.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2. <a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">http://www.</span><span style="color: black;">sci-news.com/medicine/d</span><span style="color: black;">ual-immunotherapy-tumors-animal-cancer-models-05693.html</span></a> </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3. Ben-Yang Liao, Jianzhi Zhang. Null mutations in human and mouse orthologs frequently result in different phenotypes. PNAS, 2008,19(105): 6987-6992.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4. <a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">https://</span><span style="color: black;">mp</span></a>.weixin.qq.com/s/290l<span style="color: black;">q9GDA3AJ0DFToV-uYw</span> </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5. Shin Lin, Yiing Lin, Joseph R. Nery, et al. Comparison of the transcriptional landscapes between human and mouse tissues. PNAS, 2014,48(111): 17224-17229.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6. <a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">http://www.</span><span style="color: black;">dxy.cn/bbs/topic/296158</span><span style="color: black;">75?keywords=%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E5%B0%8F%E9%BC%A0%E</span></a>5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%BC%82%E5%90%8C </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">7. <a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">http://</span><span style="color: black;">paper.dxy.cn/article/88</span><span style="color: black;">907?keywords=%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E5%B0%8F%E9%BC%A0%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8</span></a>C%E5%BC%82%E5%90%8C</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">8. <a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">https://</span><span style="color: black;">clinicaltrials.stanford.edu</span><span style="color: black;">/browse-all-trials.html.html?ctid=NCT03410901&conditionId=&serviceLineId=&condition</span></a>= </p>
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