这4种癌症初期筛查,真的有用
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">本文经授权转载自</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">科普中国</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">(ID:Science_China)</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">作者:潘战和</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">4月15日,是全国抗癌日。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">如今<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>人都很<span style="color: black;">注意</span>体检,<span style="color: black;">有些</span>人在做体检时,<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>会<span style="color: black;">意见</span>做<span style="color: black;">有些</span>癌症筛查。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">那这些眼花缭乱的癌症筛查项目是什么,真的<span style="color: black;">能够</span>筛查出癌症吗?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q2.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240416/d7cd125532024055b90d38ba4a180cab.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(图/unsplash)</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">癌症筛查是针对<span style="color: black;">没</span>症状“健康人群”采取的一种防癌<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>在身体<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>不适的时候,主动做<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>,目的是<span style="color: black;">发掘</span><span style="color: black;">初期</span>癌症和癌前病变,实现早<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>早诊断早治疗。癌症筛查的<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">需求</span>有相对较为<span style="color: black;">知道</span>的有效性和特异性(可比较灵敏地<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>早癌和癌前病变)、安全性(<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>)、简便经济可操作性好。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">不外</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>只看到筛查好的一面,对筛查可能产生的<span style="color: black;">有些</span>潜在<span style="color: black;">消极</span>效应<span style="color: black;">亦</span>要<span style="color: black;">注意</span>,<span style="color: black;">例如</span> CT 辐射<span style="color: black;">害处</span>,筛查假阳性结果,过度诊断,过度治疗等等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,筛查<span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">茫然</span>,筛查前要进行必要的<span style="color: black;">评定</span>,要结合<span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>,有针对性安排筛查,尽最大可能减少筛查可能的<span style="color: black;">消极</span>效应。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>证据比较充分、共识度比较高、最为<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>筛查的癌症<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是肺癌、乳腺癌、宫颈癌、结直肠癌。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因此</span>,今天参考国家卫健委/国家癌症中心、中国抗癌协会/中华医学会及下属分会等的<span style="color: black;">关联</span>筛查指南,对共识度较高的这 4 种最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的癌症筛查进行科普,供<span style="color: black;">大众</span>参考。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">肺癌筛查</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">肺癌是发病率和死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤,国内外<span style="color: black;">科研</span>证据<span style="color: black;">显示</span>,针对高危人群的筛查可<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>肺癌,实现早诊早治,改善预后,降低死亡率。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q3.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240416/04623740429c4f6bb9f0e6d5771438fd.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(图/unsplash)</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1.</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">那些</span>人群该进行筛查?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">肺癌筛查<span style="color: black;">重点</span>针对高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群,非高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群不常规<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>筛查(可<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>个体化抉择)。<span style="color: black;">那些</span>人属于肺癌高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群?有以下任一<span style="color: black;">状况</span>者属肺癌高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">① <span style="color: black;">长时间</span>吸烟(吸烟包年数≥30 包年,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>曾经吸烟包年数≥30 包年但戒烟不足 15 年)。注:吸烟包年数=<span style="color: black;">每日</span>吸烟包数(每包 20 支)×吸烟年数。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">② <span style="color: black;">长时间</span>被动吸烟(与吸烟者<span style="color: black;">长时间</span><span style="color: black;">一起</span>生活或同室工作)≥20 年。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">③ 职业接触/暴露史≥1 年(<span style="color: black;">包含</span>石棉、铍、铀、氡、铬、镉、镍、硅、煤烟和煤烟尘等的职业暴露)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">④ 肺癌家族史(父母、子女及同父母的兄弟姐妹等一级亲属确诊肺癌)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">⑤慢性阻塞性肺<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>(COPD)或弥漫性肺纤维化病等慢性肺病史。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">关于筛查的<span style="color: black;">初始</span>年龄,不同的指南有所不同,有的<span style="color: black;">意见</span> 45 岁<span style="color: black;">起始</span>,有的则<span style="color: black;">意见</span> 55 岁<span style="color: black;">起始</span>,<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">意见</span><span style="color: black;">最少</span> 50 岁要<span style="color: black;">起始</span>筛查(<span style="color: black;">按照</span>个体意愿可恰当提前至 45 岁或 40 岁<span style="color: black;">起始</span>筛查)。74 岁后可<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>停止筛查,但并非绝对,仍可<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>结合个人意愿继续进行筛查。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2.</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>进行筛查?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群每年进行一次胸部低剂量螺旋 CT(LDCT)筛查,不<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>采取胸部X线<span style="color: black;">检测</span>进行筛查。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">乳腺癌筛查</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">乳腺癌是女性最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的恶性肿瘤,发病率和死亡率均呈<span style="color: black;">提升</span>态势。尽管近年来我国乳腺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的5年<span style="color: black;">存活</span>率有所<span style="color: black;">加强</span>,但仍是女性癌症死亡的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>之一。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q3.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240416/b3a07e4de48746e799e400eadf459fb1.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(图/unsplash)</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1.</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">那些</span>人群该进行筛查?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群和高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群均适合进行乳腺癌筛查。<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>患癌<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">处在</span>平均或较低水平的人群,即除了高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群以外的所有适龄女性。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群在不同的筛查指南中的定义(标准)不完全一致,有以下任一<span style="color: black;">状况</span>者<span style="color: black;">一般</span>可<span style="color: black;">做为</span>乳腺癌高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">① 有遗传家族史(即有<span style="color: black;">显著</span>的乳腺癌遗传倾向者,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>:一级亲属有乳腺癌或卵巢癌史;二级亲属 50 岁前有 2 人及以上患卵巢癌和/或乳腺癌;<span style="color: black;">自己</span>携带<span style="color: black;">或</span><span style="color: black;">最少</span>1位一级亲属携带已知 BRCA1/2 基因致病性遗传突变)。注:一级亲属指母亲、女儿及姐妹;二级亲属指姑、姨、祖母、外祖母。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">② 既往(30 岁前)接受过胸部放疗。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">③ 既往有乳腺导管或小叶不典型增生或小叶原位癌的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">④ 其他高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>个体:<span style="color: black;">经过</span>多<span style="color: black;">危害</span>因子进行风险<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">可否</span>属于高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>个体,<span style="color: black;">例如</span><span style="color: black;">大姨妈</span>初潮早(≤12 岁);绝经晚(≥55 岁);乳腺活检或乳腺良性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>手术史;<span style="color: black;">运用</span>“雌孕激素联合”或仅<span style="color: black;">运用</span>“雌激素”的激素替代治疗(不少于半年);从未哺乳或哺乳时间少于 4 个月;初次生育年龄≥30 岁或从未生育、流产或死胎史或流产 2 次及以上等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">关于筛查<span style="color: black;">初始</span>年龄,结合国情,<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">意见</span><span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群 40 岁<span style="color: black;">起始</span>筛查,高危人群<span style="color: black;">举荐</span><span style="color: black;">初始</span>年龄更早(<40 岁)进行乳腺癌筛查。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2.</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>进行筛查?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群:<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>每 1~2 年进行 1 次筛查,可单独<span style="color: black;">运用</span>乳腺X线摄影(钼靶),<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可单独<span style="color: black;">运用</span>乳腺超声;<span style="color: black;">针对</span>致密型乳腺,<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>乳腺X线摄影联合乳腺超声进行筛查。不<span style="color: black;">举荐</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>乳腺磁共振作为<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群的常规筛查<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群:<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>每年1次乳腺X线<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,每 6~12 个月 1 次乳腺超声<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,每 6~12 个月 1 次乳腺体检(<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>视诊触诊等);必要时联合乳腺<span style="color: black;">加强</span>磁共振(<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是对 BRCA1/2 基因突变携带者,但<span style="color: black;">一般</span>不<span style="color: black;">做为</span>首选<span style="color: black;">办法</span>)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">宫颈癌筛查</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">宫颈癌是威胁女性健康的<span style="color: black;">平常</span>恶性肿瘤,<span style="color: black;">都数</span>由人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染<span style="color: black;">导致</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>接种 HPV 疫苗是预防宫颈癌最有效的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,但这并<span style="color: black;">不可</span>替代宫颈癌筛查,筛查仍然是宫颈癌预防的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q0.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240416/92d35399c4174dd6ac18d11afd8366f3.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(图/unsplash)</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1.</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">那些</span>人群该进行筛查?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">结合国情,<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">意见</span>女性 25 岁<span style="color: black;">起始</span>宫颈癌筛查。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">25 岁以下女性:如存在多性伴史、过早性生活史、感染艾滋病毒(HIV)、吸烟等高危<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>提前筛查(性生活<span style="color: black;">起始</span>后 1 年内<span style="color: black;">起始</span>)并适当缩短筛查间隔。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">重视</span>的是,<span style="color: black;">没</span>论<span style="color: black;">可否</span>接种HPV疫苗,均应按<span style="color: black;">需求</span><span style="color: black;">定时</span>宫颈癌筛查。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2.<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>进行筛查?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">筛查<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>是宫颈细胞学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>(TCT,薄层液基细胞学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>技术)、人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)核酸检测。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">25~64 岁女性:每 5 年一次单独 HPV 核酸检测,<span style="color: black;">或</span> HPV 检测联合细胞学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>;<span style="color: black;">或</span>每3年一次宫颈细胞学<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">65 岁以上女性,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>既往有充分的阴性筛查记录(10 年内连续 3 次细胞学筛查或连续 2 次的 HPV 筛查或联合筛查,且<span style="color: black;">近期</span>一次筛查在 5 年内,筛查结果均正常),并且<span style="color: black;">没</span> CIN(宫颈上皮内瘤变)、HPV <span style="color: black;">连续</span>感染,以及<span style="color: black;">无</span>因 HPV <span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span>治疗史等高危<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,可<span style="color: black;">再也不</span>进行筛查。但<span style="color: black;">倘若</span> 65 岁以上女性既往从未接受过筛查,<span style="color: black;">或</span> 65 岁前 10 年<span style="color: black;">没</span>充分的阴性筛查记录,或有临床指征者,仍应筛查。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">结直肠癌筛查</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">结直肠癌(大肠癌)是<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的消化道恶性肿瘤,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是癌症死亡的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>之一,且发病率和死亡率均呈<span style="color: black;">提升</span>趋势。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q0.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240416/e32ab04f430d43f395b2503a179d5fa5.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(图/unsplash)</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1.</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">那些</span>人群该进行筛查?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群<span style="color: black;">意见</span>从 40 岁起进行结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>:<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>为中<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群,<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>在 50~75 岁接受结直肠癌筛查;<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>结果为高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群,<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>在 40~75 岁接受结直肠癌筛查。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>有 1 个及以上一级亲属<span style="color: black;">病患</span>结直肠癌,<span style="color: black;">举荐</span> 40 岁或比一级亲属中最<span style="color: black;">青年</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>前提 10 岁<span style="color: black;">起始</span>进行筛查。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>属于遗传性结直肠癌高危人群,筛查<span style="color: black;">初始</span>年龄视<span style="color: black;">状况</span>进一步提早,筛查频次<span style="color: black;">亦</span>要<span style="color: black;">增多</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">例如</span>:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">MLH1/MSH2 突变<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的林奇<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>高危人群接受结肠镜筛查的<span style="color: black;">初始</span>年龄为 20~25 岁或比家族中最<span style="color: black;">青年</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>发病年龄提前 2~5 年;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">MSH6/PMS2 突变<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的林奇综合征高危人群接受结肠镜筛查的<span style="color: black;">初始</span>年龄为 30~35 岁或比家族中最<span style="color: black;">青年</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>发病年龄提前 2~5 年;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">典型 FAP 家系中的高危人群从 10~11 岁<span style="color: black;">起始</span>接受结肠镜筛查,每 1~2 年做 1 次结肠镜,并且<span style="color: black;">连续</span>终生;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">轻型 FAP 家系的高危人群应从 18~20 岁<span style="color: black;">起始</span>,每 2 年做 1 次结肠镜,并且持续终生。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q6.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240416/0da0a24a3ea1477aa83a048eb85d9c54.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(图/unsplash)</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">不<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>以下<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>者可视为<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">一级亲属<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>结直肠癌病史,<span style="color: black;">自己</span>有结直肠癌病史或肠道腺瘤病史,<span style="color: black;">自己</span><span style="color: black;">身患</span>8~10年<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>不愈的炎症性肠病,<span style="color: black;">自己</span>粪便潜血<span style="color: black;">实验</span>阳性。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">高<span style="color: black;">危害</span>人群<span style="color: black;">包含</span>散发性高危人群和遗传性高危人群。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">遗传性结直肠癌高危人群<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>非息肉病性结直肠癌(林奇<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>和家族性结直肠癌x型林奇样<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>)和息肉病性结直肠癌<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>(家族性腺瘤性息肉病、MUTYH基因<span style="color: black;">关联</span>息肉病、幼年性息肉<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>、锯齿状息肉病<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>等)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2.</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>进行筛查?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">筛查<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>结肠镜(筛查金标准)、FIT(粪便免疫化学检测)、乙状结肠镜(<span style="color: black;">重点</span>适用于远端结直肠癌筛查)、结肠CT<span style="color: black;">影像</span>技术(特定<span style="color: black;">前提</span>下可用于筛查)、多靶点粪便 FIT-DNA 检测(特定<span style="color: black;">前提</span>下可用于筛查)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>每 5~10 年进行 1 次高质量结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>(强<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>);或每年 1 次 FIT <span style="color: black;">检测</span>(强<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>);或每 3~5 年 1 次乙状结肠镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>(弱<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>);或每 5 年 1 次结肠 CT <span style="color: black;">影像</span>技术<span style="color: black;">检测</span>(弱<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>);或每 3 年 1 次多靶点粪便 FIT-DNA 检测<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>(弱<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">最后<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">尤其</span>提醒<span style="color: black;">重视</span>的是关于筛查后续处理的问题:<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>筛查结果阴性,则按<span style="color: black;">以上</span>时间间隔频率继续进行筛查;<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>筛查<span style="color: black;">发掘</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>结果,则要找相应专科的<span style="color: black;">大夫</span><span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>进一步<span style="color: black;">检测</span>处理和/或<span style="color: black;">调节</span>复查随访策</span><span style="color: black;">略</span><span style="color: black;">。</span><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">返回<span style="color: black;">外链论坛:http://www.fok120.com/</span>,查看<span style="color: black;">更加多</span></span></a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">责任编辑:网友投稿</span></p>
你的话语如春风拂面,温暖了我的心房,真的很感谢。
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