PD-1癌症疫苗报佳音,2021年将步入人体临床实验!
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">癌症<span style="color: black;">做为</span>人类的头号公敌,令许多<span style="color: black;">专家</span>前赴后继地<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">各样</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>和治疗方式。21世纪<span style="color: black;">没</span>疑是免疫治疗在癌症<span style="color: black;">行业</span>发光发热的时代,免疫<span style="color: black;">检测</span>点<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂PD-1/PD-1抗体、过继性细胞治疗CAR-T、CAR-NK以及宫颈癌疫苗,随着对癌症探究的深入,医学科技<span style="color: black;">亦</span>在<span style="color: black;">持续</span>发展,抗癌药<span style="color: black;">更加是</span><span style="color: black;">一直</span>地更新换代……</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">DOI:10.1080/2162402X.2020.1818437</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">近期</span>,由美国俄亥俄州立大学综合癌症中心(Arthur G. James癌症医院)和Richard J. Solove<span style="color: black;">科研</span>所(OSUCCC-James)在杂志《Oncoimmunology》上<span style="color: black;">发布</span>的一篇<span style="color: black;">文案</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>,<span style="color: black;">她们</span>发明了一种<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">功效</span>的抗癌疫苗PD1-Vaxx,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>比PD-1<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂更充分地释放免疫细胞的潜能,从而使免疫细胞更好地发挥抗肿瘤的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">晓得</span>,PD-1是<span style="color: black;">位置于</span>T细胞上的一种蛋白,而PD-L1是<span style="color: black;">位置于</span>肿瘤细胞上的一种蛋白,二者结合会<span style="color: black;">控制</span>免疫系统。而PD-1单抗正是特异性地<span style="color: black;">控制</span>PD-1和PD-L1结合,从而激活T细胞发挥的抗癌功能的。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>很<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>,<span style="color: black;">原由</span>有二:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span>,PD1-Vaxx是激活B细胞和T细胞的功能以促进免疫系统清除肿瘤;其次,该治疗的<span style="color: black;">目的</span>是阻断对肿瘤生长和维持至关<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的信号通路。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span>将这种疫苗与免疫疗法<span style="color: black;">药品</span>联合<span style="color: black;">运用</span>,本质上是在“加速充能”,<span style="color: black;">尤其</span><span style="color: black;">指的是</span>导免疫系统靶向并杀死癌细胞。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">——<span style="color: black;">文案</span>作者兼疫苗<span style="color: black;">研发</span>人员Pravin TP Kaumaya博士</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">那样</span>,PD1-Vaxx是何方神圣?怎么比PD-1单抗更厉害呢?<span style="color: black;">科研</span>人员解释说,类似于PD-1<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,PD1-Vaxx疫苗<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">控制</span>PD-1和PD-L1结合来激活免疫细胞的。但不同的是,这种疫苗比PD-1<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂厉害的<span style="color: black;">地区</span>在于,它是发挥类似多克隆抗体的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,能够结合癌细胞上的多个抗原表位,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>能更有效地激活免疫功能。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因此</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>先<span style="color: black;">认识</span>一下什么是多克隆抗体。市面上所见的PD-1/PD-L1、CTLA-4<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂都属于单抗,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>单克隆抗体,它们虽然能够非常<span style="color: black;">精细</span>地、特异性地识别癌细胞上的对应靶点,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>识别效率相对较低;而多克隆抗体<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>B细胞产生的,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>针对多个位点进行结合的单抗群,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>识别效率<span style="color: black;">亦</span>就更高。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">单抗和多抗的区别就好比“机关枪”和“霰弹枪”,<span style="color: black;">一样</span>地发射一次,射击的位点数量却大不相同。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">类似多克隆抗体,该<span style="color: black;">科研</span>中的PD1-Vaxx正是用B细胞制备的,能够识别多个PD-1位点的疫苗,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">研究</span>人员就利用这种“散发弹”来进行新型癌症治疗模式的探索。此前,该<span style="color: black;">科研</span>团队就已发明了一种针对HER-2的双特异性癌症疫苗(名为B-Vaxx),<span style="color: black;">因此</span>在这项<span style="color: black;">科研</span>中,<span style="color: black;">她们</span>不仅探索了PD-1疫苗的疗效,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>尝试联合HER-2疫苗来进行肿瘤治疗。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">小鼠接种肿瘤细胞和接受治疗的时间轴</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span>,<span style="color: black;">科研</span>人员先用<span style="color: black;">有些</span>手段(注射免疫佐剂)刺激小鼠产生致敏效果(B细胞<span style="color: black;">增加</span>),<span style="color: black;">而后</span>在小鼠身上接种结直肠癌细胞,随后<span style="color: black;">起始</span>进行治疗。治疗分为五个组:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">① 阴性对照组(PBS)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">② 阳性对照组(PD-1单抗)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">③ 联合治疗组(PD-1疫苗+HER-2疫苗)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">④ PD1-Vaxx组(PD-1疫苗)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">⑤ B-Vaxx组(HER-2疫苗)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">接下来,<span style="color: black;">便是</span>按时给药、漫长的观察和等待……</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">五个<span style="color: black;">实验</span>组小鼠的肿瘤<span style="color: black;">体积</span>生长曲线</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">从上图<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>看出,未进行有效治疗的①组小鼠肿瘤疯狂增长;进行PD-1单抗治疗的②组小鼠肿瘤得到了有效的<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>;而<span style="color: black;">这次</span>探究的③、④、⑤组小鼠,证明了PD-1疫苗的效果优于PD-1单抗;更令人惊喜的是,PD-1疫苗联合HER-2疫苗,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>比PD-1疫苗更有效!</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">荷瘤小鼠在不同治疗方式下的生命曲线</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">另一</span>,从小鼠的生命曲线中,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>看到了类似的结果:未进行有效治疗的①组小鼠在第11天就全军覆灭了;进行PD-1单抗治疗的②组小鼠和接受HER-2疫苗的④组小鼠<span style="color: black;">保持</span>存活了14天;③组小鼠接受了PD-1单抗的治疗仅勉强撑过2周;而⑤组小鼠,接受PD-1疫苗联合HER-2疫苗,竟<span style="color: black;">所有</span>存活!</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这项喜人的成果已于2020年11月<span style="color: black;">经过</span>了美国FDA的新药<span style="color: black;">准许</span>,其临床测试预计将在2021年初在非小细胞肺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>群体中展开。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>很高兴<span style="color: black;">起始</span>在美国测试这种疫苗,从而为<span style="color: black;">身患</span>肺癌和其他癌症的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>带来新的<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>会将<span style="color: black;">科研</span>结果从实验室转移到临床。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span>进一步的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>相信PD1-Vaxx疫苗会比<span style="color: black;">检测</span>点阻断抗体更安全,更有效且耐药率更低。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">——Kaumaya博士</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肿瘤细胞在<span style="color: black;">出现</span>发展的过程中,会<span style="color: black;">隐匿</span>自己,这使得癌症的治疗比其他<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>更加棘手。过去几十年间,随着免疫治疗的兴起,让<span style="color: black;">病患</span>这些难缠<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>看到了生命的曙光。此次癌症疫苗在动物<span style="color: black;">实验</span>中<span style="color: black;">得到</span>的成功,以及接下来在临床上<span style="color: black;">实验</span>的<span style="color: black;">获准</span>,都使医学工作者和癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>感到非常欣慰。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>一切顺利,人类在<span style="color: black;">将来</span>的抗癌路上,又将多一个有力的<span style="color: black;">助手</span>。</p>
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