「西藏文化集」宝伞图案不仅表率佛陀之首,竟还有这种寓意
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图/布达拉宫德央厦广场</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>说布达拉宫是西藏1380<span style="color: black;">数年</span>历史的参与者,那存在于布达拉宫、罗布林卡及西藏各地的宝伞图案<span style="color: black;">便是</span>西藏千年历史的见证者,并<span style="color: black;">作为</span>影响西藏发展的重要“符号”之一。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在藏传佛教中,宝伞为吉祥八宝(八吉祥、八瑞像)之一,梵语<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>“CHATTRA”,藏语音“Rinchen Dug”,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">象征佛陀教诲的权威,被誉为<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>“救众生一切痛苦”与“<span style="color: black;">能够</span>镇伏邪魔,拔除不祥”的寓意。</span></strong></p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图/吉祥八宝之宝伞</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">据《续通鉴》记载,公元1270年,元世祖忽必烈<span style="color: black;">按照</span>大元国师八思巴的<span style="color: black;">意见</span>,在大明殿御座上<span style="color: black;">安顿</span>白伞盖,用泥金书写梵文,镇伏邪魔,护国安民,并于每年举行供祈白伞盖的佛事活动,拔除不祥。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">宝伞,象征着遮蔽魔障、<span style="color: black;">保护</span>佛法,有“张弛自如,曲覆众生”之意。</span></strong></p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图/布达拉宫藏 清<span style="color: black;">初期</span>景泰蓝八宝之宝伞局部</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">宝/伞/起/源</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">Potala Palace</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">伞,最早为春秋时期鲁班发明。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在佛经中则记载古印度部族在重要会议时,常利用大树树荫避暑,从而<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>将树荫演变为伞盖,《摩诃僧祇律》卷三十二中说:“此有树皮盖、树叶盖、竹盖三种。”《有部毗奈耶杂事》卷六<span style="color: black;">亦</span>记载,盖有竹、叶二种,伞柄长限二肘。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图/布达拉宫17世纪壁画——天降节庄严图</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">据传,世尊释迦牟尼即是在菩提树下静坐7天7夜之后,才顿悟成佛。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">宝伞<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">守护</span>人们免受<span style="color: black;">卑劣</span>天气影响,<span style="color: black;">逐步</span><span style="color: black;">作为</span>古印度贵族象征,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span>其<span style="color: black;">能够</span>”<span style="color: black;">守护</span>人们免受污损之物的侵袭”,又<span style="color: black;">逐步</span><span style="color: black;">作为</span>佛陀象征。</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在《大宝积经》卷十一《密迹金刚力士会》中即描写了供养佛陀的花化为华盖的情景:“皆各散花奉事贡上。密集金刚力士将其散花化成华盖,承佛之威神,是诸华盖咸来佛所,绕佛及密集金刚力士三匝,……又其宝盖住虚空中,当于佛上,是宝盖出如此无比好妙之声”。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图/布达拉宫17世纪壁画 迎请莲花生大师进藏图</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">《观佛三昧海经》卷六中<span style="color: black;">亦</span>述著:“<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">尔时,世尊入舍利宫,由眉间之白毫相放光。其光化为七宝大盖,覆于摩耶之上”。</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">而公元17世纪,由门唐派在布达拉宫创作的壁画“吐蕃赞普赤松德赞派巴·色囊、森果拉隆等前往天竺迎接莲花生大师入藏图”中,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>描绘了莲花生大师在伞盖之下进藏的故事。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在佛学大师阿地峡的传记以及罗布林卡《时轮<span style="color: black;">基本</span>续》图中,都记录了大德高僧出行持宝伞的画面,而布达拉宫壁画迎请释迦牟尼12岁等身金像到大昭寺的壁画中,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>描绘了释迦牟尼佛像带宝伞。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图/布达拉宫17世纪壁画 释迦牟尼从小昭寺请到大昭寺</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">宝/伞/特/点</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">Potala Palace</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在《藏传佛教神明大全》一书中记载:“<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">宝伞之柄象征讲经修行、帷幔象征三藏、顶珠象征三学、荫凉象征救众生之一切痛苦</span>”。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">公元7-9世纪,吐蕃接触《大白伞盖佛母心咒》,白伞盖佛母形象<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>传遍西藏。公元1275年,大元国师八思巴述《白伞盖母成就陀罗尼念诵法》,<span style="color: black;">触及</span>白伞盖佛母的三种观想形象。罗布林卡藏,17世纪银质大白伞盖佛佛母像即是其中之一。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图/罗布林卡藏17—18世纪 银质 大白伞盖佛母像</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">据文献记载,宝伞有黄、白两色,在《藏画艺术概论》一书中写到,宝伞<span style="color: black;">通常</span>呈白色、金柄,用<span style="color: black;">各样</span>丝缎缝制而成,并饰有<span style="color: black;">各样</span>珍宝。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">伞盖的形状<span style="color: black;">通常</span>可分为两种</span></strong>,一种是伞柄<span style="color: black;">附着</span>盖内中央,如上面<span style="color: black;">说到</span>的罗布林卡藏,17世纪银质大白伞盖佛佛母像,另一种是伞柄<span style="color: black;">附着</span>伞盖<span style="color: black;">外边</span>上方,如17世纪布达拉宫壁画百种宏业《如意树》之天降节庄严图。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">同期</span>,悬挂于佛堂诸尊头上,以示庄严的天盖,被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为“佛天盖”;而悬挂于佛堂或菩萨头上的天盖<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为“人天盖”。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图/故宫博物院藏 铜质 观音菩萨像</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">吉/祥/八/宝</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">Potala Palace</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">藏传佛教记载,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">宝伞为佛祖释迦牟尼成道后,帝释天、大梵天等敬献给佛祖的八种礼物之一,被佛祖加持,<span style="color: black;">作为</span>吉祥八宝之一,并被誉为佛陀之头</span></strong>,在17世纪布达拉宫壁画《宝瓶式八大吉祥图》中,即<span style="color: black;">位置于</span>右旋海螺下方。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">同期</span>,<span style="color: black;">做为</span>凝聚了西藏千年信仰的吉祥图案之一,宝伞不仅<span style="color: black;">做为</span>壁画、佛像的饰品,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">做为</span>炉、瓶、墨水盒等生活用品的装饰品,<span style="color: black;">作为</span>西藏<span style="color: black;">表率</span>图案之一。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图/罗布林卡藏 19世纪 银质曼陀罗</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">而随着汉藏文化交融,宝伞图案在<span style="color: black;">保存</span>核心祈福寓意的<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">起始</span>呈现<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>元化的色彩与图案式样,如布达拉宫藏清·乾隆年粉彩缠枝莲八宝纹贲巴瓶和清·嘉庆粉彩缠枝莲托八宝纹三足炉上的宝伞图案,就更加写实,更受中原文化影响。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">自八思巴被封为大元国师起,元、明、清时期,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">藏传佛教愈加受到中原王朝<span style="color: black;">注重</span>,吉祥八宝之一的宝伞<span style="color: black;">亦</span>从西藏走向全国</span></strong>,更在北京雍和宫和北海留下了印记。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图/布达拉宫藏 清·嘉庆 粉彩缠枝莲托八宝纹三足炉</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">宝/伞/文/创</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">Potala Palace</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">吉祥八宝之一的宝伞造型精美、寓意美好,<span style="color: black;">作为</span>西藏<span style="color: black;">表率</span>文化之一,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">作为</span>西藏文创产业发展的重要素材。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span>,布达拉宫文创<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span>更加现代、潮流的艺术手法,将展现一个<span style="color: black;">持有</span>千年底蕴的宝伞形象</span></strong>,让<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>人<span style="color: black;">经过</span>“吉祥宝伞”爱上西藏文化,传播美好祈愿。</p>
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