中国研发最完整的的反无人机系统体系,世界最先进!(上)
<span style="color: black;">2022</span><span style="color: black;">年</span><span style="color: black;">11</span><span style="color: black;">月</span><span style="color: black;">8</span><span style="color: black;">日</span><span style="color: black;">,第十四届中国国际航空航天博览会在广东珠海开幕,在<span style="color: black;">这次</span>航展上,各个参展商<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是国防工业“国家队”们首次成体系展示的反无人机体系吸引了众多的关注。</span><span style="color: black;">当前,无人机在世界各地的局部战事中表现非常活跃,以如火如荼的俄乌冲突为例,双方将<span style="color: black;">各样</span>无人机投入战场,上演了激烈的较量。俄军出动<span style="color: black;">自s</span>式无人机,对乌克兰<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">设备</span>进行了大规模的打击;而乌军的</span><span style="color: black;">TB-2</span><span style="color: black;">无人机则频繁攻击俄军人员、坦克、装甲车等<span style="color: black;">目的</span>。</span><span style="color: black;">随着无人机技术的普及与货架化,航模以及消费级无人机改装成的攻击型无人机、巡飞弹<span style="color: black;">显现</span>了“井喷”之势,这类低慢小型无人机<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>探测难、<span style="color: black;">目的</span>小、效率高、<span style="color: black;">花费</span>低的特点,给传统以拦截有人驾驶飞机和导弹为主的防空作战体系和城市安防带来了<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>新挑战。鉴于单一装备越来越难以应对“蜂群”来袭,以多型装备构建反无人机体系就<span style="color: black;">作为</span>了必然<span style="color: black;">选取</span>,在这一<span style="color: black;">行业</span>中国无疑走在了世界先进前列。</span><span style="color: black;">本届展会上,成体系展示反无人机系统的,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>有中国电子科技集团<span style="color: black;">机构</span>、兵器工业集团<span style="color: black;">机构</span></span><span style="color: black;">+</span><span style="color: black;">兵器装备集团<span style="color: black;">机构</span>,以及中国航天科工集团<span style="color: black;">机构</span>。其中,航天科工集团<span style="color: black;">做为</span>我国战术导弹和防空反导系统的头部<span style="color: black;">开发</span>单位,其反无人机系统组织结构之齐全,软硬杀伤手段之完备,技术水平之高和创新能力之强是值得<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>道的。其以</span><span style="color: black;">FK-3000</span><span style="color: black;">防空导弹武器系统这一新品为核心的反无人机全套<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span>,将<span style="color: black;">作为</span>破解无人机威胁的钥匙。</span><p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/G0zlyeCsRia5icibRvic2ibyibia3GBJtiaYCtmib4mgXdQBNEsqDQzNZGzneMFTkX8GqQa4Bjt6tB4h0kicYuZOuGgkuuYg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p><span style="color: black;">FK-3000</span><span style="color: black;">防空武器系统</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>航天科工集团现场展板介绍:</span><span style="color: black;">FK-3000</span><span style="color: black;">防空武器系统是一型反集群反弹药防空武器系统,可拦截各类无人机。弹药类<span style="color: black;">目的</span>和武装直升机<span style="color: black;">目的</span>,用于要点要地防御和<span style="color: black;">伴同</span>防空,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可应用于平时城市安保。主战车集<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>反弹药防空导弹、反集群微型导弹、无线电干扰等软硬多杀伤手段;可适配</span><span style="color: black;">1~2</span><span style="color: black;">辆携带反集群微型导弹的无人从战车,<span style="color: black;">提高</span>火力密度,拓展保卫区域;该车作战成本低、火力密度高。拦截斜距为</span><span style="color: black;">300</span><span style="color: black;">米</span><span style="color: black;">~12</span><span style="color: black;">千米。这种新型综合防空武器系统融合了弹炮合一设计、有人</span><span style="color: black;">/</span><span style="color: black;">无人车协同设计、多弹种共架发射技术等,既能够打击传统战机等空中<span style="color: black;">目的</span>,又能够打击无人机新型<span style="color: black;">目的</span>。</span><span style="color: black;">在无人机装备<span style="color: black;">起始</span>少量列装<span style="color: black;">少许</span>国家武装部队之初,军事专家<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>认为,弹炮结合中低空防空武器系统<span style="color: black;">便是</span>这类武器系统的克星,但从叙利亚战争、俄乌冲突的实战中<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,弹炮结合武器系统应对无人机的效果并不像想象中那样理想,<span style="color: black;">首要</span>,无人机成本低,<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>无人机并非价格略贵的军用无人机,而是便宜又好用的民用、游戏用无人机,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>有的是航模改装而成的无人机,<span style="color: black;">低价</span>就<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">海量</span>生产和装备,在实战中为了摧毁防空导弹<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的高价值<span style="color: black;">目的</span>,无人机常常采用集群作战、<span style="color: black;">忽然</span>袭击的战法,由多名无人机操控手<span style="color: black;">操作</span>无人机,从多个方向<span style="color: black;">同期</span>向防空武器系统展开突袭,这给防空武器系统造<span style="color: black;">成为了</span><span style="color: black;">极重</span>的麻烦。在叙利亚实战中,俄军的“铠甲”弹炮结合武器系统就曾<span style="color: black;">显现</span>过被无人机围攻、防空导弹全打光的尴尬局面。“铠甲”为<span style="color: black;">表率</span>的弹炮结合武器系统,所采用的的防空导弹和雷达为主的探测系统,针对的其实还是传统的低空飞机、巡航导弹和武装直升机等<span style="color: black;">目的</span>,在导弹方面,备弹量不足,如“铠甲”</span><span style="color: black;">S1</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">仅有</span></span><span style="color: black;">12</span><span style="color: black;">枚导弹;而探测系统不适于探测采用复合材料制造、有效散射截面积很小的无人机<span style="color: black;">目的</span>,这些<span style="color: black;">目的</span></span><span style="color: black;">RCS</span><span style="color: black;">极小、飞行速度慢,在术语中常被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>作低慢速小<span style="color: black;">目的</span>,俗<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>“低慢小”,传统的防空雷达为了减少虚警,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>会把低慢速小<span style="color: black;">目的</span>过滤掉,只识别战斗机那样的大型高速<span style="color: black;">目的</span>,<span style="color: black;">没法</span>稳定识别和跟踪小型慢速无人机。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,老式雷达系统盲区较多,有效的防空覆盖率较低。这<span style="color: black;">亦</span>使得“铠甲”在俄乌冲突中表现力不从心。</span><span style="color: black;">很显然,要有效应对无人机,答案不是传统防空武器系统挖潜或兼顾,而是研制真正针对无人机特点的新型防空武器系统,</span><span style="color: black;">FK-3000</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">这般</span>一种武器系统。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span>,备弹量大。在</span><span style="color: black;">FK-3000</span><span style="color: black;">防空武器系统的主战车上,有<span style="color: black;">上下</span>两侧两个导弹发射架,其中左侧的发射架上,安装有</span><span style="color: black;">12</span><span style="color: black;">个</span><span style="color: black;">4</span><span style="color: black;">联装导弹发射箱,一共是</span><span style="color: black;">48</span><span style="color: black;">枚防空导弹,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>在另<span style="color: black;">一边</span>的发射架上,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">同样</span>的防空导弹配置,那这一辆车的待发弹数量,将会达到惊人的</span><span style="color: black;">96</span><span style="color: black;">枚。<span style="color: black;">这般</span>一来,单论导弹数量,</span><span style="color: black;">FK-3000</span><span style="color: black;">就相当于“铠甲”</span><span style="color: black;">S1</span><span style="color: black;">弹炮结合武器系统的</span><span style="color: black;">8</span><span style="color: black;">倍之多,即便新式的“铠甲”系统采用了<span style="color: black;">所说</span>“钉子”微型导弹,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>利用现有发射筒,将导弹备弹数量<span style="color: black;">提高</span>到</span><span style="color: black;">48</span><span style="color: black;">枚,依旧远远落后于</span><span style="color: black;">FK-3000</span><span style="color: black;">。之<span style="color: black;">因此</span>备弹如此之多,<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>人员们充分<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>到实战中小型无人机数量众多,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>防空系统多<span style="color: black;">目的</span>交战能力<span style="color: black;">需求</span>高、火力容量<span style="color: black;">需求</span>高的特点。</span><span style="color: black;">其次,专弹专用,航天科工集团专门研制了适用于</span><span style="color: black;">FK-3000</span><span style="color: black;">的反集群即反无人机专用导弹</span><span style="color: black;">FK-3000/L</span><span style="color: black;">,其内置弹径为</span><span style="color: black;">40</span><span style="color: black;">厘米,属于微型导弹范畴。从气动外形上,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>就能看到其设计针对性之强,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>其采用了高机动防空导弹中很<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的鸭式布局,</span><span style="color: black;">X</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">部署</span>的梯形弹翼<span style="color: black;">部署</span>在接近弹头的弹体前部,与弹体后部的舵面拉开<span style="color: black;">部署</span>,鸭式布局的导弹机动性强,敏捷灵活,<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>适合<span style="color: black;">跟踪</span>和拦截低空无人机<span style="color: black;">目的</span>。该导弹预计有很大可能<span style="color: black;">运用</span>低成本的主动雷达制导,<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>发射以后不管的特点。最大射程约</span><span style="color: black;">10</span><span style="color: black;">千米,能拦截无人机、巡飞弹等战场上威胁<span style="color: black;">极重</span>的慢速<span style="color: black;">目的</span>。之<span style="color: black;">因此</span>采用专反无人机弹来打专门的<span style="color: black;">目的</span>,是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>传统的近程导弹,<span style="color: black;">或</span>由空空导弹改装而成的低空武器系统,归根结底打的还是传统<span style="color: black;">目的</span>,<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>单论个头尺寸就比<span style="color: black;">很强</span>,造价<span style="color: black;">亦</span>要贵<span style="color: black;">有些</span>。譬如<span style="color: black;">有些</span>中低空防空武器系统,宁愿将<span style="color: black;">方便</span>式防空导弹简单移植过来<span style="color: black;">运用</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不愿意在<span style="color: black;">开发</span>更适应拦截无人机<span style="color: black;">需要</span>的新弹药。专用弹药<span style="color: black;">不仅</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>特性贴合<span style="color: black;">需要</span>,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>物美价廉,预计其价格可能压缩到单价数万人民币,<span style="color: black;">已然</span>是<span style="color: black;">日前</span>最划算的反无人机硬杀伤拦截导弹了。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,尺寸小就<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着火力容量<span style="color: black;">能够</span>做得很大,</span><span style="color: black;">96</span><span style="color: black;">枚的弹药容量,与新型反集群导弹的<span style="color: black;">开发</span>是分不开的。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">第三,</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">处理</span>探测无人机的痛点问题。上面<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">说到</span>传统多普勒体制雷达探测高速<span style="color: black;">目的</span>很在行,<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">针对</span>低慢小无人机<span style="color: black;">目的</span>却常常“视而不见”。</span><span style="color: black;">FK-3000</span><span style="color: black;">为<span style="color: black;">认识</span>决这个问题,采取了两种新的探测火控装备予以应对。<span style="color: black;">首要</span>是在两组导弹发射<span style="color: black;">安装</span>中间、机关炮之前<span style="color: black;">部署</span>的多通道光电探测雷达系统。有意思的是,在</span><span style="color: black;">FK-3000</span><span style="color: black;">旁边,展出了由航天科工集团二院</span><span style="color: black;">25</span><span style="color: black;">所研制的新一代光电雷达,它极有可能<span style="color: black;">便是</span>应用在</span><span style="color: black;">FK-3000</span><span style="color: black;">上的光电雷达。<span style="color: black;">按照</span>公开资料,该光电雷达既有光电<span style="color: black;">制品</span>视觉<span style="color: black;">影像</span>和<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>精度高的特点,又具备<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">测绘</span>多<span style="color: black;">目的</span>三维信息的<span style="color: black;">优良</span>,可实现周边</span><span style="color: black;">360°</span><span style="color: black;">全景红外<span style="color: black;">影像</span>、威胁<span style="color: black;">目的</span>探测和多<span style="color: black;">目的</span>三维定位。该型雷达首次采用边搜索边测距的工作体制,<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>对空<span style="color: black;">目的</span>全天候工作能力,每秒可对</span><span style="color: black;">20</span><span style="color: black;">个以上<span style="color: black;">目的</span>进行</span><span style="color: black;">500</span><span style="color: black;">米至</span><span style="color: black;">18</span><span style="color: black;">千米的中远距离测距,具备不受<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>电磁环境干扰、识别能力强、<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>精度高等特点,对无人机集群攻击等大数量低空飞行弱小<span style="color: black;">目的</span>的探测<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>独特<span style="color: black;">优良</span>。另一种新的探测手段,则是<span style="color: black;">部署</span>在车体后方的先进的全新四面阵固体数字式有源相控阵雷达,在布局上它采取独特的正面大尺寸面阵结合其他三面小尺寸面阵的独特<span style="color: black;">部署</span>,其中当然是正面尺寸大、阵元数量多,探测跟踪能力最强,但其他三面<span style="color: black;">亦</span>能起到较好的全空间、全空域覆盖<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,防止无人机多方向偷袭。这套雷达系统可在基座上<span style="color: black;">经过</span>液压<span style="color: black;">安装</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>升降高度,在实战中<span style="color: black;">常常</span>要升到最大高度,以有效克服地球曲率影响,最大限度的<span style="color: black;">保准</span>探测距离。固定的有缘相控阵雷达,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>波束扫描进行刷新,刷新率优于机扫雷达,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>锁定和跟踪<span style="color: black;">目的</span>不丢失的能力大大<span style="color: black;">提高</span>。<span style="color: black;">常常</span>能够<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>多批次数百个<span style="color: black;">目的</span>并锁定其中数十个<span style="color: black;">目的</span>,并具备引导车载武器进行攻击的火控功能,可有效应对蜂群无人机的攻击威胁。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">第四,</span></span><span style="color: black;">除了专用反无人机外,还能执行传统低空防空职能。</span><span style="color: black;">FK-3000</span><span style="color: black;">之<span style="color: black;">因此</span>是一种难得的多用途低空防空武器系统,还在于其还能兼顾传统防空任务,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>在珠海航展上展出的主战车的右侧发射器上,安装的是</span><span style="color: black;">6</span><span style="color: black;">枚个头尺寸要比</span><span style="color: black;">FK-3000/L</span><span style="color: black;">微型导弹更大的防空导弹,它们与</span><span style="color: black;">FK-1000</span><span style="color: black;">等传统近程防空系统上的导弹类似,都属于类似便携式防空导弹<span style="color: black;">体积</span>的拦截弹,用以拦截巡航导弹、武装直升机和低空固定翼攻击机,在毁伤威力、拦截成功率上都有<span style="color: black;">保准</span>。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,该系统继承了</span><span style="color: black;">FK-2000</span><span style="color: black;">等<span style="color: black;">先辈</span>的设计,<span style="color: black;">保存</span>了车体中部的</span><span style="color: black;">30</span><span style="color: black;">毫米机关炮,仍是一种弹炮结合的防空武器系统,<span style="color: black;">保存</span>机关炮<span style="color: black;">一样</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>有效应对传统<span style="color: black;">目的</span><span style="color: black;">例如</span>低空飞机和<span style="color: black;">有些</span>地面<span style="color: black;">目的</span>。<span style="color: black;">能够</span>说,</span><span style="color: black;">FK-3000</span><span style="color: black;">即实现了反无人机的专用创新,又充分<span style="color: black;">保存</span>了传统低空防空职能。新旧性能实现有机融合。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">第五,</span></span><span style="color: black;">除了硬杀伤外,</span><span style="color: black;">FK-3000</span><span style="color: black;">还有软杀伤反无人机手段。<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>看到,在</span><span style="color: black;">FK-3000</span><span style="color: black;">的载车上部头部,有一个类似动中通天线罩外形的罩子,它应该<span style="color: black;">便是</span>资料中<span style="color: black;">说到</span>的无线电干扰杀伤手段,天线罩内部<span style="color: black;">守护</span>的应该是数个覆盖<span style="color: black;">区别</span>波段的电子干扰天线,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>强力压制阻塞干扰、跳频干扰等<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的干扰手法,切断无人机的<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>链路,使其<span style="color: black;">失去控制</span>而坠毁、丢失。无线电干扰的软杀伤手段配以导弹硬杀伤手段,使得</span><span style="color: black;">FK-3000</span><span style="color: black;">对无人机的拦截效能进一步<span style="color: black;">提高</span>。</span>
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