b1gc8v 发表于 2024-8-24 04:34:03

【中国汽车热管理技术专家委员会】基于24V锂电的行驻一体式空调系统的科研


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mJlncLOdmnA1psciaibksEB4hyeiaB0HnFEcAHQJXR3FJ4awaQXQmGo4BKbhavYn6Eftc0yCj0zaW50OqumWRSVLg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>：</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">GSAuto联盟|三电技术专家委员会</a></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">，</strong>初期仅对<strong style="color: blue;">主机厂、Tirl1</strong>等<span style="color: black;">机构</span>新能源汽车三电<span style="color: black;">开发</span>管理制造方面人员、<strong style="color: blue;">大学及<span style="color: black;">研究</span><span style="color: black;">公司</span></strong>等<span style="color: black;">新能源汽车三电<span style="color: black;">科研</span>人员，现已招募50+人，<span style="color: black;">重点</span>分布在50+主机厂、50+Tirl1、大学、<span style="color: black;">研究</span><span style="color: black;">公司</span>等三电<span style="color: black;">开发</span>管理岗位人员。现已搭建电驱动分委会，如需加入请点击</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">→：</span></strong></span><a style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">【智享新动</span></strong></a><strong style="color: blue;">力】GSAuto联盟|三电专家委员电驱动分会成立了！！！</strong><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">有意愿分享的个人<span style="color: black;">或</span>企业请联系<span style="color: black;">博主</span><span style="color: black;">微X</span>（GSAuto0001）<span style="color: black;">或</span>邮箱（gearshare@163.com）</span></strong><span style="color: black;">。</span></span></p><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">[摘要] 为<span style="color: black;">认识</span>决重型卡车驻车过程中的能耗过大、驻车空调待机时间不足、<span style="color: black;">起步</span>电池损坏和制冷功率<span style="color: black;">不足</span>等问题，本文在传统燃油车的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上，基于24 V锂电和电动</span><span style="color: black;">涡旋压缩机</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">研发</span>了行驻一体式空调，<span style="color: black;">经过</span>电源能量管理及空调智能温度<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>，实现行车以及驻车时空调制冷，满足日间3 h、夜间5 h驻车的续航指标，室温38 ℃时，车内头部温度<span style="color: black;">小于</span>25 ℃以下，<span style="color: black;">处理</span>了驻车空调待机时间不足和制冷功率<span style="color: black;">不足</span>等问题，<span style="color: black;">加强</span>整车驾乘舒适性。</span></span>
    <h2 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">引言</span></h2><span style="color: black;">“十三五”计划<span style="color: black;">知道</span>指出节能减排和轻量化是汽车空调产业的发展重点，重型卡车（重卡）的空中运输系统制冷能耗约占发动机的10%，在<span style="color: black;">保准</span>空调制冷效果的前提下，降低能耗尤为重要。</span><span style="color: black;">重卡<span style="color: black;">做为</span>中长途物流的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>车型，其驾乘场景与空调的应用场景大致分为以下三个部分：夜间停车<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>、装卸货等待和怠速等待。<span style="color: black;">详细</span>应用场景如图1所示。重卡的经济性和环保性与驾乘舒适性<span style="color: black;">需求</span>比较<span style="color: black;">明显</span>，<span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">通常</span>采用驻车空调的技术路线来<span style="color: black;">处理</span>，现有<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span>分为顶置一体式、内置分体式、双模一体式和家用空调改制四大类，特点如表1所示。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>，<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的的驻车空调形式，<span style="color: black;">没法</span>在性能、成本、<span style="color: black;">靠谱</span>性和经济性之间达到最佳配置，且<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>存在空调待机时间不足、<span style="color: black;">起步</span>电池易损和制冷功率<span style="color: black;">不足</span>等问题。</span><span style="color: black;">表1 驻车空调特点</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjtMVnJg5Z2vA8iapuJdH5vlEQOyl7P1xwC5W12cTEiaDzWU8G4pxZVHibA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjARib0vcWTsATiaM6R6ia2gqtanM94wBRLfRwMZgfwn1icPBgNu5b9SK0Mw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">图1 空调应用场景</span><span style="color: black;">针对能耗和舒适性的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>，整车热负荷<span style="color: black;">始终</span>都是影响能耗和热舒适性分析的重要一环。影响整车热负荷的<span style="color: black;">原因</span>有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>，<span style="color: black;">针对</span>传统车而言，整车热负荷的<span style="color: black;">体积</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>与乘客舱内外温度、太阳辐射强度，车身材料、车辆速度、乘客舱内电器总散热量以及乘客总数<span style="color: black;">相关</span>。</span><span style="color: black;">鉴于驻车空调的特点，本文基于24 V锂电电池和电动涡旋压缩机<span style="color: black;">研发</span>了行驻一体式空调系统，并对此系统进行了整车热负荷分析和电平衡计算。<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">显示</span>：行驻一体式空调系统<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">处理</span>空调待机时间不足和制冷功率<span style="color: black;">不足</span>等问题，满足整车制冷<span style="color: black;">需要</span>；<span style="color: black;">同期</span>采用24 V锂电电池代替<span style="color: black;">起步</span>铅酸电池，兼顾发动机<span style="color: black;">起步</span>，实现整车“<span style="color: black;">减肥</span>节能”的目的。</span>
    <h2 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">1 系统架构和<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>原理</span></h2>
    <h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">1.1 系统架构</span></h3><span style="color: black;">在现空调系统<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上<span style="color: black;">研发</span>行驻一体空调系统，系统结构原理如2所示。行车模式和驻车模式下系统架构图如图3和图4所示。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjqkJTEdxNHzmLia0ZfohvbaXM3egmJCsicuqDX5xbhTTr5oqDILx5yLMw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">图2 系统结构原理</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjy9oNFgzFKZTUBo7xQgssMKuB8mPWibvJIjy7n0RFbymP0tJ8o7guCeg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">图3 行车模式下的系统架构</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjaBoLiaTe2icmF1vbnQYTOJ0FjnQSibpn6ibdu5dBDhpfjZ605Vye0QD86A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">图4 驻车模式下的系统架构</span><span style="color: black;">行车模式下，由发动机带动24 V发电机发电，由24 V/48 V DC-DC进行电压转换，供给48 V电动压缩机工作，并给24 V锂电池充电，空调为正常模式（不作功率限制），预计整车用电设备全开<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下连续行车6 h，充满24 V锂电池，行车过程用电负载开启相对少时，相对会缩短充电时间。</span><span style="color: black;">驻车模式下，由24 V锂电池<span style="color: black;">或</span>外接电源给电动压缩机供电进行工作，<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>器策略，限定驻车空调工作模式下空调系统功率。驻车空调分为：日间降温、日间维温、夜间降温、夜间维温四种工况，日间降温和日间维温可连续<span style="color: black;">运用</span>3 h，夜间降温和夜间维温可连续<span style="color: black;">运用</span>5 h。</span>
    <h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">1.2 <span style="color: black;">掌控</span>原理</span></h3><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">整车空调<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>通讯信号如表2所示。系统<span style="color: black;">掌控</span></span><span style="color: black;">拓扑图</span><span style="color: black;">如图5所示。图6所示为空调<span style="color: black;">掌控</span><span style="color: black;">规律</span>原理。</span></span><span style="color: black;">表2 整车空调<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>信号</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjhvAIwJaRyIXAkkDGrsMVZWEng8yXTduEVUtkZDCwfpJryWYW0dvVpQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">注：S为发送信号；R为接收信号。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjENHnWqGDbkRdoiaSnsQGL78tF576Ficx5l6KlxwhfF73M2tqvTbJRWSw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">图5 电子<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>拓扑图</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjTQLgKDAVf6jBf2JaWNicC6L4yY9E0fH4ibbicNFgzgZOwibgsy7Dgv7TsQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">图6 空调<span style="color: black;">掌控</span><span style="color: black;">规律</span>原理</span><span style="color: black;">行驻一体式空调系统运行过程中，<span style="color: black;">经过</span>发动机转速判定行车或驻车模式；<span style="color: black;">经过</span>可见光传感器判定日间或夜间模式；<span style="color: black;">经过</span>蒸发器温度和车内温度计算并输出压缩机<span style="color: black;">目的</span>转速；<span style="color: black;">经过</span>行驻车状态、锂电池电量判定DC-DC工作状态。行车工况下，空调系统有制冷请求时，AC发出制冷请求信号和DC-DC工作状态信号给ECM和DC-DC，<span style="color: black;">同期</span>发出压缩机<span style="color: black;">目的</span>转速给压缩机，此时BMS<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>锂电池为充电模式；DC-DC升压给电动压缩机供电，压缩机收到制冷请求信号和<span style="color: black;">目的</span>转速值后工作。</span><span style="color: black;">驻车工况下：空调系统有制冷请求时，AC发出制冷请求信号和DC-DC工作状态信号给ECM和DC-DC，<span style="color: black;">同期</span>发出压缩机<span style="color: black;">目的</span>转速给压缩机，此时BMS<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>锂电池为放电模式，压缩机收到制冷请求信号和<span style="color: black;">目的</span>转速值后工作。</span><span style="color: black;">电能<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>策略：为<span style="color: black;">保准</span>整车锂电池发动机<span style="color: black;">起步</span>功能，<span style="color: black;">增多</span>锂电池电池电量<span style="color: black;">守护</span>功能；<span style="color: black;">保准</span>行车模式下锂电池充电功能，<span style="color: black;">增多</span>特殊工况下的压缩机降转速<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>，夜间最高转带<span style="color: black;">少于</span>2 000 r/min，日间<span style="color: black;">少于</span>4 000 r/min；为<span style="color: black;">保准</span>驻车模式下的空调系统工作时长，对驻车工况下的鼓风机档位、压缩机转速均做降功率处理。</span>
    <h2 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">2 整车热负荷计算</span></h2><span style="color: black;">本文的环境工况<span style="color: black;">选取</span>国内夏季工况38 ℃。车身和环境参数如表3所示。</span><span style="color: black;">表3 车身和环境参数</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfj59KT40mzpKODtkIXaEP3ZIwZ8kGxclVPzW3OWzf7ZkRKMRINpiaybCg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">2.1 空调系统热负荷计算</span></h3><span style="color: black;">汽车车体结构热负荷Q<span style="color: black;">B</span>：</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjIaib2biaynTNgibsOb3Oo1XHkAVoa82zrqwHGibyUhQ4aRP9AgUyW0GjgQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">式中，K为车厢传热系数，车顶、侧围传热系数<span style="color: black;">通常</span>取2.5 W/(m<span style="color: black;">2</span>·℃)；F为车厢结构的内表面积，m<span style="color: black;">2</span>；Δt为车内外温差，℃；t<span style="color: black;">R</span>为车顶<span style="color: black;">外边</span>温度，℃；t<span style="color: black;">S</span>为车身侧面温度，℃；t<span style="color: black;">2</span>为车内<span style="color: black;">目的</span>温度，℃。</span><span style="color: black;">发动机舱传入车厢的热负荷Q<span style="color: black;">F</span>：</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjibr0oQcuy5IPIfX9vQQAwoolzByptR3KQXGWQzrdC4rPKjefHg5cEjw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">式中，K<span style="color: black;">F</span>为发动机传热系数，取2.5 W/(m<span style="color: black;">2</span>·℃)；t<span style="color: black;">F</span>为发动机舱温度，取80 ℃。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span>地板传入车厢的热负荷Q<span style="color: black;">D</span>：</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjMCg90A9AT6Q07ApTE44y6qichIkDqRgBxAtEdhtPZgULpQzl8N001bA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">式中，K<span style="color: black;">D</span>为地板传热系数，取2.5 W/(m<span style="color: black;">2</span>·℃)；t<span style="color: black;">D</span>为地板温度，℃。</span><span style="color: black;">太阳辐射热（车窗和挡风玻璃）Q<span style="color: black;">G</span>：</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjPicXwpmd2jSbCZaaIUeRy0cFKj8v42rZWBajybYdTB212kjz2lOss3Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">式中，K</span><span style="color: black;">B</span><span style="color: black;">为玻璃传热系数，<span style="color: black;">通常</span>取5.5 W/(m</span><span style="color: black;">2</span><span style="color: black;">·℃)；η为太阳辐射<span style="color: black;">经过</span>玻璃的透入系数，<span style="color: black;">通常</span>取0.84；ρ为玻璃对太阳辐射热的吸收系数，<span style="color: black;">通常</span>取0.08；I为太阳辐射，<span style="color: black;">通常</span>取550 W/m</span><span style="color: black;">2</span><span style="color: black;">；I</span><span style="color: black;">s</span><span style="color: black;">为太阳散射，<span style="color: black;">通常</span>取42 W/m</span><span style="color: black;">2</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">；S为遮阳</span><span style="color: black;">修正系数</span><span style="color: black;">，6 mm吸热玻璃取0.46；α</span></span><span style="color: black;">B</span>为内表面放热系数，<span style="color: black;">通常</span>取7.5；α<span style="color: black;">H</span>为外表面放热系数，<span style="color: black;">通常</span>取3。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>乘员人体放热，人体时刻<span style="color: black;">一直</span>的进行着生理活动。这些生理活动将<span style="color: black;">持续</span>的产生热量和水分，并将<span style="color: black;">最后</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>人体释放到<span style="color: black;">周边</span>的环境中，给汽车空调<span style="color: black;">导致</span><span style="color: black;">必定</span>的负荷。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>人体热负荷，其数值相<span style="color: black;">针对</span>其他负荷（如太阳辐射热负荷、新风负荷等）<span style="color: black;">一般</span>较小。其计算可<span style="color: black;">按照</span>乘客的身高体重等参数进行计算，或直接查表得到。基于ISO 8996的规定，对计算公式进行简化。本文中乘员为2人，其中一人为驾驶员，乘员的放热量<span style="color: black;">通常</span>为150 W，驾驶员的放热量<span style="color: black;">通常</span>为220 W，人体放热总量为370 W。</span><span style="color: black;">新风、漏风热负荷Q<span style="color: black;">X</span>：</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjhg3ib3QFlWJX3Lia7QboypE0x6OtkYsibbB8icf5FO7bicI8ichkILVzdVng/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">式中，V为漏风量，取值22 m<span style="color: black;">3</span>/h；ρ为空气密度，取值1.14 <span style="color: black;">公斤</span>/m<span style="color: black;">3</span>；i<span style="color: black;">1</span>为<span style="color: black;">外边</span>空气焓值，取值101 kJ/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>；i<span style="color: black;">2</span>为车内空气焓值，取值47.8 kJ/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>。</span><span style="color: black;">综上所述，空调系统维温工况下热负荷为：</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjzCicXgSam9OCb5vYWQEEBeU4eT86hvtqtM1FcyZ3sibVdfP1A6ahic0ww/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">降温工况下热负荷为：</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjxP0uN3qVQ5uBDalIKfFpDfBJAMrVGxlKib2hQ6l6a4xCvvAO2ibibmdwg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>样车性能参数和热负荷<span style="color: black;">目的</span>温度设定值，部分温度参数如表4所示。带入<span style="color: black;">以上</span>公式后，可得出日间降温和维温、夜间降温和维温4种工况的热负荷，计算结果如表5所示。由表5可知，日间工况和夜间工况的Q<span style="color: black;">1</span>分别为2 958.83 kW和1 231.79 kW；Q<span style="color: black;">2</span>分别为3 254.71 kW和1 354.97 kW<span style="color: black;">按照</span>空调系统热负荷计算结果，分解到空调蒸发器、冷凝器的热负荷结果如表6所示。</span><span style="color: black;">表4 温度参数值</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjZE57OicYKCQiaibnpKxlLcPic7sHzNp71mCUGhmKKZVMlZX3ZJTKAcBB7A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">表5 空调系统热负荷</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjiayobleemveibnLhP2Uku5wX2G1VDlNEeWgUQKCjz0ywyePG4QZXSYKg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">表6 蒸发器冷凝器热负荷</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjf5SnojV9ftkdn1KSclQmkOFsiar2taHKFPU7N4j8icFtHueb1POLknlA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">2.2 压缩机及换热器选型计算</span></h3><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>整车热负荷计算结果，驾驶室降温<span style="color: black;">需要</span>从25~38 ℃，所需总制冷量3.2 kW，其中压焓图状态点的确定如图7所示。</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjl1g5LEib6AhbZRSoK6fmsy8mTk6Ih53icAYY8bGibRPFE2GYicxDdONuPw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">图7 空调系统工作压焓图</span><span style="color: black;">2.2.1 设计状态参数的选定</span><span style="color: black;">1-2为等比熵压缩过程；2-3为等压冷凝过程；3-4为等比焓节流过程；4-1为等压蒸发过程。冷凝压力p<span style="color: black;">d</span>=1.67 MPa；蒸发压力p<span style="color: black;">s</span>=0.196 MPa；吸气温度t<span style="color: black;">s</span>=5 ℃；排气温度t<span style="color: black;">d</span>=85 ℃；蒸发器过热度S<span style="color: black;">h</span>=5 ℃；冷凝器过冷度S<span style="color: black;">c</span>=10 ℃；</span><span style="color: black;">参照刘金伟等的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>，各状态点参数为：压缩机吸气点1的t<span style="color: black;">1</span>=t<span style="color: black;">s</span>=5 ℃，焓值h<span style="color: black;">1</span>=402 kJ/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>；比容v<span style="color: black;">1</span>=0.07 m³/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>；压缩机排气点2的t<span style="color: black;">2</span>=85 ℃，焓值h<span style="color: black;">2</span>=458.4 kJ/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>；3点的p<span style="color: black;">3</span>=p<span style="color: black;">d</span>=1.67 MPa，焓值h<span style="color: black;">3</span>=271.6 kJ/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>；4点的焓值h<span style="color: black;">4</span>=h<span style="color: black;">3</span>=271.6 kJ/<span style="color: black;">公斤</span>。</span><span style="color: black;">2.2.2 制冷剂循环流量</span><span style="color: black;">质量流量m：</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjQib7IaAXxwIUSFdEePO3r8yOj3dicmiaW3KibEhHR7Jbjgxl2zo2qopksA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">式中，Q为系统制冷量，W。</span><span style="color: black;">体积流量V：</span><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/F2EtyNhSyYr3R4gFhuSNHKB0Z0iayyzfjw02Ec6PYs4UcHLReCPkRbCvnoC8ITl9OFQ51VGJ9nAiahSzib0reNQ0g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1&amp;tp=webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">压缩机排量q<span style="color: black;">v</span>：</span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">式中，V为体积流量，取V=1 680 mL/s；n为压缩机转速，取n=4 000 r/min；η<span style="color: black;">v</span>为压缩机容积效率，涡旋式压缩机取0.98，旋叶式压缩机取0.8，活塞式压缩机取0.6~0.65，本文<span style="color: black;">选择</span>0.9。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>计算，系统质量流量0.024 <span style="color: black;">公斤</span>/s，体积流量1 680 mL/s，排量应为28 mL/r，结合市场现有电动压缩机资源，<span style="color: black;">选择</span>27 mL/r排量压缩机。其制冷性能参数见表7。</span><span style="color: black;">表7 27 mL/r电动压缩机制冷性能</span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <h2 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">3 整车电负荷计算及发电机匹配</span></h2>
    <h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">3.1 空调系统电功率计算</span></h3><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>空调系统电器件的功率特性，<span style="color: black;">能够</span>计算出日间降温（Daytime Cooling，DC）和维温（Daytime temperature Maintenance，DM）、夜间降温（Night Cooling，NC）和维温（Night temperature Maintenance，NM）4种工况下的空调系统电功率值，如表8所示。</span><span style="color: black;">表8 空调系统电功率</span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">3.2 锂电池容量<span style="color: black;">需要</span>计算</span></h3><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>整车性能指标<span style="color: black;">需求</span>，车内平均温度需在0.75 h内达到舒适值，此时间段为降温工况，其余时间段为维温工况。结合空调系统驻车时长（日间连续<span style="color: black;">运用</span>3 h，夜间连续<span style="color: black;">运用</span>5 h）的<span style="color: black;">需要</span>及维温、降温电功率计算结果可得，日间驻车锂电池容量需要大于5.25 kW·h，夜间驻车锂电池容量需要大于4.84 kW·h，见表9。</span><span style="color: black;">表9 电池容量计算</span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">考虑驻车空调的<span style="color: black;">实质</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>工况，日间<span style="color: black;">长期</span>驻车工况<span style="color: black;">运用</span>较少，<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>以满足夜间驻车电池容量<span style="color: black;">做为</span>设计基准，锂电池容量选型设定为4.8 kW·h。</span>
    <h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">3.3 电平衡匹配计算</span></h3><span style="color: black;">整车电平衡设计原则是发电机必须在绝大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>运行工况下，能够给各用电设备<span style="color: black;">供给</span>足够的电能，<span style="color: black;">同期</span>能<span style="color: black;">保准</span>给电池充电。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>空调系统所选零部件的功率负载及锂电池容量，对整车电平衡进行匹配计算。按整车新增用电器的总负荷计算发电机功率。</span><span style="color: black;">整车用电设备在<span style="color: black;">区别</span>场合、<span style="color: black;">区别</span>气候<span style="color: black;">要求</span>下<span style="color: black;">运用</span>，<span style="color: black;">通常</span>不<span style="color: black;">所有</span>工作，而许多用电设备的工作时间长短，取决于季节和环境的变化，对汽车在行驶中较为典型的用电<span style="color: black;">状况</span>进行分析，大致可分为平常日间、平常夜间、夏季日间、夏季夜间、夏季雨夜、冬季日间、冬季夜间和冬季雪夜（表10）。</span><span style="color: black;">电气系统负荷与用电设备的<span style="color: black;">运用</span>和工作状态<span style="color: black;">关联</span>，用电设备工作状态决定于季节、环境、交通<span style="color: black;">情况</span>和个人<span style="color: black;">运用</span>习惯。为了分析计算方便，采用用电设备<span style="color: black;">运用</span>的频度系数来计算整车的用电量，在传统用电器功率和频度不变的前提下，针对行驻一体式空调系统行车工况下电气架构<span style="color: black;">增多</span>的电动压缩机、冷凝风扇和DC-DC等用电量进行电平衡计算，在日间6 h完成锂电池充电，<span style="color: black;">选取</span>180 A以上的发电机。按表10中<span style="color: black;">运用</span>频度系数，“√”为<span style="color: black;">运用</span>，“×”为不<span style="color: black;">运用</span>，μ<span style="color: black;">o</span>为与季节气候无关频度系数，即平常日间、夜间，μ<span style="color: black;">s</span>为与夏季（日间、夜间和雨夜）<span style="color: black;">关联</span>频度系数，μ<span style="color: black;">w</span>为与冬季（日间、夜间和雪夜）<span style="color: black;">关联</span>频度系数，计算出用电设备各工况功率（表11），“A类”为永久及<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>用电设备，“B类”为怠速<span style="color: black;">提高</span>。</span><span style="color: black;">表10 整车用电设备工况及<span style="color: black;">运用</span>频度系数</span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">表11 用电设备各工况功率计算</span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
    <h2 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">4 仿真分析及结果</span></h2>
    <h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">4.1 整车降温一维仿真分析及结果</span></h3><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>空调系统拟选型的零部件参数，进行整车乘员舱降温的一维KULI仿真分析，分别对系统降温空气侧、制冷剂侧和冷却液侧进行模型搭建，<span style="color: black;">按照</span>模型参数拟合压焓图如图8所示，与系统预选压焓值误差不超过1%，仿真分析结果基本契合系统真实降温性能。仿真分析结果<span style="color: black;">显示</span>：在环境温度38 ℃、压缩机转速4 500 r/min、鼓风机最大风量的稳态工况下，乘员舱室内平均温度随时间变化曲线的仿真结果如图9所示。降温结果为45 min整车平均温度将低至23 ℃以下，拟<span style="color: black;">选取</span>的零部件性能满足整车降温性能<span style="color: black;">需要</span>。</span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">图8 KULI拟合压焓图</span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">图9 整车降温性能曲线</span>
    <h3 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">4.2 整车电平衡仿真分析及结果说明</span></h3><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>整车电负荷计算及各用电器负载选型，用MATLAB仿真系统电能匹配模型<span style="color: black;">显示</span>，<span style="color: black;">运用</span>180 A发电机满足整车低压用电器负载正常工作，满足DC-DC输出功率给锂电充电和电动空调压缩机工作达到整车驾驶室舒适温度。</span>
    <h2 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">5 台架测<span style="color: black;">实验</span>证</span></h2><span style="color: black;">为验证行驻一体空调系统设计<span style="color: black;">方法</span>可行性，按空调系统零部件选型搭载台架，并依据各工况运行<span style="color: black;">要求</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>模拟负载，模拟整车运行中其它用电器耗电（如图3所示）。台架验证日间行车、日间驻车、夜间行车和夜间驻车4个工况。日间行车工况：压缩机最高转速4 500 r/min、鼓风机最高8档风。日间驻车工况：压缩机最高转速4 500 r/min、鼓风机最高8档风运行20 min后<span style="color: black;">调节</span>为压缩机最高转速4 000 r/min、鼓风机最高4档风运行至锂电<span style="color: black;">守护</span>。夜间行车工况：压缩机最高转速2 000 r/min、鼓风机最高8档风。夜间驻车工况：压缩机最高转速2 000 r/min、鼓风机8档风运行20 min后<span style="color: black;">调节</span>为2 000 r/min、鼓风机4档风，直至锂电池<span style="color: black;">守护</span>。<span style="color: black;">仔细</span>实验数据见表11，由表11可知，本设计<span style="color: black;">方法</span>基本满足初期制定的整车降温指标、驻车时长指标及充电时长指标，其它指标<span style="color: black;">亦</span>在误差范围。</span><span style="color: black;">表11 台架实验数据</span><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><span style="color: black;">注：为了达到节能的目的，结合现有电动压缩机<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>策略，日间行车采用变工况限转速进行测试。</span>
    <h2 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">6 结论</span></h2><span style="color: black;">本文基于24 V锂电池的行驻一体式空调系统<span style="color: black;">研发</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span>，将行车与驻车空调的功能<span style="color: black;">经过</span>电动化技术整合和功能集成，<span style="color: black;">提高</span>了整车的经济性与驾驶舒适性，并<span style="color: black;">经过</span>理论计算、仿真分析和实车验证的方式证实此<span style="color: black;">方法</span>的可行性，得出如下结论：</span><span style="color: black;">1）<span style="color: black;">经过</span>匹配4.8 kW·h锂电池，可<span style="color: black;">最后</span>实现日间3 h、夜间5 h驻车的空调<span style="color: black;">连续</span>工作指标；</span><span style="color: black;">2）采用电动压缩机，<span style="color: black;">按照</span>热负荷<span style="color: black;">需要</span><span style="color: black;">精细</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>压缩机的功率及转速，可实现低功耗和低排放，在38 ℃环境温度下头部平均可降低至25 ℃以下，满足全国绝大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>地区物流卡车的空调<span style="color: black;">需要</span>；</span><span style="color: black;">3）<span style="color: black;">因为</span>采用锂电池代替<span style="color: black;">起步</span>铅酸电池，<span style="color: black;">做为</span>电动压缩机的动力源，既可以<span style="color: black;">增多</span><span style="color: black;">起步</span>电池<span style="color: black;">运用</span>寿命，还<span style="color: black;">能够</span>拓展能量回收，节能<span style="color: black;">有效</span>；</span><span style="color: black;">4）采用电动压缩机及专用动力电池，可<span style="color: black;">加强</span>压缩机的容积效率和整车空调性能系数，<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>实现空调系统的远程<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>而不需要<span style="color: black;">起步</span>发动机，降低能耗与噪声；</span><span style="color: black;">5）<span style="color: black;">因为</span>采用DC-DC电源转换<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>模块，<span style="color: black;">能够</span>实现外接市电充电及空调制冷功能。</span>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">今日<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>一</span></strong></p><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">↓↓↓</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">中国汽车热管理技术专家委员会</span></strong><span style="color: black;">是基于智享新动力公众号<strong style="color: blue;">3万+</strong>粉丝打造的热管理技术高质量人才库，汇聚热管理高端人才，打造高质量内容输出。如需进入热管理技术交流群，请添加管理员圈圈哥<span style="color: black;">微X</span><strong style="color: blue;">GSAuto0001</strong>验证信息后邀请进群。提示：本报告为电子资料，<strong style="color: blue;">一经售出，概不退款</strong>，请<span style="color: black;">小心</span>下单，谢谢<span style="color: black;">协同</span>。</span></span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">【权威报告】2024年汽车行业：热管理空调冷媒<span style="color: black;">将来</span>发展趋势报告</span></strong></span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></a></span></strong>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">目录</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">›冷媒特性对比</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">›比亚迪新冷媒<span style="color: black;">开发</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">›各类型冷媒空调系统成本对比分析</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">›R134a冷媒<span style="color: black;">将来</span>发展趋势分析</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">›R1234yf冷媒<span style="color: black;">将来</span>发展趋势分析</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">›R744冷媒<span style="color: black;">将来</span>发展趋势分析</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">今日<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>二</span></strong></p><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">↓↓↓</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">【权威报告】2024年汽车行业：热管理系统及硬件分析</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></a></span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">目录</span></strong><span style="color: black;">›热管理系统<span style="color: black;">研发</span>框架</span><span style="color: black;">›E/E架构发展对热管理的影响</span><span style="color: black;">›自动驾驶发展对热管理的影响</span><span style="color: black;">›高压架构<span style="color: black;">将来</span>发展节奏</span><span style="color: black;">›大倍率快充技术<span style="color: black;">将来</span>发展节奏</span><span style="color: black;">›大倍率快充技术突破</span><span style="color: black;">›动力电池热管理发展趋势</span><span style="color: black;">›电驱系统、器件发展对热管理系统的影响</span><span style="color: black;">›余热回收、低效制热对热管理的影响</span><span style="color: black;">›乘员舱热管理的发展趋势分析</span><span style="color: black;">›关键零部件热管理趋势分析</span>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">今日<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>三</span></strong></p><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">↓↓↓</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">【权威报告】2024年汽车行业：热管理市场与产业格局分析</span></strong>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></a></span></p><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">目录&nbsp;</span></strong><span style="color: black;">›整车热管理是智能汽车技术关键点</span><span style="color: black;">›热泵系统渗透率及销量预测</span><span style="color: black;">›热泵系统各技术路线市场渗透率及销量预测</span><span style="color: black;">›热泵系统各技术路线成本对比分析</span><span style="color: black;">›国内车企热泵搭载策略分析</span><span style="color: black;">›国内主流车企<span style="color: black;">将来</span>车型规划</span><span style="color: black;">›热管理系统差异化竞争构筑点分析</span><span style="color: black;">›供应商竞争格局分析</span><span style="color: black;">›头部供应商企业分析</span><span style="color: black;">›供应商面临的挑战</span><span style="color: black;">›家电企业入局整车热管理<span style="color: black;">行业</span>策略分析</span>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">今日<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>四</span></strong></p><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">↓↓↓</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">【权威报告】2024年汽车行业：热管理行业政策分析</span></strong></span></strong>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></a></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">目录</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">›行业监管体系介绍及分析</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">›能耗政策分析</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">›冷媒现有政策分析</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">›冷媒<span style="color: black;">将来</span>政策核心要点</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">›乘员舱舒适性<span style="color: black;">评估</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">今日<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>五</span></strong></p><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">↓↓↓</span></strong>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></a></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">主流车型热管理系统解析系列报告</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">BYD
            Han EV</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">Xpeng P7
            RWD</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2020
            Tesla Model 3</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2021
            Tesla Model 3（带热泵）</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2020
            Li Xiang ONE</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2021
            Volkswagen ID.4</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2018
            NIO ES8</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2018
            Jaguar I-Pace EV 400</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2021
            BWM iX3 RWD</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2020
            GAC Aion LX</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">关键零件-三通水阀1</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">中国汽车热管理技术专家委员会将推出<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>高质量版权资料，敬请关注，往期精彩分享如下：</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">如需商务合作<span style="color: black;">或</span>进入热管理技术交流群，请添加管理员圈圈哥<span style="color: black;">微X</span><strong style="color: blue;">GSAuto0001</strong>，备注：<strong style="color: blue;">热管理</strong>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">往期热管理系列报告如下：</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">↓↓↓</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本文经三电技术专家委员会授权发布，<strong style="color: blue;">全文PPT可下载，见文后下载方式。</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">本报告为2018 Jaguar I-Pace EV 400</span>车型<span style="color: black;">热管理系统解析，完整报告为57页PPT电子文档，仅展示概览页，</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">原价499</strong></span></strong><span style="color: black;">，现前100份</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">优惠价39.9元（限时折扣）</span></strong></span></strong><span style="color: black;">，下单时请备注接收邮箱，<span style="color: black;">意见</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>常用邮箱，如有疑问请添加店小二<span style="color: black;">微X</span>GSAuto0001沟通。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">•</span><span style="color: black;">三电技术专家委员会是基于智享新动力公众号2万粉丝打造的三电技术高质量人才库，汇聚三电高端人才，打造高质量内容输出。三电技术专家委员会重磅打造</span><strong style="color: blue;">《主流车型热管理系统解析系列报告》</strong><span style="color: black;">，<span style="color: black;">包括</span>重磅热门车型比亚迪&nbsp;</span><strong style="color: blue;">汉 EV</strong><span style="color: black;">、小鹏&nbsp;</span><strong style="color: blue;">P7</strong><span style="color: black;">、特斯拉&nbsp;</span><strong style="color: blue;">Model 3</strong><span style="color: black;">、理想&nbsp;</span><strong style="color: blue;">ONE</strong><span style="color: black;">、<span style="color: black;">公众</span>&nbsp;</span><strong style="color: blue;">ID.4X</strong><span style="color: black;">、捷豹路虎&nbsp;</span><strong style="color: blue;">F-Pace</strong><span style="color: black;">、丰田&nbsp;</span><strong style="color: blue;">RAV4 混动</strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">、</span><span style="color: black;">本田皓影</span></span><strong style="color: blue;">2.0L混动</strong><span style="color: black;">、蔚来&nbsp;</span><strong style="color: blue;">ES8</strong><span style="color: black;">、宝马&nbsp;</span><strong style="color: blue;">iX3</strong><span style="color: black;">等车型，敬请期待。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">《主流车型热管理系统解析系列报告》</strong>本系列报告名为主流车型热管理系统解析，<span style="color: black;">重点</span>解析对象为<span style="color: black;">日前</span>市场上主流的新能源车型，从众多主流车型中选出有<span style="color: black;">表率</span>型的车型，力争覆盖大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>主流车企。报告<span style="color: black;">首要</span>展示<span style="color: black;">认识</span>析车型的基本信息，<span style="color: black;">而后</span>概括性地给出了该解析车型的热管理系统特点，并对这些特点进行了简要介绍；接着逐一对热管理系统的核心零部件进行分析，给出了供应商、重量、外形尺寸、单车用量、<span style="color: black;">重点</span>材料等关键信息；最后对热管理系统原理进行解析，大体从乘员舱回路、电池回路以及电驱动回路进行解析。<span style="color: black;">经过</span>研读该系列报告，你能对汽车热管理系统的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>、各主流车企的技术路线有一个大致的<span style="color: black;">认识</span>，从零部件<span style="color: black;">部署</span>、供应商信息到零部件重量信息，再到热管理系统原理都有一个系统地<span style="color: black;">把握</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">作者简介</span></strong><span style="color: black;">：</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">英文名<strong style="color: blue;">Frank</strong>，国内大型主机厂热管理技术专家，<strong style="color: blue;">十余年汽车热管理系统</strong>工作经验，精通<strong style="color: blue;">整车热管理系统性能</strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">研发</span>、仿真</strong>等工作，负责多款量产车型<strong style="color: blue;">整车热管理系统标定</strong>工作，<span style="color: black;">熟练</span><strong style="color: blue;">空调系统</strong>和<strong style="color: blue;">冷却系统零部件性能及<span style="color: black;">研发</span>过程</strong>，<span style="color: black;">善于</span>分析<strong style="color: blue;">汽车热管理系统技术</strong><span style="color: black;">状况</span>及发展趋势。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">以下为报告部分内容：</span></strong></strong></span></p>
    <h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">01</h1>
    <h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">BYD&nbsp;Han EV</h1>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></a></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">↑↑↑</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">原价：</strong><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">399</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">现价：</strong><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">29.9</strong></span></p>本报告为版权报告，完整PPT报告36页，如需下单请点击如上链接<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">02</h1>Xpeng P7 RWD<a style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></a>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">↑↑↑</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">原价：</strong><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">459</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">现价：</strong><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">34.9</strong></span></p>本报告为版权报告，完整PPT报告45页，如需下单请点击如上链接<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">03</h1>2020 Tesla Model 3<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></a></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">↑↑↑</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">原价：</strong><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">499</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">现价：</strong><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">39.9</strong></span></p>本报告为版权报告，完整PPT报告40页，如需下单请点击如上链接<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">04</h1>2021 Tesla Model 3（带热泵）<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></a></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">↑↑↑</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">原价：</strong><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">499</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">现价：</strong><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">39.9</strong></span></p>本报告为版权报告，完整PPT报告59页，如需下单请点击如上链接<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">05</h1>2020 Li Xiang ONE<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></a></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">↑↑↑</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">原价：</strong><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">499</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">现价：</strong><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">39.9</strong></span></p>本报告为版权报告，完整PPT报告54页，如需下单请点击如上链接<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">06</h1>2021 Volkswagen ID.4<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></a></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">↑↑↑</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">原价：</strong><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">459</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">现价：</strong><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">34.9</strong></span></p>本报告为版权报告，完整PPT报告45页，如需下单请点击如上链接<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">07</h1>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></a></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">↑↑↑</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">原价：</strong><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">499</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">现价：</strong><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">39.9</strong></span></p>本报告为版权报告，完整PPT报告48页，如需下单请点击如上链接<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">08</h1>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></a></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">↑↑↑</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">原价：</strong><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">499</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">现价：</strong><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">39.9</strong></span></p>本报告为版权报告，完整PPT报告57页，如需下单请点击如上链接<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">09</h1>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;">如欲<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">获取完整版PPT文件</strong></span>，请点击</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">如下链接</strong></span><span style="color: black;">付费获取</span></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><a style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></a></strong></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><a style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></a></strong></strong></strong></p>
    <h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">10</h1>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;">如欲<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">获取完整版PPT文件</strong></span>，请点击</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">如下链接</strong></span><span style="color: black;">付费获取</span></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></a></span></strong></strong></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;">如欲<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">获取完整版PDF文件</strong></span>，请点击</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">如下链接</strong></span><span style="color: black;">付费获取</span></strong></strong></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></a></span></strong></strong></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">#重磅<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>#</span></strong></span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">需要批量下载和<span style="color: black;">即时</span>更新最新汽车行业</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">学习资料、技术资料、行业报告</strong></span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">的<span style="color: black;">伴侣</span>，<span style="color: black;">能够</span>加入<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的《三电技术专家委员会》知识星球，<span style="color: black;">海量</span>的中外文精品汽车行业资料将会优先分享到知识星球中，加入<span style="color: black;">就可</span>下载<span style="color: black;">所有</span>报告。</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">《<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">三电技术专家委员会</span></strong>》知识星球</span></strong>加入请扫描以下二维码</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">↓↓↓</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">温馨提示：有任何问题可咨询<span style="color: black;">关联</span>工作人员，<span style="color: black;">微X</span>号：GSAuto0001</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">长按上方二维码一键添加<span style="color: black;">博主</span><span style="color: black;">微X</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">版权声明：本文推送的<span style="color: black;">文案</span>，<span style="color: black;">仅供分享学习，</span>除非确实<span style="color: black;">没法</span>确认，<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>都会注明作者和<span style="color: black;">源自</span>。部分<span style="color: black;">文案</span>推送时未能与原作者取得联系。若<span style="color: black;">触及</span>版权问题，烦请原作者联系<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>，与您<span style="color: black;">一起</span>协商<span style="color: black;">处理</span>。联系方式：gearshare@163.com </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">微X</span>：</span><span style="color: black;">GSAuto0001。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">往期精选</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">【中国汽车热管理技术专家委员会】R1234yf 新能源汽车热泵空调</span></a>系统实验<span style="color: black;">科研</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">【中国汽车热管理技术专家委员会】电动汽车 CO2热泵空调制热性能分析</span></a></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">【中国汽车智能制造百人会】宁德时代麒麟电池水冷板专家(佚名)<span style="color: black;">诠释</span></span></a></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">【权威报告】2024汽车行业：热管理空调冷媒<span style="color: black;">将来</span>发展趋势分析</span></a></p><a style="color: black;">【权威报告】主流车型热管理系统解析系列报告-BYD 汉 EV</a>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">欢迎加入专业技术讨论社区：</span></strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">▼</span><span style="color: black;">点击</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">阅读原文</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">链接，加入中国汽车热管理技术专家委员会知识星球</span></p>




7wu1wm0 发表于 2024-10-1 01:14:26

你的见解真是独到，让我受益良多。

nqkk58 发表于 2024-10-19 12:51:49

我完全同意你的看法，期待我们能深入探讨这个问题。
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查看完整版本: 【中国汽车热管理技术专家委员会】基于24V锂电的行驻一体式空调系统的科研