学习‖海关实务—中国海关报关专业教材2019
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b7f3c9957014b27b21913b273c3bded~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1724995981&x-signature=Y0nQalZ1glAhFxofvAipfngMi90%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">01</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">课程介绍</span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在<span style="color: black;">关联</span>政策的变化的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上,对报关、海关管理、对外贸易<span style="color: black;">管理</span>等业务进行了全面、系统梳理,学习因法律法规修改而变化的业务内容:通关作业程序、保税与自贸区监管、国境卫生检疫、 进出境动植物检疫、进出口食品检验检疫、进出口商品检验等业务内容进行全面介绍。对商品归类知识 、进出口税费、报关单填制 、法规政策等内容<span style="color: black;">亦</span>做了系统介绍和学习。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1c837feda9e54f1688dd1b1423a732cb~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1724995981&x-signature=C7d2Xy1Fk7VHrutUmADnY0ov%2Fk0%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">02</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">海关与报关</span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">海关</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">功效</span>:监管、征税、缉私、统计。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">权力:<span style="color: black;">检测</span>权、检疫权、检验权、查阅复制权、查问权、查验权、行政强制权、行政处罚权、稽查权等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">特点:特定性、独立性(进出口监管<span style="color: black;">独一</span>机关,只对法律和上级负责)、效力先定性、优益性(行政优先权、行政收益权)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">原则体系:合法原则、适当原则、依法独立行使原则、依法受到<span style="color: black;">保证</span>原则。</p>组织原则:集中统一,垂直领导(国务院>海关总署>直属海关>隶属海关>海关缉私警察<span style="color: black;">公司</span>)
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">报关</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">归类</span>:对象<span style="color: black;">区别</span>(运输工具报关、货物报关、物品报关)、目的<span style="color: black;">区别</span>(进境报关、出境报关)、<span style="color: black;">行径</span>性质<span style="color: black;">区别</span>(自理报关、代理报关)</p>区别代理报关分为直接代理和间接代理,直接代理<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>报关企业接受<span style="color: black;">拜托</span>人(进出口货物收货人)的<span style="color: black;">拜托</span>,一<span style="color: black;">拜托</span>人的名义办理报关业务的<span style="color: black;">行径</span>。间接代理指报关企业接受<span style="color: black;">拜托</span>人的<span style="color: black;">拜托</span>以报关企业<span style="color: black;">自己</span>的名义向海关办理报关业务的<span style="color: black;">行径</span>。
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">海关监管的原则</p>“无申报通道”又<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>“绿色通道”,适用于携运物品在数量和价值上均不超过免税限额,且无国家限制或禁止进出境物品的旅客;“申报通道”又<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>“红色通道”,适用于携带应向海关申报物品的旅客。
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">03</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">企业与货物</span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">企业信用</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">归类</span>认证企业(AEO认证<span style="color: black;">包含</span>高级AEO认证,其三年重新认证和<span style="color: black;">通常</span>认证,不<span style="color: black;">定时</span>认证,可在国际上享一对一企业协调员、通关优先便利、通关率高、税务担保等权利)、失信企业、<span style="color: black;">通常</span>信用企业。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">备案</p>所有在中国依法注册登记的企业在向国务院商务主管<span style="color: black;">分部</span>备案登记后都<span style="color: black;">能够</span>享有外贸经营权。对外贸易经营者未按规定办理备案登记的,海关不予办理进出口货物的报关验放手续,对外贸易经营企业课接受他人的<span style="color: black;">拜托</span>在经营范围内代为办理对外贸易业务。
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">进出境货物类型</p><span style="color: black;">通常</span>出口货物、保税加工贸易货物、减免税货物、暂时进出境货物、其它进出口货物。
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">通常</span>进出口货物特征</p>进出境时缴纳进出口税费、进出口时提交<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的许可证件、进口货物海关放行即办结海关手续,出口货物海关放行后离境即办结海关手续。
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">保税加工贸易货物特征</p>进口需事先在海关设立手册和账册、进口时无需缴纳进口关税和进口环节税、放行不等于结关、免交进口许可证、转内销需缴纳进口税费和补交进口许可证。
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">04</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">进出口<span style="color: black;">管理</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">限制进出口管理</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">限制进出口货物管理(限制进出口技术管理和限制进出口货物管理,进出口货物管理又分为进出口许可证件管理和进出口配额管理)和限制进出口技术管理。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">对外贸易<span style="color: black;">管理</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span></p><span style="color: black;">守护</span>国家经济安全和利益的需要、推行外交政策的需要、履行国家职能的需要。
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">救济<span style="color: black;">办法</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">三项:反倾销<span style="color: black;">办法</span>(临时反倾销<span style="color: black;">办法</span>和<span style="color: black;">最后</span>反倾销<span style="color: black;">办法</span>)、反<span style="color: black;">补助</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>(临时反<span style="color: black;">补助</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>和<span style="color: black;">最后</span>反<span style="color: black;">补助</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>)、<span style="color: black;">保证</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>(临时<span style="color: black;">保证</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>、<span style="color: black;">最后</span><span style="color: black;">保证</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>、<span style="color: black;">尤其</span><span style="color: black;">保证</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>)。</p>区别:前两者是针对价格<span style="color: black;">卑视</span>不公平的贸易<span style="color: black;">行径</span>,后者是针对进口<span style="color: black;">制品</span>激增的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>属于正常公平的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">许可证件</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">类型:一证一关(进口许可证只能在一个海关报关),一批一证(许可证在有效期内一次报关<span style="color: black;">运用</span>),非一批一证(在有效期内可多次<span style="color: black;">运用</span>,不超过十二次)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">有效期:进口许可证为一年需跨年度<span style="color: black;">运用</span>时不超过次年3月31日。每年十二月10日签发下一年度许可证。</p>代码:检验检疫制度代码A表进境,B表出镜
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">进口关税配额</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">农<span style="color: black;">制品</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>糖、羊毛、羊条(商务部)、粮食(大米小麦玉米稻米,归发改委)一年有效期、实行非一批一证制。</p>工业品<span style="color: black;">包含</span>化肥(商务部)六个月有效期、实行一批一证
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">05</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">报关与商品</span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">报关</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">报关通关流程:一次申报;分步处置 两步申报。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">申报前作业:出口报检、整理资料、核对舱单、看货取样,报检地点;向产地/组货地海关申请检验检疫,在出口报关或装运前7天报检 。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">通关现场作业:电子申报、进口报检、缴纳税费、综合处置、提货装货。</p>放行后作业:涉税处置、主动披露、申请证明、担保销案、单证归档。
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">协调制度</p>《税则》《品目注释》《本国子目注释》,22大类98章节编码前两位为章号、三四位为<span style="color: black;">次序</span>号、5678位依次为一二三四级子目,子目类为9表其它。
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">商品归类</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">规则一:类,章及分章的标题,仅为<span style="color: black;">查询</span>方便而设;<span style="color: black;">详细</span>法律效力的归类,应按品目条文和<span style="color: black;">相关</span>类注或章注确定。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">规则二:含<span style="color: black;">相关</span>键部件和整体特征的不完整品或未制成品、未组装件或拆散件;缺失或<span style="color: black;">增多</span>仍有基本特征关键部件的混合品或组合品、套装。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">规则三:<span style="color: black;">详细</span>列名、基本特征、从后归类。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">规则四:最相类似规则。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">规则五:包装物品归类,不<span style="color: black;">形成</span>基本<span style="color: black;">公司</span>、<span style="color: black;">平常</span>不可重复制用、特意设计<span style="color: black;">长时间</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>、一同出售不单独出售。</p>规则六:章目子目子字目、对应注释搞清楚,同级择优。(一和六最多<span style="color: black;">运用</span>)
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">06</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">税费与计算</span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">进出口税费</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">包含</span>关税、附加税、进口环节税, 征收<span style="color: black;">办法</span>:从价法、从量法、复合法。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">滞纳金自海关提示缴纳税费之日起15日内,届满日顺延至工作日,<span style="color: black;">保存</span>两位小数,50元起征。</p>滞报金,自运输工具申报入境后14天内,自<span style="color: black;">第1</span>个工作日起计算,<span style="color: black;">保存</span>整数,50元起征。
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">出口关税税额=出口货物完税价格×出口关税税率=出口关税税率×FOB/(1+出口关税税率)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">从价税应征税额=货物完税价格×从价税率</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">从量税应征税额=货物数量×单位税额(原油啤酒等)</p>复合税应征税额=货物完税价格×从价税率+货物数量×单位税额(针对录像机)
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">出口货物完税价=FOB/(1+出口关税税率)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">进口货物完税价=CIF=CFR/(1-保险费率×投保加成)=(FOB+运费)/(1-保险费率×投保加成)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">消费税应纳税额=消费税<span style="color: black;">构成</span>计税价格×消费税率</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">消费税<span style="color: black;">构成</span>价格=(关税完税价+关税税额)/(1-消费税比例税率)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">增值税应纳税额=增值税<span style="color: black;">构成</span>计税价格×增值税率</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">增值税<span style="color: black;">构成</span>计税价格=关税完税价+关税税额+消费税税额</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">关税滞纳金=滞纳关税税额×0.0005×滞纳天数</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">进口环节消费税滞纳金=滞纳消费税税额×0.0005×滞纳天数</p>
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