骗取出口退税案件中,报关企业、报关员应该怎么样定性?
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/Ljib4So7yuWiadRtBxBtRH1nZ4ZpFgkFJTfjYEocFwtvXu4zA3N1ic0flpLEXKYOB7DmUuf78QvLfIaicfiaRgqYD5A/640?wx_fmt=gif&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">骗取出口退税案件中,报关<span style="color: black;">机构</span>、报关员应该<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>定性?</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/bL2iaicTYdZn5hXGGrPj9Fkibyo0t9TYA7hTaick1UicGtqoj94PybWcUQI1TJjzBQmKzeQkJCnGLPFxMt1lN1MljTA/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在骗取出口退税案件中,出口货物报关单的<span style="color: black;">源自</span>是办案机关极为关注的内容,<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>查证出口货物报关单<span style="color: black;">源自</span>并非退税人自己出口的货物,则证明本案确实存在“伪报已税货物出口”的事实。实践中广泛存在着<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>:买单<span style="color: black;">中间商</span><span style="color: black;">或</span>退税人直接向报关<span style="color: black;">机构</span>提出购买某一类别货物的出口货物报关单的请求,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>业界<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>存在买单出口、炒单的情形,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>报关<span style="color: black;">机构</span>、报关员并未<span style="color: black;">认识</span>到这是骗税<span style="color: black;">行径</span>的前兆,<span style="color: black;">根据</span>市价收取了<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">花费</span>后便向对方<span style="color: black;">供给</span>了出口货物报关单,后续该出口货物报关单被查证用于骗取出口退税。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">以上</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>报关<span style="color: black;">机构</span>、报关员卖单<span style="color: black;">行径</span>的定性,关键在于报关<span style="color: black;">机构</span>、报关员<span style="color: black;">针对</span>骗税<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>知情、卖单的数量和次数等<span style="color: black;">详细</span>情节。出口货物报关单<span style="color: black;">到底</span>在骗税活动中<span style="color: black;">装扮</span>着什么角色?卖单人员<span style="color: black;">为么</span>又会被控骗税呢?下文为你一一揭晓。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gAj7S4FF2Gy8icvd9yM2K5yoMeZx5z8PAu0hvqA22BbZGXMmv7hYNDQOLYZqXN49xXt487ClwVGuN0euiaY1e45g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span>出口货物报关单:退税的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>资料</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/bL2iaicTYdZn5hXGGrPj9Fkibyo0t9TYA7hTaick1UicGtqoj94PybWcUQI1TJjzBQmKzeQkJCnGLPFxMt1lN1MljTA/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">骗取出口退税,通俗而言<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">行径</span>人假<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>自己出口了一批纳过税的货物,出口后<span style="color: black;">需求</span>税务机关<span style="color: black;">根据</span>国家退税政策予以退还已缴纳的税款。而国家<span style="color: black;">需求</span>的退税资料中,两单一票是<span style="color: black;">基本</span>资料,<span style="color: black;">详细</span>指是出口货物报关单、收汇核销单、增值税专用发票,这些资料的上游又分别对应着专门<span style="color: black;">供给</span>单据的卖单方、<span style="color: black;">供给</span>外汇的售汇方、开具增值税专用发票的配票方。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,公安机关在查办骗取出口退税案件时,会格外关注这些资料的<span style="color: black;">源自</span>以及与其<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的人员。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">详细</span>到出口货物报关单,它既是海关对进出口货物进行监管、征税、统计,以及开展稽查、调查的重要依据,又是出口退税和外汇管理的重要凭证,还是办案机关处理进出口货物走私、违规案件及税务、外汇管理<span style="color: black;">分部</span>查处骗税、逃套汇犯罪活动的重要书证。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">从出口货物报关单的制作、流转到<span style="color: black;">运用</span>,整条线上的人员可能有:真实货主、报关<span style="color: black;">机构</span>、货代、买单<span style="color: black;">中间商</span>、退税平台、退税人,<span style="color: black;">她们</span>又可分为上游——真实货主、报关<span style="color: black;">机构</span>、货代;中游——买单<span style="color: black;">中间商</span>;下游——退税平台、退税人。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>某一报关单被用于骗取出口退税,下游的退税平台、退税人<span style="color: black;">常常</span>要承担相应的刑事责任,买单<span style="color: black;">中间商</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能被<span style="color: black;">做为</span>从犯而予以处罚,而<span style="color: black;">针对</span>上游卖单的报关<span style="color: black;">机构</span>、报关员处理,在司法实践中则相差很大,有的案件中报关<span style="color: black;">机构</span>、报关员只<span style="color: black;">做为</span>证人<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,而在<span style="color: black;">有些</span>案件中<span style="color: black;">亦</span>将其<span style="color: black;">做为</span>从犯处罚。本文认为,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>骗取出口退税案件中的卖单人员,<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>其情节轻微、<span style="color: black;">针对</span>骗税不知情等<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,<span style="color: black;">不该</span>一概认定其<span style="color: black;">形成</span>骗取出口退税罪。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gAj7S4FF2GwmS3UgpOfuJYQrmFLSqmfrwmgtfYzT1Nglf8qTQgiciamCnUNaavUbR2iaQ18H1AORNntDtp5RXHh1g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span>出口货物报关单被用于骗税,卖单人员<span style="color: black;">不该</span>一概认定为骗取出口退税罪</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/bL2iaicTYdZn5hXGGrPj9Fkibyo0t9TYA7hTaick1UicGtqoj94PybWcUQI1TJjzBQmKzeQkJCnGLPFxMt1lN1MljTA/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">需要<span style="color: black;">重视</span>的是,<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>的卖单人员特指的是上游的真实货主、报关<span style="color: black;">机构</span>、货代等从事真实货物出口的人员,而不是买单<span style="color: black;">中间商</span>,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>买单<span style="color: black;">中间商</span>的刑事责任<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>认定及辩护,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>移步《参与骗取出口退税,买单<span style="color: black;">中间商</span>构罪仍可追求不起诉》一文予以<span style="color: black;">认识</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>上游卖单人员<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,无论是从卖单<span style="color: black;">行径</span>的客观<span style="color: black;">害处</span>性,还是骗税犯罪的主观故意判定,认定其<span style="color: black;">形成</span>骗取出口退税罪都存在<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的争议。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">从客观上而言,卖单<span style="color: black;">或</span>说为他人进出口<span style="color: black;">供给</span>抬头(代理进出口)本身不等于伪造出口、不等于骗税,卖单<span style="color: black;">行径</span>在外贸行业的<span style="color: black;">商场</span><span style="color: black;">规律</span>里符合市场规律。虽然国家禁止买卖出口货物报关单,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>在旅游购物、外商采购等贸易业态下,或出于其他<span style="color: black;">原因</span>的<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>,<span style="color: black;">实质</span>出口的货主<span style="color: black;">选取</span>不以自己的名义报关出口,而是<span style="color: black;">需求</span>货代选定有进出口经营权企业并以该企业名义申报出口,这就造<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>市场上有<span style="color: black;">海量</span>的“无主”货需要被挂名、<span style="color: black;">能够</span>被挂名出口。<span style="color: black;">一样</span>出于<span style="color: black;">各样</span><span style="color: black;">实质</span>需要,有人愿意将这些无主货放在自己名下出口。这些<span style="color: black;">需要</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>申请出口退税、做大流水便于信贷,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>向特定的<span style="color: black;">地区</span>政府申请<span style="color: black;">补助</span>。于是卖单<span style="color: black;">行径</span>应运而生,业内广泛存在着卖单、买单<span style="color: black;">行径</span>,这一<span style="color: black;">行径</span><span style="color: black;">背面</span><span style="color: black;">常常</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>有对应的真实的货物出口。简言之,卖单<span style="color: black;">行径</span>并不等同于骗税。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">从主观上而言,<span style="color: black;">因为</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>行业卖单<span style="color: black;">行径</span>的广泛性,<span style="color: black;">需求</span>上游卖单人员清楚认识到自己某一次的卖单<span style="color: black;">行径</span>属于骗取出口退税的一环,<span style="color: black;">从而</span>认定其<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>骗取出口退税的故意和<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>他人骗取出口退税的故意,不符合事实及情理。即使从交易过程、交易价格、<span style="color: black;">关联</span>书证、聊天记录、交易对手证言、知情人证言等进行综合判断,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">常常</span>难以得出上游卖单人员<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>骗税故意的结论。换言之,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>卖单<span style="color: black;">行径</span>广泛存在于卖单人员的<span style="color: black;">平常</span>工作中,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>在<span style="color: black;">她们</span>看来是“正常的业务<span style="color: black;">行径</span>”,<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">她们</span><span style="color: black;">针对</span>买单人的真实意思并无探究的意愿,因而在主观上<span style="color: black;">亦</span>就缺乏参与他人骗税犯罪的故意,当然这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,仍有可能涉嫌买卖国家机关公文罪,<span style="color: black;">不外</span>本罪则较为容易谋求不起诉决定。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">如穗检公二刑不诉(2020)4号不起诉决定书中载明:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">犯罪嫌疑人H某<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>的G国际货运代理有限<span style="color: black;">机构</span>以买单卖单手法,在接受部分出口外贸客户<span style="color: black;">拜托</span>办理出口手续的过程中,<span style="color: black;">得到</span><span style="color: black;">海量</span>出口关单,指使L某以2000-15000不等的价格将需要“买单出口”的货物出口关单非法出售给同案人B某、C某(另案处理)<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>的报关<span style="color: black;">机构</span>牟利。经审计,L某<span style="color: black;">触及</span>出售的报关单共计45份。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">检察院认为:L某实施了《中华人民共和国刑法》第二百八十条<span style="color: black;">第1</span>款规定的<span style="color: black;">行径</span>,但犯罪情节轻微不需要判处刑罚,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>《中华人民共和国刑法》第三十七条的规定,可<span style="color: black;">以避免</span>予刑事处罚。决定对L某不起诉。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在本案中,虽然公安机关以涉嫌骗取出口退税罪移送审查起诉,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>经检察院审查并未<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>L某<span style="color: black;">针对</span>他人实施骗取出口退税这一事实知情的证据,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>认定L某的<span style="color: black;">行径</span>仅<span style="color: black;">形成</span>买卖国家机关公文罪,结合其属于报关<span style="color: black;">机构</span>的员工,犯罪情节轻微,对其决定不起诉。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当然,在<span style="color: black;">有些</span>案件中,当事人可能存在明知对方实施骗取出口退税的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,仍将货柜信息、出口报关单出售给对方,此时则可能涉嫌骗取出口退税罪,<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>仅能<span style="color: black;">做为</span>从犯处罚,仍可争取不起诉决定<span style="color: black;">或</span>缓刑判决。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gAj7S4FF2GxmYvP6f80ibOoyBUicp4amWpLl0cjoy0ut3GLzBGMo3HuRib7joibGU8hf1wBjibej32RU8u39sicG1cxA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3、</span>结语</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/bL2iaicTYdZn5hXGGrPj9Fkibyo0t9TYA7hTaick1UicGtqoj94PybWcUQI1TJjzBQmKzeQkJCnGLPFxMt1lN1MljTA/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在骗取出口退税案件中,骗税所依据的两单一票是核心要素,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>从事外汇<span style="color: black;">或</span>增值税专用发票环节的<span style="color: black;">行径</span>人而言,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>我国<span style="color: black;">针对</span>外汇、发票的<span style="color: black;">管理</span><span style="color: black;">非常</span>严格,其<span style="color: black;">针对</span>所从事<span style="color: black;">行径</span>的违法性有着充分的认识,<span style="color: black;">从而</span><span style="color: black;">针对</span>其<span style="color: black;">行径</span>所服务的对象<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有着更为准确的认知,<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">常常</span>容易被认定为骗取出口退税罪的共犯。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">然则</span>,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>买卖出口货物报关单的人员而言则<span style="color: black;">否则</span>,炒单、买单出口、为他人进出口<span style="color: black;">供给</span>抬头(代理进出口)等<span style="color: black;">行径</span>充斥在<span style="color: black;">全部</span>行业中,有着旺盛的市场<span style="color: black;">需要</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有<span style="color: black;">很久</span><span style="color: black;">败兴</span>的从业惯例,<span style="color: black;">尤其</span><span style="color: black;">针对</span>从事真实货物出口的报关<span style="color: black;">机构</span>、报关员<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,很难清晰认识到自己的卖单<span style="color: black;">行径</span>会<span style="color: black;">作为</span>别人骗取出口退税的<span style="color: black;">走狗</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">不该</span>将其一概认定为骗取出口退税罪。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在骗取出口退税案件中,报关<span style="color: black;">机构</span>、报关员的处理<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">区别</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>会有<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的处理<span style="color: black;">方法</span>。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">针对</span>骗税<span style="color: black;">行径</span>不知情:办案机关会将报关<span style="color: black;">机构</span>、报关员<span style="color: black;">做为</span>证人询问,<span style="color: black;">最后</span>由行政机关给予行政处罚。此时,有的办案机关可能会追究报关<span style="color: black;">机构</span>、报关员买卖国家公文的刑事责任。<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>在报关<span style="color: black;">机构</span>、报关员<span style="color: black;">针对</span>骗税<span style="color: black;">行径</span>知情的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,办案机关<span style="color: black;">才可</span>将其<span style="color: black;">做为</span>骗取出口退税罪的共犯进行立案侦查、起诉、定罪量刑。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">然而,司法实践中依然存在着略过考察犯罪故意,径自将用于骗税的报关单的卖单人员<span style="color: black;">做为</span>骗取出口退税罪共犯进行处理的情形,此时需要辩护律师据理力争,结合本案事实与证据与办案机关充分沟通,为当事人谋求最有利的处理结果。</p>
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