趣谈蜘蛛（第2弹）：蜘蛛是蓝血贵族
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">问：蜘蛛都是肉食动物吗？</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">答：世界上所有的蜘蛛基本都靠捕食猎物获取<span style="color: black;">食品</span>，<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>2009年在中美洲<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>的巴希拉吉卜林蜘蛛完全靠吃植物为生，雌性蜘蛛在交配后<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不会吃掉雄性蜘蛛。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">问：英语中的蜘蛛是不是<span style="color: black;">始终</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>“spider”这个词？</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">答：并不是，英语中的蜘蛛网叫“cobweb”，这个“cob”<span style="color: black;">便是</span>中古英语<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>呼蜘蛛的词，但<span style="color: black;">此刻</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span>废弃。Cob又是古英语单词“attercop”的缩写，<span style="color: black;">一样</span>是蜘蛛的意思，<span style="color: black;">不外</span>字面意思是“有毒的头”。今天的英语还在<span style="color: black;">运用</span>cob一词，<span style="color: black;">不外</span>意思变<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>“玉米穗轴”，词源学家认为这种演变是有道理的，<span style="color: black;">由于</span>玉米穗是一株玉米的“头部”。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">问：有什么关于蜘蛛侠的趣事？</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">答：蜘蛛侠是最受欢迎的超级英雄之一，在<span style="color: black;">初期</span>的蜘蛛侠系列漫画中，曾把咬伤彼得·帕克的放射性蜘蛛错误地<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为昆虫。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">问：被蜘蛛咬伤真的有可能变成蜘蛛侠吗？</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">答：并不会，<span style="color: black;">不外</span>大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>被蜘蛛咬一口并<span style="color: black;">无</span>什么危险，极<span style="color: black;">少许</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>下<span style="color: black;">有些</span>蜘蛛的咬伤会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>血液<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>，例如棕色遁蛛的毒液会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>红细胞破裂，<span style="color: black;">从而</span><span style="color: black;">诱发</span>急性肾<span style="color: black;">损害</span>和黄疸等症状。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">问：蜘蛛的血是什么颜色？</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">答：蜘蛛的血是蓝色的。人类血液中的氧气与含铁的血红蛋白结合，<span style="color: black;">因此</span>是红色；蜘蛛血液中<span style="color: black;">无</span>血红蛋白，却有含铜的血蓝蛋白，<span style="color: black;">因此</span>是蓝色。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">问：死掉的蜘蛛<span style="color: black;">为何</span>蜷作一团？</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">答：蜘蛛腿部的肌肉<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>内拉功能，伸腿的动作需要靠体液泵入腿部来完成，蜘蛛死后<span style="color: black;">没法</span>再向腿部泵入体液，<span style="color: black;">因此</span>腿会蜷曲起来。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">问：被黑寡妇蜘蛛咬伤有什么后果？</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">答：黑寡妇蜘蛛的毒液会阻断神经向肌肉发出的信号，<span style="color: black;">引起</span>肌肉反复收缩，<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>痉挛，时常<span style="color: black;">伴同</span>着<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>。被黑寡妇蜘蛛咬伤还会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>其他与神经<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的症状，如高血压、烦躁不安和严重的面部抽搐。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">问：被毒蜘蛛咬伤<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>都很危险？</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">答：毒蜘蛛咬伤的危险性受多种<span style="color: black;">原因</span>影响，如毒液剂量以及被咬者的体型和年龄等，<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>对老人和<span style="color: black;">孩儿</span>的威胁更大。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">问：蜘蛛丝是<span style="color: black;">怎么样</span>吐出的？</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">答：严格说来蜘蛛不是“吐”丝而是“喷”丝，它的腹部后方有2到6个丝疣，每一个上面都有数百个小孔，有点像淋浴喷头，液态丝蛋白从这些小孔喷出，<span style="color: black;">因为</span>压力<span style="color: black;">功效</span>变成固态，就形<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>蜘蛛丝。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">问：哪种蜘蛛有“活化石”之<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>？</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">答：分布在东南亚、中国和日本的巨型节板蛛被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为蜘蛛中的“活化石”，它们的身体直径超过10厘米，跟生活在3亿年前的远古蜘蛛极为<span style="color: black;">类似</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">参考资料：</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1. Yong, Ed. "Bagheera kiplingi - The Mostly Vegetarian Spider." ScienceBlogs. October 12, 2009. Accessed: January 23, 2015.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2. Smith, Chrysti. Verbivores Feast, Second Course: More Word & Phrase Origins. Helena, MT: Farcountry Press, 2006.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3. Palermo, Elizabeth. "5 Spooky Spider Myths Busted." Live Science. October 28, 2014. Accessed: January 23, 2015.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4. Blaszczak-Boxe, Agata. "Spider-Man: 5 Weird Effects of Spider Bites." Live Science. May 2, 2014. Accessed: January 23, 2015.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5. Bodden, Valerie. Spiders (Creepy Creatures). Mankato, MN: Creative Education, 2011.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6. Morgan, Sally. Spiders (Amazing Animal Hunters). North Mankato, MN: Amicus, 2011.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">7. Iorio, Nicole. Spiders! (TIME for Kids). New York, NY: HarperCollins Books, 2005.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">8. Solway, Andrew. Deadly Spiders and Scorpions. Chicago, IL: Heinemann Library, 2005.</p>
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