苹果花前复剪和顽固性红蜘蛛防治技术
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">苹果花前复剪和顽固性红蜘蛛防治技术</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">编者按：<span style="color: black;">近期</span>，我在陕西延安市洛川、富县、黄陵，渭南市白水、澄城，铜川耀州区，甘肃省天水市麦积区、清水县、甘谷县、秦安县，以及平凉市庄浪县、静宁县等苹果产区调研，<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>果农就苹果花前复剪技术认识不到位，许多人是听闻这项技术，从来<span style="color: black;">无</span>实施过。<span style="color: black;">另一</span>，陕北苹果产区和天水、平凉、陇东苹果产区近年来苹果全爪螨越冬指数较多，果农反映防治难度<span style="color: black;">很强</span>，给生产上<span style="color: black;">导致</span>巨大的损失。今天借此机会给<span style="color: black;">大众</span>做一科普，就苹果花前复剪的好处，花前复剪的时间和<span style="color: black;">办法</span>做一<span style="color: black;">仔细</span>介绍。对苹果园红白蜘蛛的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>规律和防治技术，<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是用药<span style="color: black;">选取</span>等做一分析，<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>对<span style="color: black;">大众</span>有所<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>。</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">上篇 苹果花前复剪技术</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">花前复剪又叫春季修剪，是春季萌芽后至花前进行的一次<span style="color: black;">弥补</span>性修剪。其目的是为了<span style="color: black;">加强</span>萌芽率，<span style="color: black;">增多</span>枝叶量，<span style="color: black;">控制</span>顶端<span style="color: black;">优良</span>，缓和树势，<span style="color: black;">调节</span>花芽量，平衡生长与结果的关系。苹果树花前复剪，是冬剪的继续和<span style="color: black;">弥补</span>，<span style="color: black;">亦</span>叫春季修剪和延迟修剪。其目的是<span style="color: black;">调节</span>树体结构，调节花、叶长芽比例，平衡生长和结果的关系，达到<span style="color: black;">优秀</span>、稳产和高产。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/GYU8hUPpqRkiaklYT4Jbsdpj2wMicIoZYgAJst63nJf9icrOx8GymAzUMPH3ZibGNgKd5vZ6hkwwh7t6flJq6zp0HQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span><span style="color: black;">为何</span>要花前复剪？</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1、有些品种的花芽，<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是幼树的花芽，在冬天<span style="color: black;">很难</span>正确辨别，冬天一次剪定容易误把需要的花芽剪掉。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2、“<span style="color: black;">体积</span>年”树的花芽<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">欠好</span>辨认。“大年”时<span style="color: black;">有些</span>芽看来不象花芽开放后却是花芽；“小年”时则相反，看起来是花芽的却<span style="color: black;">常常</span>是叶芽，<span style="color: black;">很难</span>正确<span style="color: black;">把握</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3、有些易遭冻害和晚霜为害的地区为了安全起见，在冬剪时要多留<span style="color: black;">有些</span>花芽，到开花时常觉得花芽太多。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span>什么时间花前复剪效果好？</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">通常</span>在果树萌芽后至开花前进行较为适宜，过早因分不清花、叶芽，很难下剪，过晚对树体贮藏营养消耗<span style="color: black;">很强</span>，影响树势。以花蕾期为好，过早分不清花、叶芽，难以下剪，过晚营养消耗量大，影响树势。据<span style="color: black;">区别</span>树势品种，<span style="color: black;">通常</span>先剪发芽旱的品种、大树和弱树，后剪幼旺树和初结果树。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/GYU8hUPpqRkiaklYT4Jbsdpj2wMicIoZYgmQGTd2recP0uk2PcqbtE7icEAMEjjMnxbJoSj4s3cI9G8mnSCtoiaEOg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">3、</span>花前复剪的<span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（一）幼龄壮树的花前复剪：</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span>春剪可缓和树势，<span style="color: black;">加强</span>剪留芽的萌芽率，有利于促生中短枝。<span style="color: black;">详细</span>操作<span style="color: black;">办法</span>：</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1、冬剪短截过的枝条，再从顶部向下缩剪1～2个萌发的芽，<span style="color: black;">这般</span>可有效地稍弱预端<span style="color: black;">优良</span>，<span style="color: black;">促进</span>下部萌生中短枝。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2、冬剪缓放的枝条，过密时疏除<span style="color: black;">有些</span>，留下的枝条可在春秋耩交界处进行截剪，如此处理<span style="color: black;">能够</span>不徒长，还<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>中短枝，促进成花；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3、连续缓放2～3年的枝条，据花芽的多少和串花枝的着生部位枝势强弱，适当回缩串花枝，<span style="color: black;">这般</span>既能使枝条靠近骨干枝．又能<span style="color: black;">加强</span>座果率。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4、对串花短枝，可留2~4个花芽，进行缩剪或间疏花芽；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">5、对花量大的树，要疏掉弱花芽，多<span style="color: black;">保存</span>短果枝，轻截中、长果枝的花芽，以花换花，有利明年稳产；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">6、对幼旺树辅养枝上的长串腋花芽，可留4~6个花芽剪截，以达到前部结果后部<span style="color: black;">促进</span>发枝的目的。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/GYU8hUPpqRkiaklYT4Jbsdpj2wMicIoZYgUniciaoQOjfol6KUibRFxtth9VEVXeRKZJlXCFfBkE8R0OcvtSfu7NlnQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（二）结果大树的花前复剪：</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1、骨干枝的延长头，冬剪时误留下的腋花芽当头的应剪除花芽，换上叶芽当头，以利扩冠；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2、有腋花芽的品种可利用结果，花多时可适当剪除；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3、花量大的弱树，除<span style="color: black;">重视</span>剪截到壮芽壮枝当头外，花期采用“以花定果”的办法，对增大果个、复壮树势<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有<span style="color: black;">非常</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>的效果；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4、对结果小年的树，要<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span>多<span style="color: black;">保存</span>花芽，中、长果枝不要破头，无花的长枝、中长营养枝和果台副梢，应进行短截和缩剪，以利来年多形成花芽；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">5、对严重影响通风透光的重叠枝、竞争枝、内向枝和背上过强的密生直立枝等，均应进行剪除；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">6、复剪时，应只把花芽上的花蕾剪掉，不要伤果台，因果台上萌发的副梢，有些当年仍能形成花芽。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">7、花量大的树，要疏掉弱花芽，中生枝剪掉花芽，以花挽花，<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span>利用粗壮短果枝结果；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">8、冬剪误认为是花芽，但<span style="color: black;">实质</span>顶端不是花芽的细长枝、弱枝以及大叶芽枝，<span style="color: black;">能够</span>截剪一部分以利成花，<span style="color: black;">太多</span>的枝条可疏掉一部分；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">9、对过密或连年结果的枝组，本着去弱留强，去弯留直，去远留近，去老留新的原则，进行疏间和加缩；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">十、</span> 回缩或疏除无花的辅养枝，<span style="color: black;">针对</span>机械和人为<span style="color: black;">损害</span>的各类枝头和芽，要重新选配，回缩串花枝，以<span style="color: black;">加强</span>座果率，<span style="color: black;">增多</span>果实重量；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">11、对腋花芽．花少时可利用其结果、花多时将其疏掉；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">12、花量大的弱树待现蕾后疏掉多余的花蕾 <span style="color: black;">保存</span>叶片以复壮树势；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">13、元帅系品种，果台上无芽的枝条要适当截剪，<span style="color: black;">重视</span><span style="color: black;">保存</span>枝组上的营养枝。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/GYU8hUPpqRkiaklYT4Jbsdpj2wMicIoZYg95qO1QEkb1XLEhg1PZiaq8pC6PsFwjMzHd4GUibYRmf1QxjRTNWWB4XQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">下篇 苹果园顽固性红蜘蛛防治技术</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">虽然对红蜘蛛恨之入骨，在杀红蜘蛛的时候<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会用尽手段。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>却经常会<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>效果和设想中的差太多，<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>有时候花了<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>钱用了<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>药，结果红蜘蛛依然泛滥。这其实是<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">大众</span>都“误解”了红蜘蛛……</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/GYU8hUPpqRkiaklYT4Jbsdpj2wMicIoZYgApbxZO68KmictkYiaT0UiaRDgLjAMpb72V5wCNtTO9unpqCP9qIeJhEcw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1、<span style="color: black;">无</span>雄虫<span style="color: black;">亦</span>能生</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">红蜘蛛繁殖能力很强，虽然<span style="color: black;">重点</span>爆发期在春秋两季，但其实红蜘蛛全年都<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>！据统计，红蜘蛛一年<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>18~30代！</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">•气温25℃时，完成一个世代需要约16天；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">•气温30℃时，完成一个世代需要约12~14天；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">•<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>在冬天较冷的时候，完成一个世代的速度才会延长至63~75天（<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span>卵<span style="color: black;">生长</span>期延长）。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">不外</span>更重要的，是红蜘蛛的雌螨除了两性生殖以外，还<span style="color: black;">能够</span>进行孤性生殖——<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>不需要雄螨就能产卵并孵化（孤性生殖只能孵化出雄螨，雌螨仍然需要两性生殖<span style="color: black;">才可</span>完成），<span style="color: black;">况且</span>一次就能产下30~60粒卵，<span style="color: black;">能够</span>说是繁殖能力<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>强。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2、只用一种药灭不掉</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">有些人杀红蜘蛛，会觉得某一种药好用，<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">长时间</span>只用一种药来杀红蜘蛛，可是杀了红蜘蛛只消停几天就又爆发了，<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>面有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>：</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（1）<span style="color: black;">区别</span><span style="color: black;">周期</span>红蜘蛛用药<span style="color: black;">区别</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>强调一点，<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>一种<span style="color: black;">药品</span>能够<span style="color: black;">同期</span>杀掉各生长<span style="color: black;">周期</span>的红蜘蛛。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/GYU8hUPpqRkiaklYT4Jbsdpj2wMicIoZYgrawicicUY3NfmsJf8E1TKNK0biaDtY5iaia7VoPz8E0hRxPdRhrIrzkUCZg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">红蜘蛛<span style="color: black;">重点</span>有四个生长<span style="color: black;">周期</span>——卵期、幼虫期、若虫期和成虫期（<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有说法是卵期、幼虫期、前期若虫、后期若虫和成虫五个<span style="color: black;">周期</span>），就像上面的配图，<span style="color: black;">常常</span>会出现几个<span style="color: black;">周期</span>的红蜘蛛会共存在一个叶片上。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">而<span style="color: black;">日前</span>还<span style="color: black;">无</span>一种<span style="color: black;">药品</span>能够<span style="color: black;">同期</span>杀掉各<span style="color: black;">周期</span>的红蜘蛛，<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>，<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>在高峰期（<span style="color: black;">通常</span>在4～6月和9～11月）之前<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">即时</span>喷药杀灭卵<span style="color: black;">或</span>幼虫，等到高峰期四个<span style="color: black;">周期</span>的红蜘蛛“齐聚”，只用一种药是远远<span style="color: black;">不足</span>的。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（2）单一用药会<span style="color: black;">增多</span>抗药性</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">海量</span><span style="color: black;">数年</span>重复<span style="color: black;">运用</span>同一种杀螨剂，<span style="color: black;">引起</span>害螨药剂产生极强的抗药性，据测定，柑橘红蜘蛛对哒螨灵的抗性已<span style="color: black;">加强</span>了25倍。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/GYU8hUPpqRkiaklYT4Jbsdpj2wMicIoZYg1myrE738XnDMiaeDwaGfyW5olAiboiaHN0YKPS1qvLibEwsu6s8QR8TbFA/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">就像上面的图，<span style="color: black;">持续</span>地<span style="color: black;">运用</span>一种药剂，会加强红蜘蛛的抗药性，而<span style="color: black;">持续</span>地<span style="color: black;">增多</span>施药量，只会<span style="color: black;">加强</span>红蜘蛛对这种药的抗性，到头来只会<span style="color: black;">功效</span>越来越小。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3、红蜘蛛不是昆虫</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">这点非常重要！<span style="color: black;">为何</span>用杀虫剂效果差？最<span style="color: black;">基本</span>的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>在于，除苹果红蜘蛛、二斑叶螨外，还有苹果全爪螨，属蛛形纲蜱螨目，不是昆虫！用杀虫剂的效果当然<span style="color: black;">欠好</span>啦！、</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/GYU8hUPpqRkiaklYT4Jbsdpj2wMicIoZYgDFib3vecV9r3yQW51DAnOShfyd35AJQ9LMpCibsofBIic4MNmFQRHuBKA/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">就像上图，黄色线是红蜘蛛所属的<span style="color: black;">归类</span>，而紫色线是昆虫的<span style="color: black;">归类</span>，这两者的区别就像<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>人类跟文昌鱼的区别，那用药肯定有区别啦！<span style="color: black;">况且</span>，高毒杀虫剂还可能杀伤红蜘蛛的天敌，“<span style="color: black;">帮助</span>”红蜘蛛成长。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4、打红蜘蛛有技巧</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">那样</span>，<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>要怎么防治红蜘蛛呢？</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（1）培养天敌</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>常说的捕食螨，<span style="color: black;">通常</span>一片叶有一只捕食螨，就能有效<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>红蜘蛛。<span style="color: black;">不外</span>捕食螨生效比较慢，<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>红蜘蛛<span style="color: black;">已然</span>爆发了，还是需要以化学防控为主。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/GYU8hUPpqRkiaklYT4Jbsdpj2wMicIoZYgB9l1BRn6pv0EpoHS0lWQ3SpqCTDnAdmVDBSGfp5hBA6wdlgJwcdGmQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（2）<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>用药</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">区别</span>的时期施用<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的药剂，以下是学农君的<span style="color: black;">有些</span><span style="color: black;">意见</span>，<span style="color: black;">不外</span><span style="color: black;">详细</span>的还要<span style="color: black;">按照</span>红蜘蛛<span style="color: black;">区别</span>虫态的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>规律和各自果园里的红蜘蛛抗性水平<span style="color: black;">选取</span>药剂。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">重视</span>要点</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">•<span style="color: black;">机会</span><span style="color: black;">尤其</span>重要，<span style="color: black;">例如</span>冬季<span style="color: black;">必定</span>要认真清园，千万<span style="color: black;">不可</span>粗放管理；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">•一旦看到红蜘蛛，<span style="color: black;">必定</span>要<span style="color: black;">即时</span>用药，千万<span style="color: black;">不可</span>等！<span style="color: black;">由于</span>一等，红蜘蛛可能就爆发了！</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">•之前<span style="color: black;">出现</span>过红蜘蛛的果园<span style="color: black;">或</span>新种植果园，早春开花前不管有<span style="color: black;">无</span>看到红蜘蛛，都应该打药灭卵和幼虫，<span style="color: black;">而后</span>大约15~20天（避开花期）之后，再<span style="color: black;">按照</span>红蜘蛛<span style="color: black;">是不是</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>来决定<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>继续打药；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">•<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>前期<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>住，红蜘蛛爆发了，<span style="color: black;">必定</span>要<span style="color: black;">保持</span>用药，打药之后隔5~7天之后再次打药（打回马枪），连续打2~3轮，避免红蜘蛛卵孵化后又<span style="color: black;">显现</span>一轮虫害；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">•打药<span style="color: black;">必定</span>“水要够，要打透”。红蜘蛛卵<span style="color: black;">通常</span>产在叶背面与枝条凹槽处，<span style="color: black;">有害</span>于农药覆盖，<span style="color: black;">因此</span>打药的时候<span style="color: black;">必定</span>要细致认真，千万别少打、漏打；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">•最重要的一点，打红蜘蛛<span style="color: black;">必定</span>要轮换用药，哪怕这一种要效果不如<span style="color: black;">另一</span>一种好，<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">必定</span>要轮换！</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">•红蜘蛛的两个高峰期<span style="color: black;">通常</span>出<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>4～6月和9～11月，<span style="color: black;">必定</span>要在高峰期到来前和末尾做好防治工作，更要<span style="color: black;">重视</span>巡视果园，防治红蜘蛛再次爆发！</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">关于杀螨剂的科普</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>机理及<span style="color: black;">重点</span>杀螨剂</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">笔者对<span style="color: black;">日前</span>市面上的大部分<span style="color: black;">平常</span>杀螨剂就其<span style="color: black;">功效</span>机理做了<span style="color: black;">归类</span>，大致有以下六类：<span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span><span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂类、生长调节剂类、脂类合成<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂类、乙酰胆碱酯酶<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂类、调节氯离子通道类、钠离子通道阻断剂。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1、<span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span><span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂类</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">大部分杀螨剂皆是此类<span style="color: black;">功效</span>，<span style="color: black;">控制</span>红蜘蛛<span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>，使其死亡。可细分为三类：线粒体电子传递<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂（复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ）、氧化磷酸化<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂、氧化磷酸化解偶联剂</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（1）线粒体电子传递<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂类</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">复合物Ⅰ类<span style="color: black;">重点</span>杀螨剂：唑螨酯、哒螨灵、鱼藤酮、喹螨醚、吡螨胺、嘧螨胺；</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">复合物Ⅱ类<span style="color: black;">重点</span>杀螨剂：乙唑螨腈、丁氟螨酯</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">复合物Ⅲ类<span style="color: black;">重点</span>杀螨剂：嘧螨酯、灭螨醌。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（2）氧化磷酸化<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂类</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">重点</span>杀螨剂：有机锡类（三唑锡、苯丁锡）、炔螨特、溴螨酯、杀螨酯</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（3）氧化磷酸化解偶联剂类</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">重点</span>杀螨剂：氟啶胺</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2、生长调节剂类</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">对红蜘蛛的生长、变态、滞育等<span style="color: black;">重点</span>生理现象有调控<span style="color: black;">功效</span>的化合物，有保幼激素、几丁质合成<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（1）几丁质合成<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂类</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">重点</span>杀螨剂：乙螨唑、噻螨酮</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（2）保幼激素类</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">重点</span>杀螨剂：印楝素</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3、脂类合成<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂类</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">影响红蜘蛛脂肪酸代谢，对卵、幼螨等有较好的 防治效果。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">重点</span>杀螨剂：螺螨酯、螺虫乙酯</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4、调节氯离子通道</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span>调节细胞膜上氯离子通道的<span style="color: black;">选取</span>性、门控性、通透性来达到杀螨效果。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（1）氯离子通道<span style="color: black;">选取</span>性</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">重点</span>杀螨剂：阿维菌素、依维菌素</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">（2）氯离子通道门控性</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">重点</span>杀螨剂：联苯肼酯</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">5、乙酰胆碱酯酶<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">控制</span>红蜘蛛乙酰胆碱酯酶活性达到螨效果。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">重点</span>杀螨剂：有机磷类（丙溴磷、毒死蜱等）</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">6、钠离子通道阻断剂</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">重点</span>杀螨剂：菊酯类（甲氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯等）</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">判断一类化合物杀螨效果<span style="color: black;">是不是</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span>的重要指标是看其<span style="color: black;">功效</span>机理<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>独特，从<span style="color: black;">这儿</span><span style="color: black;">大众</span>可知联苯肼酯、氟啶胺、乙唑螨腈等<span style="color: black;">成份</span>其<span style="color: black;">功效</span>机理独特，之前<span style="color: black;">亦</span>很少用到类似<span style="color: black;">功效</span>机理的杀螨剂，故其杀螨效果较为理想。<span style="color: black;">大众</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>杀螨剂时可<span style="color: black;">根据</span><span style="color: black;">区别</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>机理来<span style="color: black;">选取</span>轮换用药，其效果或有意想不到之处。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span>从<span style="color: black;">理学</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>上杀螨</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">以上是从杀螨剂的化学性质上来<span style="color: black;">认识</span>杀螨剂，<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">理学</span>窒息<span style="color: black;">功效</span>、腐蚀<span style="color: black;">功效</span>等<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有<span style="color: black;">有些</span>杀螨剂效果较为理想，基本无抗性，如矿物油、石硫合剂、松脂酸钠等，<span style="color: black;">然则</span>要<span style="color: black;">重视</span>的是此类杀螨剂对树体生育期、温度、<span style="color: black;">运用</span>等有求，要<span style="color: black;">重视</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">矿物油：<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">理学</span>窒息、影响交配、趋避取食等<span style="color: black;">功效</span>来达到杀螨效果。在温度过高、<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>生育期（花期、幼果期等）、混配药剂较多<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下要<span style="color: black;">重视</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>，避免<span style="color: black;">显现</span>问题。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">石硫合剂：<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">理学</span>窒息、释放硫化氢、腐蚀红蜘蛛体壁等达到杀螨效果。基本<span style="color: black;">仅在</span>冬季休眠期做清园用，<span style="color: black;">不可</span>与酸性物质混配，<span style="color: black;">通常</span>单用。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">松脂酸钠：<span style="color: black;">经过</span>溶解、渗透虫体，附带窒息、黏着等<span style="color: black;">功效</span>达到杀螨效果。基本<span style="color: black;">仅在</span>清园期<span style="color: black;">运用</span>，<span style="color: black;">不可</span>与酸性物质混配。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">3、</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">加强</span>药剂穿透性能杀螨</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">随着<span style="color: black;">大众</span>对红蜘蛛的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>深入，<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>红蜘蛛外表布满背毛，对喷洒的药剂其背毛能有效的阻挡，使药剂<span style="color: black;">没法</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>红蜘蛛背毛达到表皮，穿透表皮到达真皮，从而达不到杀螨效果。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">如药剂的助剂和工艺能有效的使药剂穿过背毛，接触表皮，从表皮穿透到真皮层则杀螨剂的效果会得到最大程度的<span style="color: black;">提高</span>。市面上已有<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">开发</span>出<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的助剂，作者<span style="color: black;">亦</span>拿到过样品做过<span style="color: black;">实验</span>，效果比较理想。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">红蜘蛛的防治过程是一个综合性的过程，<span style="color: black;">大众</span>要有针对自己果园的系统性的防治<span style="color: black;">方法</span>，防治<span style="color: black;">不睬</span>想的要找出<span style="color: black;">详细</span>的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>，切勿病急乱投医。从红蜘蛛防治药剂的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>机理出发或可更好的<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span><span style="color: black;">大众</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>杀螨剂，做好全年的用药规划。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">最后，给<span style="color: black;">大众</span>以图biao 方式就<span style="color: black;">日前</span>农资市场上<span style="color: black;">重点</span>杀螨剂及作用特点做一介绍，仅供<span style="color: black;">大众</span>在生产中参考。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">中国中化控股有限责任<span style="color: black;">机构</span>（简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>中国中化，英文简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>Sinochem Holdings）<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>中国中化集团有限<span style="color: black;">机构</span>与中国化工集团有限<span style="color: black;">机构</span>联合重组而成，为国务院国资委监管的国有重要骨干企业，员工22万人。重组完成后，中国中化业务范围覆盖生命科学、材料科学、<span style="color: black;">基本</span>化工、环境科学、橡胶轮胎、机械装备、城市运营、产业金融等八大<span style="color: black;">行业</span>，是<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>规模最大的综合性化工企业，并在生命科学业务中的农化、动物营养和材料科学业务中的氟硅材料、工程塑料、橡胶助剂等细分<span style="color: black;">行业</span><span style="color: black;">拥有</span>领先<span style="color: black;">优良</span>；<span style="color: black;">基本</span>化工业务<span style="color: black;">特殊</span>鲜明，构建了石油化工全产业链发展模式；环境科学业务聚焦工业环保，正在快速发展过程中；高端轮胎业务<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>领先；塑料机械业务世界一流；在城市运营<span style="color: black;">行业</span>，<span style="color: black;">机构</span>是国资委首批确定的16家以房地产为主业的央企之一，旗下中国金茂是国内优秀的城市运营商；在产业金融<span style="color: black;">行业</span>，<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">持有</span>多个金融业务牌照，信托、租赁等业务<span style="color: black;">优良</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">中国中化在<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>超过150个国家和地区<span style="color: black;">持有</span>生产基地和<span style="color: black;">开发</span><span style="color: black;">设备</span>，以及完善的营销网络体系。完成重组后，中国中化<span style="color: black;">持有</span>扬农化工（600486.SH）、安道麦（000553.SZ）、安迪苏（600299.SH）、中化国际（600500.SH）、鲁西化工（000830.SZ）、昊华科技（600378.SH）、埃肯（ELK.OL）、倍耐力（PIRC.MI）、中国金茂（00817.HK）等16 家境内外上市<span style="color: black;">机构</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">面向<span style="color: black;">将来</span>，中国中化将遵循“科学至上”理念，矢志打造科技驱动的创新型企业和世界一流的综合性化工企业，<span style="color: black;">持续</span><span style="color: black;">提高</span>企业科技创新能力、核心竞争能力和可<span style="color: black;">连续</span>发展能力，为社会、客户、股东、员工创造最大价值，为行业发展、社会进步贡献中化力量。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">中化现代农业有限<span style="color: black;">机构</span>（简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>“中化农业”）<span style="color: black;">做为</span>先正达集团中国MAP与数字农业业务的运营主体，是国内现代农业服务<span style="color: black;">行业</span>的领军企业。以MAP（Modern Agriculture Platform，即现代农业技术服务平台）战略为核心，定<span style="color: black;">位置于</span>“农业全产业链组织和服务平台”，依托强大科技和创新资源，为广大种植者和食品价值链合作伙伴因地制宜<span style="color: black;">供给</span>田间到舌尖、线上通线下的农业全产业链专业化社会化服务。在全国布局建设MAP技术服务中心和MAP示范农场，与新型农业经营主体合作设立MAP乡村服务站，构建县乡两级社会化服务网络，开展先进技术应用推广和农业生产托管，<span style="color: black;">研发</span>应用MAP数字农业系统，打造MAP beSide全程品控溯源农<span style="color: black;">制品</span>服务品牌，依托大数据<span style="color: black;">供给</span>金融保险服务，实现“为消费者种出好品质、为种植者卖出好价钱、为产业链集好大数据”，<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>农民增收、产业增效、消费者得实惠，为中国农业现代化转型发展与乡村振兴推广落地<span style="color: black;">供给</span>先进<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">张立功，男，陕西省澄城县人，1967年生，硕士， <span style="color: black;">科研</span>员，MAP中化经作苹果技术总监。《果农之友》杂志编委（中国农科院郑州果树<span style="color: black;">科研</span>所主办），陕西省果业协会专家顾问团技术顾问，渭南长寿塬苹果专业合作社技术顾问，甘<span style="color: black;">安静</span>宁县格瑞苹果合作社技术顾问，澄城县高原之星苹果专业合作社技术顾问。曾先后担任原西北农业大学蒲城/耀县农业科技承包集团果树组组长，陕西蒲城县植保站/土肥站特邀技术顾问，上海杜邦农化有限<span style="color: black;">机构</span>西北区高级技术<span style="color: black;">表率</span>，陕西西安果友协会副会长、杨凌创新果友协会副会长、国家现代苹果产业技术体系西安综合<span style="color: black;">实验</span>站副站长及《陕西果业》报植保编辑、陕西华圣企业（集团）股份有限<span style="color: black;">机构</span>果业分<span style="color: black;">机构</span><span style="color: black;">开发</span>技术服务中心经理，延安华圣三农科技服务有限<span style="color: black;">机构</span>总经理助理、陕西荔民农资连锁有限<span style="color: black;">机构</span>总经理、西部果友联盟秘书长、陕西西果联农业发展有限责任<span style="color: black;">机构</span>总经理、《西部果友》总编辑、深圳五谷网络科技有限<span style="color: black;">机构</span>大丰收苹果技术总监等职。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">除了经常活跃在国内<span style="color: black;">重点</span>苹果产区开展技术培训和实地<span style="color: black;">指点</span>外，还先后多次应邀<span style="color: black;">留意</span>大利、法国、德国、荷兰、美国、日本等苹果产区考察学习。先后主编或参编《苹果、梨无公害生产实用技术》（中国农业科技出版社，2003年）、《苹果管理四项关键技术》（陕西科学技术出版社，2004年）、 《无公害苹果生产四项关键技术》（中国农业出版 社，2005年）、《新编猕猴桃栽培贮藏加工与营销》（陕西科技出版社，2007 年）、《苹果、梨、葡萄无公害套袋栽培技术》（陕西科技出版社，2007年）、《苹果矮化<span style="color: black;">有效</span>栽培技术》（陕西科学技术出社，2010年）、《绿色苹果周年管理图解》（陕西科学技术出社出版，2012年）等。2013年，主编“陕西省农技服务大荔模式实用技术丛书”，该丛书由中国农业出版社出版《苹果<span style="color: black;">优秀</span>安全栽培技术（彩图版）》，《甜瓜<span style="color: black;">优秀</span>安全栽培技术（彩图版）》，《冬枣<span style="color: black;">优秀</span>安全栽培技术（彩图版）》和《葡萄<span style="color: black;">优秀</span>安全栽培技术（彩图版）》等，以及《微生态制剂的应用<span style="color: black;">科研</span>》（化学工业出版社，2018年）、 《苹果矮化高质量发展栽培技术》（西北农林科技大学出版社，2021年）等。在《陕西农业科学》、《果农之友》、《西北园艺》、《烟台果树》、《河北果树》、《果树实用技术与信息》、《陕西果业》报刊等<span style="color: black;">发布</span>各类<span style="color: black;">文案</span>108篇。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8%3F%3E%3Csvg width=1px height=1px viewBox=0 0 1 1 version=1.1 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg stroke=none stroke-width=1 fill=none fill-rule=evenodd fill-opacity=0%3E%3Cg transform=translate(-249.000000, -126.000000) fill=%23FFFFFF%3E%3Crect x=249 y=126 width=1 height=1%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
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我深感你的理解与共鸣，愿对话长流。 论坛的成功是建立在我们诚恳、务实、高效、创新和团结合作基础上，我们要把这种精神传递下去。 感谢你的精彩评论，带给我新的思考角度。 你的见解真是独到，让我受益良多。
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