4zhvml8 发表于 2024-8-25 14:16:11

[科学传播]让蚕吐“蜘蛛丝”—专家们是认真的


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">两年前美国军方搞了一个大<span style="color: black;">资讯</span>:<span style="color: black;">她们</span>要用蜘蛛丝来制作防弹衣。是的,你<span style="color: black;">无</span>听错,用手轻轻一挥就断的蜘蛛丝要用来做防弹衣了。<span style="color: black;">实质</span>上,<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>到蜘蛛丝的粗细(10微米<span style="color: black;">上下</span>),其力学性能并不弱,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>说是自然界中最强韧的丝线了。正如郑可博士所说(请查看本公众号上期原创科普文:Spider Silks—能力越大,责任越大),蜘蛛丝又被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为“生物钢”,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>把蜘蛛丝做成铅笔粗细则<span style="color: black;">能够</span>拉住一架速度为80 m/s的波音747。其力学韧性比制作防弹衣的凯芙拉(<span style="color: black;">Kevlar</span>)纤维要好得多,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>理论上用蜘蛛丝制防弹衣这个想法完全可行。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">问题是去哪里收集这么<span style="color: black;">海量</span>的蜘蛛丝呢?最为简单的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>是将蜘蛛像蚕<span style="color: black;">同样</span>驯养,再收集蜘蛛丝。But,蜘蛛可不是温顺的蚕宝宝,它们是自然界中出了名的独行侠,并且同种类间还会自相残食!!!——如“臭名昭著”的黑寡妇(寇蛛属Latrodectus,&nbsp;图一)。该属蜘蛛间存在性食同类现象,雌性会在交配后吃掉雄性(<span style="color: black;">爱好</span>你,就把你吃掉!),“黑寡妇”<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>得名。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>即使是“权倾朝野”的拿破仑<span style="color: black;">亦</span>只能得到一只小小的蜘蛛丝手套,而由蛛丝纺制的真品如今<span style="color: black;">亦</span>只能在博物馆中见到(图二)。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/9h84eVdJv4HhfRDAibUOJr4KicZuZ2JYAGNibJSDict5icIqXcaUicEvptxZXp0dwIl5Ljv3NDt87l9V93r2lFDfsHag/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/9h84eVdJv4HhfRDAibUOJr4KicZuZ2JYAGJX2OMwacExZOMyibyicd7K8FmE0E8Df7m0ghImEia8Z7O2KwPAda3BC2w/640?wx_fmt=gif&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">图<span style="color: black;">1、</span>自然界中的独行侠—蜘蛛!上图,“臭名昭著”的黑寡妇蜘蛛</span></strong><span style="color: black;">。是一种具<span style="color: black;">剧烈</span>神经毒素的蜘蛛,人若被咬,可能会产生剧烈的肌肉<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>。尽管其毒素的毒性很强,但注射剂量很小,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>黑寡妇蜘蛛咬人<span style="color: black;">引起</span>死亡的案例非常少,对儿童和体弱者威胁较大。</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">下图,蜘蛛的自相残食。</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.schendelpest.com/blog/post/what-to-do-if-you-see-a-black-widow-spider</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/9h84eVdJv4HhfRDAibUOJr4KicZuZ2JYAGrzTsb6UIlxlNFEqddjBssh3dpMhttq7bQibjzxRuhE3jETySibs1llVQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/9h84eVdJv4HhfRDAibUOJr4KicZuZ2JYAGBNJgDI3G8BhXdH6hicuOeLDLo6KQH8LwKhYsvAX0Vz3Lb6icTibRgvib2Q/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">图<span style="color: black;">2、</span>英国维多利亚和阿尔伯特博物馆展出的金园蛛丝长袍</span></strong><span style="color: black;">。</span></span><span style="color: black;">Golden Orb spider silk robe Victoria and Albert Museum London England UK by Artist Simon Peers and designer Nicholas Godley</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">一样</span>是吐丝,<span style="color: black;">瞧瞧</span>人家隔壁“蚕宝宝”们,无论是从个体习性、饲养<span style="color: black;">要求</span>,还是从吐丝的数量上来看,都完爆蜘蛛。<span style="color: black;">况且</span>,早在5000<span style="color: black;">数年</span>前,黄帝元妃—嫘祖就创立了栽桑养蚕之法,抽丝编绢之术。这个<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>熟啊!<strong style="color: blue;">于是,<span style="color: black;">专家</span>们发挥奇思妙想——是不是能让蚕吐“蜘蛛丝”?&nbsp;</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">20世纪90年代,<span style="color: black;">专家</span>们就<span style="color: black;">起始</span>想办法让蚕吐蜘蛛丝。1999年日本<span style="color: black;">专家</span><span style="color: black;">报告</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>基于杆状病毒的基因打靶方式,对桑蚕进行稳定的基因改造后,成功表达了含绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)序列的丝蛋白。2000年10月,我国<span style="color: black;">专家</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>宣布实现了将绿色荧光蛋白与蜘蛛大壶状腺体丝融合基因<span style="color: black;">插进</span>桑蚕丝蛋白基因中,并<span style="color: black;">得到</span>含有蜘蛛丝蛋白片段且带荧光的转基因桑蚕丝。随后,各国<span style="color: black;">专家</span>采用<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的转基因策略<span style="color: black;">得到</span>了嵌合了绿色荧光蛋白-蛛丝蛋白-桑蚕丝蛋白的蚕茧(图三),为蚕丝应用开辟了一个新窗口。值得骄傲的是,2003年,我国<span style="color: black;">专家</span>独立绘制完成“家蚕全基因组框架图”。之后,西南大学、深圳华大基因<span style="color: black;">科研</span>院与其它国内外<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">公司</span>通力合作,完<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>40个蚕类基因组重测序和高精度遗传变异图谱构建。<span style="color: black;">按照</span>这些基因信息,<span style="color: black;">专家</span>们不仅<span style="color: black;">把握</span>了蚕的过去,更<span style="color: black;">能够</span>掌控蚕的<span style="color: black;">将来</span>,让蚕吐“蜘蛛丝”,自然<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不是痴人说梦了。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/9h84eVdJv4HhfRDAibUOJr4KicZuZ2JYAGcibt27rPAgF37W3njwS6nCsXdzibIMpYxZHBd2fZJ602lPz8copPL2ibA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">图<span style="color: black;">3、</span>发荧光的转基因蚕丝服饰。</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">左图为白炽灯照射,右图为紫外灯照射。</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/adfm.201300365</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">然则</span>,蜘蛛丝(<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是主腺体丝)最令人着迷的当然还是它无与伦比的综合力学性能(即前述的力学韧性)。正因如此,美国陆军与Kraig Biocraft实验室合作,利用家蚕在饲养和生产上的<span style="color: black;">优良</span>,借助基因工程来<span style="color: black;">海量</span>生产蜘蛛丝。<span style="color: black;">这里</span><span style="color: black;">资讯</span><span style="color: black;">报告</span>中,作者<span style="color: black;">说到</span>用这种丝编制的衣物强度高,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>起到防弹的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。相比起</span><span style="color: black;">Kevlar防弹衣,更确切的说,Kevlar防弹背心,这种蜘蛛丝<span style="color: black;">能够</span>编制成全身防弹衣,并将更具有弹性,更加贴身轻薄。遗憾的是,迄今为止<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>还<span style="color: black;">无</span>见到<span style="color: black;">实质</span>测试结果,与之最接近的实验测试则来自于荷兰艺术家贾莉拉•埃萨迪Jalila Essaidi。她创作了名为“</span><span style="color: black;">2.6g 329m/s”</span><span style="color: black;">的蜘蛛丝人工皮肤项目。该项目将蜘蛛丝与人体皮肤相结合制备了能防弹的再生皮肤,如下动图所展示,子弹没能击穿这种神奇的“<span style="color: black;">皮肤</span>”,但仍让其产生了非常大的形变。总而言之,<strong style="color: blue;">蜘蛛丝防弹还存在<span style="color: black;">许多</span><span style="color: black;">尚未<span style="color: black;">处理</span>的</span>问题</strong>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/9h84eVdJv4HhfRDAibUOJr4KicZuZ2JYAGbnhgGJcaQRKMxTkB6TavuVSYWSB5WVY4n5lh3cWXbvt8R5LuVMW4BA/640?wx_fmt=gif&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">蜘蛛丝人工皮肤</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">So,更接地气的“<span style="color: black;">蚕吐蜘蛛丝</span>”展示出<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>时尚行业。2007年日本<span style="color: black;">专家</span><span style="color: black;">报告</span>了将蜘蛛大壶状腺体丝对应的基因转入蚕中,得到的转基因蚕吐出的丝含有约10%的蜘蛛丝<span style="color: black;">成份</span>,有望于制得一种结实且更有韧性的“蜘蛛丝”短袜。2014年,日本<span style="color: black;">科研</span>人员将蚕丝蛋白重链蛋白<span style="color: black;">起步</span>子和蜘蛛牵引丝蛋白基因进行重组,生产出的转基因蚕丝比普通蚕丝的韧性<span style="color: black;">提高</span>了50%。更有意思的是,<span style="color: black;">她们</span>把这种</span><span style="color: black;">转基因蚕丝织成丝线,制作<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>背心和围巾</span><span style="color: black;">。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>蚕的转基因工程而言,这无疑是非常成功的。但这种转基因蚕吐出的丝线中蜘蛛丝<span style="color: black;">成份</span>含量还是较低,<strong style="color: blue;">蚕吐“蜘蛛丝”的梦想还并未完全实现,同志们仍需<span style="color: black;">奋斗</span>。</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/9h84eVdJv4HhfRDAibUOJr4KicZuZ2JYAGJCItQPZkODyVvgnaKF2vRKE0s45icsvug9kwDxsBibUHmKOoJFfOabTQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">图<span style="color: black;">4、</span>转基因蚕丝丝线,制成背心和围巾</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0105325</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/9h84eVdJv4HhfRDAibUOJr4KicZuZ2JYAG8kxOfcEgyWK5qVQLzbI25bS614fibAZoKcdmFcN8q1YGaIt7z5f9dYA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">图<span style="color: black;">5、</span>利用基因组编辑家蚕<span style="color: black;">海量</span>表达蜘蛛丝</span></strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.pnas.org/content/115/35/8757</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2018年,中科院植生生态所谭安江<span style="color: black;">科研</span>员与复旦大学邵正中课题组合作,利用基因组编辑的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,使得蜘蛛丝蛋白含量在纯合个体的茧中达到35.2%,更加重要的是,<span style="color: black;">得到</span>的这种转基因蜘蛛丝相<span style="color: black;">针对</span>普通桑蚕丝在延展性上有<span style="color: black;">明显</span>的<span style="color: black;">加强</span>(图五)。然而,不管是Kraig Biocraft实验室生产出的“龙丝”,还是利用基因组编辑<span style="color: black;">办法</span>生产出的转基因蜘蛛丝,力学性能虽然相较于蚕丝都有所<span style="color: black;">提高</span>,但仍然赶不上天然的蜘蛛丝。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>,想要依靠蚕吐“蜘蛛丝”<span style="color: black;">海量</span>生产力学性能良好的蜘蛛丝,仍然需要<span style="color: black;">研究</span>工作者们进一步深入地<span style="color: black;">科研</span>。<span style="color: black;">不外</span></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>相信,总有一天,人造蜘蛛丝将会被广泛运用在各个<span style="color: black;">行业</span>。<span style="color: black;">由于</span>,让蚕吐“蜘蛛丝”,<span style="color: black;">专家</span>们是认真的!!!</strong></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">参考文献:</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">&nbsp;https://www.kraiglabs.com/spider-silk/</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> K. Zheng, S. Ling. De Novo Design of Recombinant Spider Silk Proteins for Material Applications.Biotechnol. J. 2019,14, 1700753.</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> M. Yamao, N. Katayama, H. Nakazawa, M. Yamakawa, Y. Hayashi, S. Hara, K. Kamei, H. Mori, Genes &amp; development 1999, 13, 511.</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">http://news.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper10/20001031/class001000014/hwz231207.htm</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> Q. Xia, et al., Science 2009, 326, 433.</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: black;">邵正中</span><span style="color: black;">,</span><span style="color: black;">蚕丝、蜘蛛丝及其丝蛋白,</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2015</span><span style="color: black;">,化学工业出版社。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: black;">http://www.arte-util.org/projects/2-6g-329ms/</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> Y. Kuwana, et al,High-Toughness Silk Produced by a Transgenic Silkworm Expressing Spider (Araneus ventricosus) Dragline Silk Protein.Plos One, 2014,0105325.</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"> https://www.pnas.org/content/115/35/8757</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">特邀作者简介</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">胡琳莉,硕士<span style="color: black;">科研</span>生,现就读于复旦大学邵正中-陈新课题组,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>从事动物丝蛋白等<span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">行业</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>。</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/9h84eVdJv4HhfRDAibUOJr4KicZuZ2JYAGIKJia4whNLEOkIRo6EtfTNUdfbbvyLGDqXjARRiaOpaB56UzxM81jhrg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">作者:<span style="color: black;">胡琳莉</span></span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">校正:Shengjie,郑可</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">编辑:Dr. Nv</span></p>




lq1614 发表于 2024-9-25 14:24:06

我完全同意你的观点,说得太对了。

wrjc1hod 发表于 2024-10-2 00:59:47

你的见解真是独到,让我受益匪浅。

1fy07h 发表于 2024-11-1 21:00:54

同意、说得对、没错、我也是这么想的等。
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