管住你的手，千万别摸大蜘蛛！它可能是1条毒蛇
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">先看一张<span style="color: black;">照片</span>，你认出里面这只活蹦乱跳的蜘蛛是什么品种吗？</span></p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0cc4390eb8be4b74972fada9c6e34baa~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725098234&x-signature=MtajR8CS7djx9TBI3punQCGkw5I%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">一只蜘蛛正在灰褐色的岩石下欢快地爬来爬去。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">酷热夏天里，活泼好动的虫子很容易吸引到觅食鸟的目光。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">捕食的鸟儿从天空俯冲而下，尖嘴扎向蜘蛛。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">正<span style="color: black;">这里</span>时，一条蛇<span style="color: black;">忽然</span>从地上腾空而起，张开大嘴一口咬住捕食鸟。</span></p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3817ccade4ac42aea05165cbb63537f8~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725098234&x-signature=c%2B0LDxeKZQDG07HNzulJBIQof%2Bc%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">一分钟内<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的连环捕食案，并不是偶然碰到的巧合，而是蓄谋已久的捕猎陷阱。</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">此刻</span>来看一张细节图。一条灰褐色，体色像杂草<span style="color: black;">同样</span>的粗体蛇，折叠身体趴在地上，一只胖乎乎的蜘蛛在它身上爬来爬去。</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">再仔细<span style="color: black;">瞧瞧</span>，蜘蛛长在蛇的尾巴上！</span></strong></p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9af2cd5df2ce4b1f9b752bd4c3f2183c~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725098234&x-signature=Wq%2FrBE56SqNSWop749mrxJNxWnc%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">活蹦乱跳的蜘蛛不是真蜘蛛，而是蛇尾巴。这条蛇叫作蛛尾拟角蝰，它把尾巴模拟成蜘蛛的样子，当作诱饵，摇来晃去地吸引捕食鸟的目光。</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">蛛尾蛇的蜘蛛尾巴怎么长出来的？它有毒吗，不小心被咬到会致命吗？</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>从头说起。</span></p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1ccd283ad1604fc4bb4058826e3d089c~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725098234&x-signature=M5LMVCZbxXxODzcEIcx3RTB0zq8%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">最爱吃鸟的蛇</h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">蛛尾拟角蝰，生活在伊朗西部，<span style="color: black;">始终</span>到跟伊拉克东部的干旱地带，大部分集中在扎格罗斯山脉的西侧。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">它的个头不大，平均身长</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">70厘米</span></strong><span style="color: black;">，体重<span style="color: black;">仅有</span></span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2两</span></strong><span style="color: black;">（</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">100克</span></strong><span style="color: black;">）。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">蛛尾蛇最<span style="color: black;">爱好</span>岩石山地，灰褐色斑驳的身体趴在地上，能跟碎石杂草融为一体。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">它<span style="color: black;">一般</span>在<span style="color: black;">白日</span>活动，把身体折成几折，<span style="color: black;">隐藏</span>在岩石下。<span style="color: black;">而后</span>甩出一条尾巴，摇晃着当诱饵。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">当捕猎鸟靠近蜘蛛尾巴时，小蛇能在</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">0.2</span>秒内</strong><span style="color: black;">发动攻击，一击命中猎物。除了自带诱饵之外，蛛尾蛇还装备了蛇族的一大夺命武器：</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">毒液</span></strong><span style="color: black;">。咬中小鸟后，蛛尾蛇随即注入毒液，麻痹小鸟拼命挣扎的肉体，乖乖等着被蛇吞下腹中。</span></p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1c8f549b3a504a41a4ed4ee1b0928bfc~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725098234&x-signature=eShwnnXEf6OO9Qdh4pVF6PxgzTU%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">有趣的是，虽然蛛尾蛇的诱饵拟态技能高超，远远碾压众多路亚大佬，<span style="color: black;">然则</span>，上钩被坑的小鸟却不多。</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">一招鲜，吃遍天的精髓，<span style="color: black;">仅在</span>于一个“鲜”字，招式用老，就不管用了</span></strong><span style="color: black;">。吃一堑长一智的朴素道理，自然界通用。陷阱存在的时间<span style="color: black;">很久</span>了，识破陷阱的眼睛数量<span style="color: black;">亦</span>随之增长。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">本地小鸟<span style="color: black;">已然</span>识破蛛尾蛇的钓鱼伎俩，看见活蹦乱跳的大蜘蛛<span style="color: black;">基本</span>不会上当，冷眼一抛，远走两步，徒留一个陷阱白白干瞪眼。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">蛛尾蛇的陷阱，只能留给过路的候鸟</span></strong><span style="color: black;">。<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>途经此地的<span style="color: black;">外区</span>鸟，才会被活蹦乱跳的大蜘蛛吸引，<span style="color: black;">作为</span>蛛尾蛇的口粮。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">候鸟迁徙季，蛛尾蛇能饱食几餐羽毛客。平常的日子里，它的食谱跟其他小蛇差不多，捕食<span style="color: black;">各样</span>虫子，蛙类，小型的啮齿动物，还有蜥蜴。</span></strong></p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/500c88c5805242208e87d8eadf3ca797~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725098234&x-signature=ANn1oOApUZm8Iyo1%2BNxfqAahCIU%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">尾巴上的蜘蛛</h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因为</span>蛛尾蛇生活的地域偏僻狭窄，除了本地居民外，几乎无人认识。</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1968</span>年</strong><span style="color: black;">，美国生物团队拿到一个在伊朗采集到的蛛尾蛇标本。团队不认识这条蛇，以为它尾巴上的蜘蛛，是小蛇受伤后长出的肿瘤。</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">始终</span>到2006年，生物学界才正式把蛛尾蛇<span style="color: black;">加入</span>新物种名单</span></strong><span style="color: black;">。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">蛛尾拟角蝰有2大特点，一是头上长角，二是尾巴上长蜘蛛。</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">它是蝰蛇科，拟角蝰属的蛇。蝰蛇科里头上长角的蛇有</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2</span>种</strong><span style="color: black;">，一种是角蝰，在眼睛上方有一对竖立的刺状鳞片，这是它的头角。另一种<span style="color: black;">便是</span>拟角蝰，拟角蝰的眼睛上方<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有一对<span style="color: black;">明显</span>的角，只是它的头角由多块短小的鳞片<span style="color: black;">构成</span>，结构上跟角蝰的<span style="color: black;">区别</span>。</span></p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c80f56f119a04f589566629609830f52~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725098234&x-signature=QI48WpXzF53GBp9MJLN0ryu7dYM%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">蝰蛇科里尾巴上长出诱饵的蛇类，不止蛛尾蛇一种。尾巴带诱饵的蛇族，最有名的是响尾蛇。<span style="color: black;">不外</span>，响尾蛇的尾巴结构，跟蛛尾蛇的不<span style="color: black;">同样</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">先来看响尾蛇的尾巴，它的尾巴是硬化的角质，由之前褪下的蛇皮<span style="color: black;">构成</span></span></strong><span style="color: black;">。每褪一次皮，它就<span style="color: black;">增多</span>一个尾节。尾节之间是中空的空腔，当响尾蛇抖动尾巴时，尾节快速摩擦发出声音，空腔继续放大声音，形成响尾蛇独特的“沙沙”声。</span></p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p26-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/36a13e519a9e489c9f935b4a3ead01f1~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725098234&x-signature=fliuwCqFMLezbbBAPQlHjienF7g%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">蛛尾蛇尾巴上的蜘蛛，跟响尾蛇<span style="color: black;">区别</span>，并不是硬化的角质。它的蜘蛛身体是一团肿胀的软组织，蜘蛛腿则是变异的鳞片</span></strong><span style="color: black;">。蛇尾的鳞片长得又长又薄，一根根像刺<span style="color: black;">同样</span>扎向<span style="color: black;">外边</span>，形成蜘蛛腿。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">当蛛尾蛇抖动尾巴时，就像一只胖蜘蛛捣腾着</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">8</span>条</strong><span style="color: black;">长腿，在地上爬来爬去。有<span style="color: black;">朋友</span>说，这只蜘蛛爬得太快，观察好久都看不懂，蛛尾蛇怎么能把尾巴摇动得<span style="color: black;">那样</span>灵活自然。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">说起来，<span style="color: black;">做为</span>一位路亚<span style="color: black;">能手</span>，蛛尾蛇抖动尾巴有一项不外传的独家秘笈。<span style="color: black;">重视</span>看动图细节，蛛尾蛇并不是<span style="color: black;">茫然</span>地随机摇晃尾巴，而是<span style="color: black;">根据</span>“8”字型的轨迹摇动尾尖。它的尾巴摇动精确地复制了蜘蛛运动的频率、幅度和方向，看上去跟真蜘蛛爬行<span style="color: black;">同样</span>自然流畅。</span></strong></p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p26-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/de44ff2065af4ca3854f52f4654f3345~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725098234&x-signature=OUoQqQQ%2FsqWY4cD%2FQxPGwtNmzYk%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">虽然蛛尾蛇是一位大师级的路亚<span style="color: black;">能手</span>，<span style="color: black;">然则</span>它的诱饵毕竟是肉做的蜘蛛，会不会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>偷鸡不成蚀把米的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>，反被鸟儿吃掉诱饵？</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">答案很肯定，在伏击钓鸟的时候，蛛尾蛇时不时<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会失手，<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>还<span style="color: black;">显现</span>过尾巴被鸟一口啄走，徒留一条残破身躯的<span style="color: black;">哀痛</span><span style="color: black;">结果</span>。</span></strong></p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/abdec0cfc6a34cada6377bd1e24983d9~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725098234&x-signature=b7h8rpTsTyzxD%2BOuejAURYt6ep8%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">总结</h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">伪装有百态，高端的猎手<span style="color: black;">常常</span>以猎物的形式<span style="color: black;">显现</span>。</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">自然界里的拟态千变万化，有时是微弱的虫子模仿凶悍的毒蛇，吓退捕食的鸟类。有时还会反过来，凶悍的毒蛇模仿微小的虫子，勾引捕食的鸟类。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">像蛛尾蛇这种猎手模仿猎物的拟态，叫作攻击性拟态。活灵活现的蜘蛛尾，是蛛尾蛇适应环境进化<span style="color: black;">数年</span>的成果。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">有<span style="color: black;">朋友</span>说，拟态是造物主的精心设计。其实，拟态<span style="color: black;">亦</span>逃不出进化的<span style="color: black;">过程</span>。蛛尾蛇不会制作路亚鱼竿鱼饵，<span style="color: black;">然则</span>进化之路帮它做出了尾巴上的蜘蛛。</span></p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0f5673adfd4e423aad3b4b82c04cfb63~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725098234&x-signature=FCtgYgytSoei%2Bbds1oV2jLvadSA%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">最简单地说，进化<span style="color: black;">仅有</span></span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2</span>个</strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">过程</span>。</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1</span>是</strong><span style="color: black;">基因突变，</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2</span>是</strong><span style="color: black;">自然<span style="color: black;">选取</span>。基因突变是随机的，突变后能否成功遗传，交给自然<span style="color: black;">选取</span>来决定。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">蛇尾巴上长肿瘤，是随机的基因突变。蛇尾肿瘤<span style="color: black;">作为</span>引诱猎物的诱饵，这次基因突变就在自然<span style="color: black;">选取</span>中<span style="color: black;">保存</span>下来。</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">自然界里随机突变的次数<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>，<span style="color: black;">然则</span>突变<span style="color: black;">保存</span>下来的概率却很低。</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>条蛛尾蛇的尾巴，不会是<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>这个精致模样。只是历经时光打磨，一代代蛛尾蛇传承接力，<span style="color: black;">才可</span>把蜘蛛尾模拟得惟妙惟肖。</span></p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b3c296fc32546b188d88bc0b474bd6c~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1725098234&x-signature=l6cTKcuB5NGHYnXChAVwc9Kib2g%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">在拼尽全力活下去的这条路上，连一条小蛇都明白，必须<span style="color: black;">一直</span>奔跑，<span style="color: black;">才可</span>停在原地。</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">好了，蛛尾拟角蝰的<span style="color: black;">奥密</span>先聊到这儿。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">关注法兰西is培根，为你讲解自然界的<span style="color: black;">奥密</span>，下期见。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">参考资料：</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1、A new species of Pseudocerastes with elaborate tail ornamentation from western Iran (Squamata: Viperidae)</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2、七个世界，一个星球（Seven Worlds One Planet）</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a style="color: black;">#秋日生活打卡季#</a></p>
论坛是一个舞台，让我们在这里尽情的释放自己。 这篇文章真的让我受益匪浅，外链发布感谢分享！ 这篇文章真的让我受益匪浅，外链发布感谢分享！ “沙发”（SF，第一个回帖的人） 我完全同意你的看法，期待我们能深入探讨这个问题。
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