一级建造师-建筑-1A422012网络计划技术
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1A422000项目施工进度管理</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1A422010施工进度<span style="color: black;">掌控</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1A422012网络计划技术P213</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">知识点一</span></span></strong> <strong style="color: blue;">网络计划技术的应用程序</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">网络计划的应用程序<span style="color: black;">包含</span>7个<span style="color: black;">周期</span>18个<span style="color: black;">过程</span>，<span style="color: black;">详细</span>程序如下：</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)准备<span style="color: black;">周期</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">过程</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>: 1)确定网络计划<span style="color: black;">目的</span>；2)调查<span style="color: black;">科研</span>；3)项目分解；4)工作<span style="color: black;">方法</span>设计。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)绘制网络图<span style="color: black;">周期</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">过程</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>: 1)<span style="color: black;">规律</span>关系分析；2)网络图构图。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)计算参数<span style="color: black;">周期</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">过程</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>: 1)计算工作<span style="color: black;">连续</span>时间和搭接时间；2)计算其他时间参数； 3)确定关键线路。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(4)编制可行网络计划<span style="color: black;">周期</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">过程</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>: 1)<span style="color: black;">检测</span>与修正；2)可行网络计划编制。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(5)确定正式网络计划<span style="color: black;">周期</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">过程</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>: 1) 网络计划优化；2)网络计划的确定。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(6)网络计划的实施与<span style="color: black;">掌控</span><span style="color: black;">周期</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">过程</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>: 1)网络计划的贯彻；2)<span style="color: black;">检测</span>和数据采集；3)<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>与<span style="color: black;">调节</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(7)收尾<span style="color: black;">周期</span>: </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">过程</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>: 1)分析；2)总结。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">知识点二</span></span></strong> <strong style="color: blue;">网络计划的<span style="color: black;">归类</span></strong></p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">知识点三</span></span></strong> <strong style="color: blue;">网络计划时差、关键工作与关键线路</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">时差</span></strong>可分为<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">总时差</span></strong>和<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">自由时差</span></strong>两种:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">总时差</span></strong>:<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>在不影响总工期的前提下，本工作<span style="color: black;">能够</span>利用的机动时间;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">自由时差</span></strong>:<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>在不影响其所有紧后工作最早<span style="color: black;">起始</span>的前提下，本工作<span style="color: black;">能够</span>利用的机动时间。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">关键工作</span></strong>:是网络计划中总时差最小的工作。在双代号时标网络图上，<span style="color: black;">无</span>波形线的工作即为关键工作。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">关键线路</span></strong>:<span style="color: black;">所有</span>由关键工作所<span style="color: black;">构成</span>的线路<span style="color: black;">便是</span>关键线路。关键线路的工期即为网络计划的计算工期。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">知识点四</span></span></strong> <strong style="color: blue;">网络计划优化</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">网络计划<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>的<span style="color: black;">规律</span>关系<span style="color: black;">一般</span>有两种:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">一是<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">工艺关系</span></strong>，由工艺技术<span style="color: black;">需求</span>的工作先后<span style="color: black;">次序</span>关系；</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">二是<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">组织关系</span></strong>,施工组织时按需要进行的工作先后<span style="color: black;">次序</span>安排。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>下，网络计划优化时，<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">只能<span style="color: black;">调节</span>工作间的组织关系</span></strong>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">网络计划的优化<span style="color: black;">目的</span>按计划任务的需要和<span style="color: black;">要求</span>可分为三方面:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">工期<span style="color: black;">目的</span>、<span style="color: black;">花费</span><span style="color: black;">目的</span>和资源<span style="color: black;">目的</span></span></strong>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>优化<span style="color: black;">目的</span>的<span style="color: black;">区别</span>，网络计划的优化相应分为工期优化、<span style="color: black;">花费</span>优化和资源优化三种。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1.工期优化</span></strong>【<span style="color: black;">压缩关键工作（压缩非关键工作<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>）</span>】</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">工期优化<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>时间优化，其目的是当网络计划计算工期<span style="color: black;">不可</span>满足<span style="color: black;">需求</span>工期时，<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">持续</span>压缩关键线路上的关键工作的<span style="color: black;">连续</span>时间等<span style="color: black;">办法</span>，达到缩短工期、满足<span style="color: black;">需求</span>的目的。<span style="color: black;">选取</span>优化对象应<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>下列<span style="color: black;">原因</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)缩短<span style="color: black;">连续</span>时间对质量和安全影响不大的工作;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)有备用资源的工作;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)缩短<span style="color: black;">连续</span>时间所需<span style="color: black;">增多</span>的资源、<span style="color: black;">花费</span>最少的工作。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2.资源优化</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">资源优化<span style="color: black;">指的是</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>改变工作的<span style="color: black;">起始</span>时间和完成时间，使资源<span style="color: black;">根据</span>时间的分布符合优化<span style="color: black;">目的</span>。<span style="color: black;">一般</span>分两种模式:“资源有限、 工期最短”的优化，“工期固定、资源<span style="color: black;">平衡</span>”的优化。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">资源优化的前提<span style="color: black;">要求</span>是:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)优化过程中,不改变网络计划中各项工作之间的<span style="color: black;">规律</span>关系;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)优化过程中，不改变网络计划中各项工作的<span style="color: black;">连续</span>时间;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)网络计划中各工作单位时间所需资源数量为<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>常量;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(4)除<span style="color: black;">知道</span>可中断的工作外，优化过程中<span style="color: black;">通常</span>不<span style="color: black;">准许</span>中断工作，应保持其连续性。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3.<span style="color: black;">花费</span>优化</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">花费</span>优化<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>成本优化，其目的是在<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的限定<span style="color: black;">要求</span>下，寻求工程总成本最低时的工期安排，或满足工期<span style="color: black;">需求</span>前提下寻求最低成本的施工组织过程。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">花费</span>优化的目的<span style="color: black;">便是</span>使项目的总<span style="color: black;">花费</span>最低，优化应从以下几个方面进行<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)在既定工期的前提下，确定项目的最低<span style="color: black;">花费</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)在既定的最低<span style="color: black;">花费</span>限额下完成项目计划，确定最佳工期；</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)若需要缩短工期，则<span style="color: black;">思虑</span><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>使<span style="color: black;">增多</span>的<span style="color: black;">花费</span>最小；</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(4)若新增<span style="color: black;">必定</span>数量的<span style="color: black;">花费</span>，则可给工期缩短到多少。</p>
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