外贸合同怎么样签定?法律适用条款一
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">作者按:</strong><span style="color: black;">做为</span>世界工厂,中国的对外贸易经营者从事出口的比例较高。对外贸易经营者的实力会影响其在对外谈判中地位,<span style="color: black;">从而</span>会影响外贸合同的订立。实力较强的对外贸易经营者还能与外方谈判协商,实力较弱的只能被动接受或拒绝外方<span style="color: black;">供给</span>的合同。<span style="color: black;">按照</span>笔者经验,<span style="color: black;">都数</span>对外贸易经营者属于后者。<span style="color: black;">那样</span>,此类对外贸易经营者该<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>面对外方<span style="color: black;">供给</span>的合同文本呢?本号将讨论外贸合同中的法律适用条款和管辖条款等重要条款。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span>示例</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">笔者参与处理的某外贸出口框架合同规定:“Governing Law: This agreement and all transactions hereunder shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Florida (USA), and Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China, without regard to its conflict of law’s provisions.”(准据法:本协议及本协议项下的所有交易受美国佛罗里达州法律和中国江苏省常州(市)法律管辖,并应当<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">以上</span>法律进行解释,(它)的冲突法规定不予<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span><span style="color: black;">评估</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在订立外贸合<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,<strong style="color: blue;">中方大多倾向于适用中国法或</strong>《<strong style="color: blue;">联合国国际货物<span style="color: black;">营销</span>合同公约</strong>》(下<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>CISG);而英美国家的经营者倾向于排除适用CISG。<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">选取</span>适用的法律未必能排除CISG的适用。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(一)国际实践</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">都数</span>法院和仲裁庭的裁判标准,<span style="color: black;">选取</span>某一缔约国的法律<span style="color: black;">不可</span>排除CISG的适用;<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,当事人<span style="color: black;">选取</span>的法律<span style="color: black;">能够</span>适用于CISG不适用的事项。CISG<span style="color: black;">能够</span>明示排除,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>默示排除。默示排除的标准并不统一,总体而言:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>,该排除应当是<span style="color: black;">知道</span>和真实的(clear and real);</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">第二,<span style="color: black;">选取</span>适用某非缔约国法律,<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着排除适用CISG;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">第三,<span style="color: black;">选取</span>适用<strong style="color: blue;">某一缔约国的法律</strong>,<strong style="color: blue;">并不<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着排除适用CISG</strong>,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>CISG是该缔约国法律的一部分。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">第四,当事人<span style="color: black;">知道</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>了<strong style="color: blue;">某一缔约国的国内法</strong>(clearly choose<strong style="color: blue;"> the domestic law</strong>of a Contracting State),应当视为当事人已排除适用CISG。<span style="color: black;">选取</span>联邦国家内的某州的法律,参照适用<span style="color: black;">选取</span>某一缔约国的国内法的情形。<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>提及某一缔约国的国内法(with particular reference to the domestic law of that State),似乎与<span style="color: black;">知道</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>了某一缔约国的国内法非常类似。需要说明的是,<strong style="color: blue;">某一国家的国内法</strong>在范围上<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">少于</span><strong style="color: blue;">某一国家的法律</strong>,这是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>国内法(domestic law)与国际法相对(international law),某一国家的国内法并不<span style="color: black;">包含</span>该国参加的国家条约,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>CISG。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(二)国内法院实践</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">从<span style="color: black;">指点</span>案例107号(中化国际(新加坡)有限<span style="color: black;">机构</span>诉蒂森克虏伯冶金<span style="color: black;">制品</span>有限责任<span style="color: black;">机构</span>国际货物买卖合同纠纷案)来看,当事人<strong style="color: blue;">在国际货物买卖合同中<span style="color: black;">选取</span>适用的法律的</strong>,最高人民法院的思路是<strong style="color: blue;">:</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>,援引本国冲突法</strong>(<span style="color: black;">例如</span>《中华人民共和国涉外民事关系法律适用法》)确定法律<span style="color: black;">选取</span>条款的效力。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">第二,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>CISG<strong style="color: blue;">确定<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>应当适用CISG(<span style="color: black;">例如</span>当事人<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>排除CISG的适用),此时无须<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>当事人的法律<span style="color: black;">选取</span></strong>。这<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着最高人民法院改变了(1998)经终字第208号中的观点,即<span style="color: black;">选取</span>某一国法律<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着排除CISG的适用。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">第三,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>适用CISG,<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">触及</span>CISG未规定的事项时,则适用当事人<span style="color: black;">选取</span>适用的法律。据此,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>推论,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>不</strong>适用CISG,则要进一步援引本国冲突法。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">可见,最高人民法院的裁判标准与国际实践基本一致。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(三)佛州法院实践</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">佛州法院则稍有<span style="color: black;">区别</span>,似乎不<span style="color: black;">包含</span>默示排除CISG的情形。来自CISG缔约国的合同当事人<span style="color: black;">能够</span>排除适用CISG,并<span style="color: black;">选取</span>其他法律来管辖其合同,但当事人必须<span style="color: black;">知道</span>地这么做。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>当事人决定排除该公约,当事人应当<span style="color: black;">经过</span>语言<strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">知道</span>地排除,说明该公约不适用并说明哪一法律将管辖该合同</strong>,参见BP Oil Intl, Ltd. v. Empresa Estatal Petroleos de Ecuador, 332 F.3d 333, 337 (5th Cir. 2003)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">综上,<span style="color: black;">以上</span>法律适用条款似乎由美方起草,中方就该条款提出了修改并被美方采纳。尽管该条款并不完美,但总体而言基本<span style="color: black;">能够</span>实现中方的目的。尽管当事人<span style="color: black;">选取</span>适用的法律(即佛州法律和中国法律),但此种约定并<span style="color: black;">不可</span>排除CISG的适用;<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>适用佛州法律和中国法律<span style="color: black;">增多</span>了法律适用的难度,对此笔者将另文解释。</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3、</span><span style="color: black;">意见</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">关于法律适用条款,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>争取适用中国法,争取<span style="color: black;">知道</span>适用CISG;<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>还是<span style="color: black;">不可</span>,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>重点关注:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>,外方营业地所在国<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>是CISG缔约国;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">第二,合同所涉的货物<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>属于CISG适用范围;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">第三,<span style="color: black;">是不是</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>适用非缔约国法律,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>英格兰法;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">第四,<span style="color: black;">选取</span>适用<strong style="color: blue;">某一缔约国法律(广义)时,</strong>是<span style="color: black;">详细</span>写明适用<strong style="color: blue;">某一缔约国的国内法,还是笼统写明适用某一缔约国的法律。</strong></p>
楼主的文章深得我心,表示由衷的感谢! 感谢您的精彩评论,为我带来了新的思考角度。 你说得对,我们一起加油,未来可期。
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