号叫作人工智能发动机的“算力”是什么？
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">相信<span style="color: black;">大众</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span>感受到，<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>正处在一个人工智能时代。</span><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>要问在人工智能时代最重要的是什么？那必须是：算力！算力！算力！（重要的事情说三遍）</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-axegupay5k/a5046895321049f185b479777df8ab5e~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1727401323&x-signature=S4WZQZxCDZIUMrUIUBH11lmj0Uo%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">做为</span>推动人工智能发展的三大要素之一，算力被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为人工智能的“发动机”和核心驱动力。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">算力很重要，<span style="color: black;">然则</span>算力<span style="color: black;">到底</span>是个啥？文档君带着<span style="color: black;">大众</span><span style="color: black;">一块</span>来<span style="color: black;">瞧瞧</span>吧~~</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">01</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">什么是算力</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">“</span><span style="color: black;">算力”，字</span><span style="color: black;">面意</span><span style="color: black;">思<span style="color: black;">便是</span>计算能力（Computational Power），从古代的算盘到<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>的超级计算机，都是算</span><span style="color: black;">力的承载者。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">此刻</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>说的算力<span style="color: black;">指的是</span><strong style="color: blue;">计算系统（如电脑、服务器、数据中心等）处理信息和执行计算的能力</strong>。计算系统的算力越高，处理数据的速度越快，能完成的任务<span style="color: black;">亦</span>越<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/add3ef7b3a43433a87e5242348ebaa41~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1727401323&x-signature=j8fXnlA%2FzjkWf1O3pA3MFoxwICo%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>将计算机的算力比作学生的解题速度，那么一个<span style="color: black;">持有</span>强大算力的计算机就像是一个解题速度<span style="color: black;">极大</span>的高中生，而一个算力较弱的计算机就像是解题速度较慢的小学生。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">同一道算术题，高中生可能只需要一分钟就能解出来，而小学生可能需要花费<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的时间。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>，算力的<span style="color: black;">体积</span>直接影响了计算机处理数据的速度和效率。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a9f417406be04180a1011cc47b216f28~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1727401323&x-signature=F%2FwTbjNXgHVXaBqxnM1a8yvGr98%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">算力的单位有以下几种：</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">FLOPS</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">Floating Point Operations Per Second，浮点运算次数/秒。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">暗示</span>计算系统每秒钟能执行多少次浮点运算，是最常用的衡量算力的单位。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">IPS</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">Instructions Per Second，指令/秒。<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>计算系统每秒钟能执行多少条指令，<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>地用于衡量CPU的处理速度。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">TOPS</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">Trillion Operations Per Second，万亿次/秒。<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>处理器每秒钟可进行多少万亿次（10^12）操作。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">TOPS/W<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">做为</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">评估</span>算力的一个性能指标，<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>在1W功耗的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下，处理器能进行多少万亿次操作。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">02</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">算力的发展历程</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">算力经</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">太多</span>年的发展，实现了从算盘到云端的巨大飞跃，总的<span style="color: black;">来讲</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>分为以下几个阶</span><span style="color: black;">段：</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">01</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">机械时代：算盘与差分机</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在遥远的古代，人类的算力仅限于十指和<span style="color: black;">有些</span>简单的计数工具。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">算盘的<span style="color: black;">显现</span>，使人们迎来了<span style="color: black;">第1</span>次算力的飞跃。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1642年，布莱士·帕斯卡发明了帕斯卡加法器，是人类历史上<span style="color: black;">第1</span>台真正的计算机，能够执行加减法运算。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">19世纪初，查尔斯·巴贝奇构想出了能够进行<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>计算的差分机，被认为是最早的通用计算机概念。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">02</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">电子时代的曙光：ENIAC与微处理器</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1946年，世界上<span style="color: black;">第1</span>台电子计算机ENIAC的诞生，开启了算力发展的电子时代。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1971年，英特尔推出了4004微处理器，标志着个人计算时代的到来。</span><span style="color: black;">这颗芯片的算力<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>看来<span style="color: black;">何足道哉</span>，但却为后来的技术革命埋下了伏笔。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">03</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">个人计算的大爆炸：PC革命</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1980年代，个人电脑（PC）<span style="color: black;">起始</span>普及，算力<span style="color: black;">再也不</span>是大型<span style="color: black;">公司</span>专用，普通人<span style="color: black;">亦</span>能享受到数字技术带来的便利。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">199</span><span style="color: black;">0年代，互联网的<span style="color: black;">显现</span>和普及，加速了计算<span style="color: black;">需要</span>的增长，推动了算力的进一步发展。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">04</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">云端上的算力：云计算与AI</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">21世纪，移动计算和云计算蓬勃发展。云计算的<span style="color: black;">显现</span>，使得算力<span style="color: black;">能够</span>像水和电<span style="color: black;">同样</span>，<span style="color: black;">经过</span>网络“流动”到需要它的每一个角落。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">人工智能的崛起对算力提出了更高的<span style="color: black;">需求</span>，GPU（Graphics Processing Unit，图形处理单元）和TPU（Tensor Processing Unit，张量处理单元）等专用硬件的<span style="color: black;">显现</span>，<span style="color: black;">极重</span>地<span style="color: black;">加强</span>了处理效率，为<span style="color: black;">设备</span>学习模型的训练和推理<span style="color: black;">供给</span>了强大的支持。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bddf25dc185d45d1a1ce31a025ef9b65~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1727401323&x-signature=fyJlm%2BHSCygs2BVd8RxdLrsIkf4%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">03</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">算力的重要性</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">在本文的开头<span style="color: black;">说到</span>，人工智能新时代最重要的<span style="color: black;">便是</span>算力。算力<span style="color: black;">针对</span>人工智能至关重要，它几乎影响着人工智能<span style="color: black;">行业</span>的每一个方面。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">实现<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>模型</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">现代人工智能，<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是深度学习技术，依赖于<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>的神经网络模型，这些模型<span style="color: black;">包括</span>数百万<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>数十亿的参数。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">高算力使得这些大型模型的训练<span style="color: black;">作为</span>可能，<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>足够的算力<span style="color: black;">才可</span>使模型在<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>的时间范围内完成对海量数据的学习。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3f680b1c0ead4d85ab2eb4c3ec3f4667~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1727401323&x-signature=LF%2BXb7VGxbmd%2Bbw%2F9sWrOKrJq6I%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">缩短训练时间</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">强大的算力<span style="color: black;">能够</span>大幅缩短模型的训练时间。在算力较低的<span style="color: black;">要求</span>下，训练一个<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>的深度学习模型可能需要几周<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>几个月。随着算力的<span style="color: black;">提高</span>，相同的训练任务<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在几天、几小时乃至更<span style="color: black;">短期</span>内完成。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/75ab2b21767541e3a67fa958dd5b540a~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1727401323&x-signature=sxv4iLCjr416fmaiwheZaemSkh8%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">支持实时分析和决策</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>应用场景中，<span style="color: black;">例如</span>自动驾驶汽车、金融交易分析、智能医疗系统等，AI模型需要实时地处理数据并做出决策。强大的算力能够<span style="color: black;">保准</span>这些系统能够<span style="color: black;">快速</span>处理输入的数据，<span style="color: black;">即时</span>做出反应。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ceb73ffce6604616ae659511ed304fcd~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1727401323&x-signature=f%2FPKsZlk9UtPapeK1u8JF9W8LM8%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">促进AI技术的创新</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">随着算力的<span style="color: black;">加强</span>，AI<span style="color: black;">科研</span>人员能够尝试<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的实验，探索新的算法和模型架构。这不仅加速了现有技术的改进，<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能带来突破性的新技术。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">例如，近年来自然语言处理（NLP）<span style="color: black;">行业</span>的重大<span style="color: black;">发展</span>很大程度上得益于可用算力的<span style="color: black;">明显</span><span style="color: black;">提高</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3394a24ae3ac4ebc84ec1ecce13f4408~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1727401323&x-signature=K9ax7B1h8LWPEqdoX02wMXlfRc4%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">除了人工智能<span style="color: black;">行业</span>，算力在气候模拟、天文<span style="color: black;">理学</span>、金融分析、医疗健康、交通运输、信息安全、科学<span style="color: black;">科研</span>等各方面都<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>重大影响。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ba9ed127ef3344a19a5db4a4b3b7021a~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1727401323&x-signature=2zwwk7ualekZpYLYoZ002hvZURY%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">能够</span>说，算力的<span style="color: black;">提高</span>是实现这些应用的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>和<span style="color: black;">保证</span>，<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是数字世界的基石。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">04</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">结束语</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">今天的算力小知识就介绍到<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>了，敲黑板总结重点啦~~</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ea35d80be3e447b196871e12493f7b0a~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1727401323&x-signature=OM%2Fk23aLMpmpNDMS8rv8HhjZhB8%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">相信在<span style="color: black;">将来</span>的发展历程中，算力将继续发挥重要<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。</span><span style="color: black;">无论是在游戏、人工智能还是其他<span style="color: black;">行业</span>，算力的发展将为<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>带来<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的创新和可能。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/14a0c1c3b0b84a029272b133ada97750~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1727401323&x-signature=f0xQSV%2F6jYEyDf0YLtdf0AfSISU%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">源自</span>：中兴文档</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">原标题：算力系列<span style="color: black;">基本</span>篇——算力101：从零<span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">认识</span>算力</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">编辑：鱼非我</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">转载内容仅<span style="color: black;">表率</span>作者观点</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">不<span style="color: black;">表率</span>中科院<span style="color: black;">理学</span>所立场</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">如需转载请联系原公众号</span></p>
“NB”（牛×的缩写，表示叹为观止）
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