指南速递|中国婴幼儿全身麻木下眼病检测专家共识(2022年)
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">防盲工作的关键<span style="color: black;">周期</span>在儿童期,尤其婴幼儿期。婴幼儿<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的致盲眼病<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>早产儿视网膜病变、视网膜母细胞瘤、家族性渗出性视网膜病变、眼内感染性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>、先天性白内障、眼外伤、先天性青光眼、眼眶病、眼球<span style="color: black;">生长</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>、角膜<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">以<span style="color: black;">日前</span>医疗水平,若能做到<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>、有效治疗,<span style="color: black;">都数</span>致盲眼病可防可治。全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>下眼病<span style="color: black;">检测</span>(EUA)是婴幼儿致盲眼病诊治过程中的关键<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">目的</span>人群和适用范围</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(一)</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">目的</span>人群</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">0~3岁婴幼儿;3岁以上<span style="color: black;">检测</span>不<span style="color: black;">协同</span>的儿童。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(二)</span><span style="color: black;">适用范围</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(1)眼病<span style="color: black;">检测</span>和筛查;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(2)眼病诊疗后随访;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(3)须<span style="color: black;">同期</span>联合眼部简单治疗操作,如激光治疗、眼内或眼外注射、活体组织<span style="color: black;">检测</span>、拆除缝线等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">围<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>期管理</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(一)<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>前<span style="color: black;">评定</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1. 病史采集</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(1)年龄(<span style="color: black;">纠正</span>胎龄或月龄)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(2)出生时<span style="color: black;">状况</span>(出生孕周、出生体重,<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>有先天性心脏病、气道狭窄,<span style="color: black;">是不是</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">呼气</span>暂停、脑<span style="color: black;">流血</span>等,<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>有肺炎病史、气管插管史、机械通气史),以助于对气道和<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>系统进行<span style="color: black;">评定</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(3)近期病史,<span style="color: black;">有没有</span>全身器官、系统(如肝肾以及<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>、循环、神经系统)<span style="color: black;">反常</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>,须<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>关注近2周<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>有上<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>道感染史、肺炎病史以及<span style="color: black;">是不是</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>过打鼾、<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>暂停、<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难等症状。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(4)既往史,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>喂养<span style="color: black;">反常</span>史、<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>手术史、过敏史等以及家族史,须<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>关注<span style="color: black;">有没有</span>先天性喉<span style="color: black;">生长</span>不良、先天性气管软化等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2. 体格<span style="color: black;">检测</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(1)身高,体重。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(2)听诊双肺<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>音、心音、<span style="color: black;">心率</span>、心率。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(3)<span style="color: black;">检测</span>扁桃体<span style="color: black;">体积</span>和牙齿松动<span style="color: black;">状况</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3. 实验室及特殊<span style="color: black;">检测</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(1)全身生物化学指标<span style="color: black;">检测</span>、凝血功能分析、传<span style="color: black;">患病</span>指标、胸部X线<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,参考EUA前3个月内的<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结果,若有<span style="color: black;">反常</span>应在EUA前复查。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(2)血液常规指标<span style="color: black;">检测</span>参考EUA前1周内的<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结果,若有<span style="color: black;">反常</span>应在EUA前复查。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(3)术前<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>时,应<span style="color: black;">增多</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>项目(如超声心动图等)以<span style="color: black;">知道</span>问题所在。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(4)<span style="color: black;">针对</span>贫血、低蛋白血症、全身<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">情况</span>差的患儿,应在眼病<span style="color: black;">状况</span><span style="color: black;">准许</span>时,尽可能改善患儿全身<span style="color: black;">状况</span>后再行EUA。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">若眼病治疗<span style="color: black;">没法</span>推迟,应向患儿家属说明行EUA的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>行EUA<span style="color: black;">危害</span><span style="color: black;">极重</span>的极低体重早产儿,可<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>在密切监护及眼部局部<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>下完成眼病<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(二</span><span style="color: black;">)</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">麻木</span>前禁食水时间</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">麻木</span>前禁用水、母乳、配方奶或牛奶、淀粉类固体<span style="color: black;">食品</span>、脂肪及肉类固体<span style="color: black;">食品</span>的时间分别为2、4、6、6、8h。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(三</span><span style="color: black;">)</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">麻木</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1. 七氟烷面罩吸入全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(1)<span style="color: black;">鲜嫩</span>气流量3~6L/min;七氟烷6%~8%,早产儿和极低体重儿可适当降低。预充回路后,回路出口连接小儿面罩。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(2)患儿<span style="color: black;">经过</span>密闭面罩<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>。婴幼儿<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">协同</span>,需要固定患儿头部,但<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span>避免用力托下颌而诱发躁动。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(3)患儿<span style="color: black;">认识</span>消失后,<span style="color: black;">鲜嫩</span>气流降至1~2L/min,七氟烷降至1%~3%。维持自主<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>,必要时实施辅助通气。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>过程中,操作间应配备气道管理工具(喉罩、气管导管、口咽通气道等)和吸引器等急救用品。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2. EUA中的监测指标:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">心电图、脉搏血氧饱和度、呼气末二氧化碳含量、<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>频率。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3. EUA结束后的禁食水<span style="color: black;">意见</span>时间:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">行吸入全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>后,月龄<6个月的患儿禁水时间为0.5h,禁食时间为1h(进水无<span style="color: black;">反常</span>时);</span><span style="color: black;">年龄>6个月的患儿,禁水时间为1h,禁食时间为1h(进水无<span style="color: black;">反常</span>时)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">摄食</span><span style="color: black;">次序</span>遵从清水到流体<span style="color: black;">食品</span>到固体<span style="color: black;">食品</span>的<span style="color: black;">次序</span>,<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>加量,以不<span style="color: black;">显现</span>呛咳、恶心呕吐为原则。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">可<span style="color: black;">按照</span>EUA项目、时间及患儿<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,确定<span style="color: black;">是不是</span><span style="color: black;">创立</span>静脉通道。若遇特殊<span style="color: black;">状况</span>致吸入全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span><span style="color: black;">没法</span>实施时,年龄>1个月婴幼儿可<span style="color: black;">选取</span>静脉<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>(每千克体质量丙泊酚2~4mg)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">4. 离院标准:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>后患儿须留院观察30min。可参照苏醒评分量表结果(如Alderete评分),确认患儿完全苏醒,<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>和循环系统功能稳定后方可离院。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">所需眼科器械和设备</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(一)</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">通常</span>器械和设备</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">儿童开睑器、结膜镊、巩膜压迫器、圆规角尺、手持式眼压计、前房角镜、手持式电脑验光仪、手持式裂隙灯显微镜、双目间接检眼镜及镜头、手术显微镜等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(二)</span><span style="color: black;">特殊设备</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">广角数码眼底照相机,最好具备荧光素眼底血管造影术(FFA)功能;眼部超声<span style="color: black;">检测</span>仪、相干光层析<span style="color: black;">影像</span>术(OCT)<span style="color: black;">检测</span>仪、眼部电生理<span style="color: black;">检测</span>仪等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">操作流程</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://q0.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20240829/d51f7afe9fb44f86b17a4e8b47308714.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">检测</span>内容</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(一)<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1. 眼压</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">测绘</span>眼压可<span style="color: black;">运用</span>Schiotz压陷式眼压计、Perkins手持压平眼压计、回弹式眼压计、电子眼压计。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">运用</span>Perkins手持压平眼压计<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>眼压:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">先于结膜囊内点0.5%荧光素,手持眼压计,测压头平面平行于角膜方向,调节加压旋钮,当上下荧光素环内缘相切时,依据刻度旋转鼓的度数计算眼压<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>值。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">运用</span>Schiotz眼压计<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>眼压:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">校正零点后使砝码自然压于角膜,依据刻度标尺度数,查表换算得出眼压<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>值。<span style="color: black;">重视</span>事项:脚板应稳定置于角膜中央,<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span>避免<span style="color: black;">安置</span>于巩膜表面;不可压迫眼睑;避免眼压计<span style="color: black;">上下</span>倾斜,必要时(<span style="color: black;">按照</span>眼位<span style="color: black;">状况</span>)可前后倾斜。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">运用</span>回弹式眼压计<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>眼压:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">使<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>头<span style="color: black;">处在</span>水平位,并与角膜中央相距4~8mm且垂直于角膜。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>早产儿,可采取侧卧位<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>。眼压计由直立状态向右或向左旋转90°,但须<span style="color: black;">保准</span><span style="color: black;">测绘</span>头<span style="color: black;">处在</span>水平位。按下<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>键,探针自<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>头弹出,眼压计自动<span style="color: black;">表示</span>眼压<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>值。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2. 验光</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">早产儿视网膜病变、家族性渗出性视网膜病变、先天性白内障等婴幼儿<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,在激光、手术等治疗后须<span style="color: black;">重视</span>随访患眼的屈光状态变化,在EUA过程中可<span style="color: black;">同期</span>进行验光。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">运用</span>阿托品眼膏或复方托吡卡胺滴眼液麻痹睫状肌后,采用手持设备,如手持电脑验光仪进行电脑验光,结果仅用于<span style="color: black;">认识</span>婴幼儿患眼的屈光状态。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">若<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>屈光状态<span style="color: black;">显著</span>变化,需要到屈光专科进一步诊疗。检影验光是<span style="color: black;">日前</span>屈光度数<span style="color: black;">检测</span>的金标准。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3. <span style="color: black;">测绘</span>角膜横径和房角<span style="color: black;">检测</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(1)<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>角膜横径:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">患儿取仰卧位,儿童开睑器开睑,充分暴露角膜。用圆规角尺,由水平方向<span style="color: black;">经过</span>瞳孔中心点,<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>角膜鼻侧缘至颞侧缘,即白到白(white‐to‐white)距离,记为角膜横径。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(2)房角<span style="color: black;">检测</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">①前房角镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>:<span style="color: black;">日前</span>常用直接式前房角镜(如Koeppe直接前房角镜)。患儿取仰卧位,儿童开睑器开睑。借助透明眼用凝胶将前房角镜<span style="color: black;">安顿</span>于角膜上。在手术显微镜下,<span style="color: black;">检测</span>者<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">调节</span>前房角镜的位置和<span style="color: black;">方向</span>,观察全周房角结构。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">房角的<span style="color: black;">生长</span><span style="color: black;">起始</span>于胚胎第3个月,<span style="color: black;">始终</span><span style="color: black;">连续</span>到4岁才完成。健康婴幼儿的小梁网为从巩膜嵴延伸到Schwalbe线的透明光滑均质结构,罕见色素沉着,葡萄膜小梁组织(虹膜突)仅有少量色素;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">虹膜平坦附着在巩膜嵴后方,附着处前方的清晰条带为睫状体向前的延伸部,而房角隐窝(睫状体条带<span style="color: black;">露出</span>部分)直到出生后6~12个月才<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">②广角数码眼底照相机<span style="color: black;">检测</span>:婴幼儿取仰卧位,儿童开睑器开睑,眼表涂满透明眼用凝胶,广角镜头轻触眼球表面后倾斜<span style="color: black;">必定</span><span style="color: black;">方向</span>,调节焦距和亮度至清晰<span style="color: black;">影像</span>,<span style="color: black;">根据</span>上方、颞侧、下方和鼻侧<span style="color: black;">次序</span>,从角膜的<span style="color: black;">一边</span>拍摄对侧前房角图像。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">③超声生物显微镜(UBM)<span style="color: black;">检测</span>:患儿取仰卧位,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>睑裂<span style="color: black;">体积</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>合适眼杯并将声耦合剂置于结膜囊内,<span style="color: black;">调节</span>探头使之与眼球垂直,<span style="color: black;">选取</span>角膜缘12:00、9:00、6:00和3:00方位进行<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,采集房角的横断面图像。婴幼儿房角<span style="color: black;">检测</span>均为接触性<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,<span style="color: black;">检测</span>后须点用抗生素滴眼液预防感染。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">④手术显微镜下<span style="color: black;">检测</span>眼表和眼前节:依次<span style="color: black;">检测</span>双眼泪器、眼睑、睫毛,结膜、角膜、前房、虹膜和晶状体的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">⑤双目间接检眼镜<span style="color: black;">检测</span>眼底:充分散大瞳孔后先<span style="color: black;">检测</span>后极部眼底<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,再在巩膜顶压器的<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>下依次<span style="color: black;">检测</span>4个象限的周边部眼底<span style="color: black;">状况</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(二)特殊<span style="color: black;">检测</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">1. 标准眼底像<span style="color: black;">检测</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">运用</span>广角数码眼底照相机进行眼底照相。</span><span style="color: black;">患儿散大瞳孔后取仰卧位,分别采集以视盘为中心和以黄斑为中心的后极部眼底像,以及颞侧、鼻侧、上方、下方各方位周边部眼底像。</span><span style="color: black;">对病变区域重点拍照。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2. FFA</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(1)适应证:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">经双目间接检眼镜、广角数码眼底照相机、眼部<span style="color: black;">彩超</span>等<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">可疑</span>眼底病变,尤其眼底血管性病变,为了<span style="color: black;">知道</span>诊断、判断病情、<span style="color: black;">选取</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>或疗效<span style="color: black;">评估</span>,可行FFA<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">特殊<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,患儿一只眼在全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>下行手术治疗后,可即刻对对侧眼行FFA<span style="color: black;">检测</span>以<span style="color: black;">知道</span>诊断、<span style="color: black;">评定</span>病情并进行必要治疗。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>多用于早产儿视网膜病变、家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变、Coats病、先天性视网膜劈裂、牵牛花<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(2)禁忌证:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">荧光素钠过敏或既往<span style="color: black;">检测</span>时<span style="color: black;">显现</span>过严重不良反应;有严重全身<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,如严重哮喘、严重心血管<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>或严重肝肾功能<span style="color: black;">损害</span>,<span style="color: black;">不可</span>耐受全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>或<span style="color: black;">检测</span>;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">检测</span>前血液常规指标<span style="color: black;">检测</span>、肝肾功能、心电图及胸部X线<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结果有<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>及<span style="color: black;">身患</span>全身活动性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。慎用于严重过敏体质者。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(3)<span style="color: black;">检测</span>流程</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">①<span style="color: black;">检测</span>前准备:FFA<span style="color: black;">检测</span>前应<span style="color: black;">仔细</span><span style="color: black;">认识</span>患儿病情及全身<span style="color: black;">情况</span>,仔细询问婴幼儿及其家属过敏史等<span style="color: black;">关联</span>个人史,<span style="color: black;">通知</span>家属<span style="color: black;">检测</span>目的及可能的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>、预后及<span style="color: black;">重视</span>事项,签署知情同意书。术前1h点用复方托吡卡胺滴眼液散大双眼瞳孔,每10min点用1次,4~6次,瞳孔散大至直径6mm以上。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">②静脉过敏<span style="color: black;">实验</span>:FFA<span style="color: black;">检测</span>前5min,由静脉通道注射荧光素钠稀释液0.1ml。观察患儿心率、<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>、血压变化,并<span style="color: black;">重视</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>全身<span style="color: black;">是不是</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>皮疹。无<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>且过敏<span style="color: black;">实验</span>阴性方可继续进行<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">③<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">过程</span>:<span style="color: black;">日前</span>多采用带有造影功能的广角数码眼底照相机进行全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>下FFA<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。常用造影剂有10%和20%荧光素钠注射液。全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>并确认过敏<span style="color: black;">实验</span>阴性后,患儿取仰卧位固定头部,儿童开睑器开睑,眼表涂透明眼用凝胶。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">拍摄广角彩色眼底照片及无赤光眼底照片后,切换至FFA模式,将滤光片装入手柄。按每千克体质量0.05~0.10ml标准,将荧光素钠溶液由静脉通道快速推入(<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">起始</span>造影计时),并用0.9%氯化钠注射液<span style="color: black;">快速</span>冲洗注药通道。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">荧光素钠溶液注射完毕即<span style="color: black;">起始</span>拍摄眼底照片,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>视网膜动脉前期、动脉期、动静脉期、静脉期及静脉后期。为不<span style="color: black;">错失</span>动脉前期,需在30s内连续拍照,每秒拍摄1~2张。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">根据</span>眼底后极部视盘、黄斑,颞侧、上方、鼻侧、下方视网膜<span style="color: black;">次序</span>,拍摄全视网膜造影照片或视频,必要时可借助巩膜顶压器寻找最佳拍摄<span style="color: black;">方向</span>或拍摄锯齿缘照片。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">拍照时双眼交替进行,以<span style="color: black;">重点</span>病变眼为主照眼,动态观察视网膜血管走行、分布和荧光强度或荧光素渗漏等<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>观察5~6min,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>病变眼可<span style="color: black;">增多</span>拍照次数或时间。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">检测</span>过程中密切监测患儿生命体征和全身<span style="color: black;">情况</span>,对<span style="color: black;">显现</span>不良反应者随时终止<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,并给予对症处理。<span style="color: black;">检测</span>完成后,双眼涂用抗生素眼用凝胶预防感染。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3. OCT</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(1)OCT采用高分辨率扫描技术,用于<span style="color: black;">表示</span>视网膜厚度、视网膜神经纤维层及视盘。受检患儿可在全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>下或镇静后取仰卧位进行OCT<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(2)<span style="color: black;">检测</span>流程</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">①点用复方托吡卡胺滴眼液散大瞳孔,每10min点用1次,共3次。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">②行全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>后,<span style="color: black;">调节</span>头部和眼部位置,儿童开睑器开睑。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">③<span style="color: black;">根据</span><span style="color: black;">区别</span>设备的采集流程,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>采集界面图像,随时<span style="color: black;">调节</span>眼球和采集探头的位置,直到采集到需要的图像。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">④<span style="color: black;">检测</span>时个别高度近视眼患儿需要<span style="color: black;">协同</span>手动<span style="color: black;">调节</span>。<span style="color: black;">检测</span>完成后点击<span style="color: black;">保留</span>,分析结果并打印。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">4. 眼部超声<span style="color: black;">检测</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(1)在全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>下,<span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">彩超</span>、A超、UBM探头进行<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(2)<span style="color: black;">检测</span>流程</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">①患儿取仰卧位。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">②充分固定头部和躯干、四肢。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">③<span style="color: black;">起步</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>设备,用75%乙醇擦拭超声探头。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">④<span style="color: black;">检测</span>者坐在患儿头侧,A超和UBM<span style="color: black;">检测</span>前盐酸奥布卡因或丙美卡因滴眼液点入结膜囊内1~2滴,儿童开睑器开睑,将<span style="color: black;">检测</span>探头轻置于角膜表面,转动方向<span style="color: black;">检测</span>各个方位;<span style="color: black;">彩超</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>无需结膜囊内点用表面<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>滴眼液,超声探头表面涂耦合剂,<span style="color: black;">检测</span>者将<span style="color: black;">检测</span>探头轻置于眼睑皮肤面。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">⑤<span style="color: black;">检测</span>完毕点用抗生素滴眼液。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">5. 眼部电生理<span style="color: black;">检测</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">婴幼儿在清醒状态下<span style="color: black;">重视</span>力难以集中,<span style="color: black;">很难</span><span style="color: black;">协同</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>,多<span style="color: black;">引起</span>眼部电生理<span style="color: black;">检测</span>难以进行或结果不<span style="color: black;">靠谱</span>。在全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>下进行<span style="color: black;">检测</span>可避免<span style="color: black;">以上</span><span style="color: black;">有害</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>影响。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">通常</span>采用闪光视觉诱发电位(FVEP)结合全视野视网膜电图(ffERG)进行综合<span style="color: black;">评估</span>,<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>诊断及<span style="color: black;">指点</span>治疗。相较于<span style="color: black;">选取</span>性观看法<span style="color: black;">检测</span>(如Teller视敏度卡<span style="color: black;">检测</span>),全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>下行眼部电生理<span style="color: black;">检测</span>对婴幼儿视功能进行<span style="color: black;">评定</span>更客观。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(1)FVEP</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">①适应证:<span style="color: black;">各样</span>视网膜、视神经病变,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>Leber先天性黑矇、视网膜色素变性、儿童视神经炎、弱视、不明<span style="color: black;">原由</span>视力下降等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">②操作前物品准备:皮肤清洁膏、皮肤电极3条、导电膏、3M胶布、棉签、纱布、绷带、眼罩、小剪刀、儿童开睑器、表面<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>和抗生素滴眼液、医疗垃圾桶和生活垃圾桶。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">③操作流程:清洁患儿面部。在<span style="color: black;">检测</span>程序中输入患儿姓名、性别、出生日期,打开<span style="color: black;">检测</span>界面。用皮肤清洁膏清洁前额、乳突或耳垂、枕骨粗隆上约1.5cm(干扰大时可剪去此位置头发)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>后,患儿取仰卧位固定头部,将电极杯涂满导电膏,<span style="color: black;">安置</span>于对应位置(黑色接地电极贴于乳突或耳垂处,蓝色参考电极贴于前额,红色<span style="color: black;">功效</span>电极贴于枕骨粗隆上约1.5cm),并用胶布固定,最后用绷带绑紧。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">电极与放大器对应接口连接,确定阻抗<span style="color: black;">少于</span>5kΩ。点用表面<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>滴眼液后,用纱布和眼罩紧密遮住对侧眼。将电生理刺激器旋转90°,用机械臂固定悬吊于患儿头部正上方,用儿童开睑器开睑<span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>,<span style="color: black;">检测</span>完毕将眼罩和开睑器换至对侧眼。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">检测</span>过程可<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span><span style="color: black;">是不是</span>重复(最少重复2次以<span style="color: black;">增多</span>结果的准确性)。全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>状态时间约为20min。<span style="color: black;">检测</span>完毕,去除开睑器和电极并点用抗生素滴眼液,做好清洁及垃圾<span style="color: black;">归类</span>处理。查看、标定结果并打印<span style="color: black;">检测</span>报告。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">④<span style="color: black;">重视</span>事项:a.行FVEP<span style="color: black;">检测</span>无需散大瞳孔和<span style="color: black;">纠正</span>视力,若双侧瞳孔不等大,应在<span style="color: black;">检测</span>报告上标注;b.<span style="color: black;">检测</span>前应观察角膜<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,询问家属患儿<span style="color: black;">有没有</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>过敏史,<span style="color: black;">检测</span>后须<span style="color: black;">检测</span>患儿角膜<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,并<span style="color: black;">通知</span>患儿家属<span style="color: black;">不可</span>揉搓眼部,<span style="color: black;">不可</span>让不洁液体进入眼部;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">c.<span style="color: black;">检测</span>时对侧眼须严密遮盖;d.若阻抗<span style="color: black;">始终</span>大于5kΩ,要确认<span style="color: black;">安置</span>电极部位清洁<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>到位以及电极与皮肤<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>贴紧;e.FVEP<span style="color: black;">重点</span>关注P2波波形,虽变异<span style="color: black;">很强</span>,但同一个体双眼的波形振幅、峰时<span style="color: black;">类似</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>应对<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结果进行对<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>性分析;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">f.避免带手机进入<span style="color: black;">检测</span>室,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>干扰;g.全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>下进行<span style="color: black;">检测</span>前应备好<span style="color: black;">救治</span><span style="color: black;">药物</span>及<span style="color: black;">器具</span>,以应对意外<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,患儿完全清醒后方可离开。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(2)ffERG</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">①适应证:<span style="color: black;">各样</span>视网膜病变,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>Leber先天性黑矇、视网膜色素变性、视锥细胞营养不良、遗传性黄斑营养不良、先天性静止性夜盲、不明<span style="color: black;">原由</span>视力下降等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">②操作前物品准备:皮肤清洁膏、皮肤电极3条、角膜接触电极2条或金箔电极2条、导电膏、3M胶布、棉签,表面<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>、散大瞳孔、抗生素滴眼液和氧氟沙星眼膏,儿童开睑器、红外光头戴灯、医疗垃圾桶和生活垃圾桶。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">③操作流程:清洁患儿面部。点用散大瞳孔滴眼液,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>让患儿(家属陪同)在暗室内戴眼罩暗适应20min。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">暗适应完毕,在<span style="color: black;">检测</span>程序中输入患儿姓名、性别、出生日期,打开<span style="color: black;">检测</span>界面(暗红屏),将患儿从暗室带入<span style="color: black;">检测</span>室。全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>后,患儿取仰卧位固定头部,用皮肤清洁膏清洁前额、颞侧距外眦角约1cm处皮肤,将3个皮肤电极杯涂满导电膏,<span style="color: black;">安置</span>于对应位置(黑色接地电极贴于前额处,蓝色参考电极贴于颞侧距外眦角约1cm处),并用胶布固定,电极另一端与放大器对应接口连接,确定阻抗<span style="color: black;">少于</span>5kΩ。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">佩戴红色角膜接触电极或金箔电极。双眼点用表面<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>滴眼液后,儿童开睑器开睑。<span style="color: black;">运用</span>角膜接触电极者,将氧氟沙星眼膏涂于角膜接触电极,便于其与角膜充分贴合,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>将电极小心放于角膜上;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">运用</span>金箔电极者,将电极轻放入下眼睑内。将电生理刺激器向下旋转90°,用机械臂固定悬吊于患儿头部正上方,按<span style="color: black;">过程</span>进行<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。<span style="color: black;">检测</span>过程可<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span><span style="color: black;">是不是</span>重复(最多重复2次,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span>影响下一项<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结果的准确性)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">进入明适应<span style="color: black;">过程</span>,开灯并将角膜接触电极或金箔电极和儿童开睑器取下,明适应10min后继续<span style="color: black;">检测</span>。全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>状态时间约为40min;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">若仅需要<span style="color: black;">检测</span>视锥细胞功能,可只做明适应及视锥细胞反应<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,时间约为10min。<span style="color: black;">检测</span>完毕,去除开睑器和电极并点用抗生素滴眼液,做好清洁及垃圾<span style="color: black;">归类</span>处理。查看、标定结果并打印<span style="color: black;">检测</span>报告。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">④<span style="color: black;">重视</span>事项:a.ffERG可双眼<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>和记录;b.<span style="color: black;">检测</span>前应观察患儿角膜<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,询问家属患儿<span style="color: black;">有没有</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>过敏史,并<span style="color: black;">测绘</span>眼压;c.<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">过程</span>有<span style="color: black;">次序</span>性,不可返回上一步(需重复的<span style="color: black;">过程</span>应立即重复);</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">d.<span style="color: black;">通知</span>患儿家属<span style="color: black;">不可</span>揉搓眼部,<span style="color: black;">不可</span>让不洁液体进入眼部;e.散大瞳孔前应告知患儿家属在瞳孔散大<span style="color: black;">时期</span>会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>视物模糊、畏光等<span style="color: black;">状况</span>及瞳孔恢复时间(<span style="color: black;">运用</span>复方托吡卡胺散大瞳孔,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>6~8h可恢复正常);</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">f.<span style="color: black;">检测</span>后第2天须<span style="color: black;">检测</span>患儿角膜<span style="color: black;">状况</span>;g.<span style="color: black;">检测</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>关注a波和b波,若波形不稳定,应<span style="color: black;">即时</span>排除干扰等,避免带手机进入<span style="color: black;">检测</span>室,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>干扰;h.全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>下进行<span style="color: black;">检测</span>前应备好<span style="color: black;">救治</span><span style="color: black;">药物</span>及<span style="color: black;">器具</span>,以应对意外<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,患儿完全清醒后方可离开。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">以上</span><span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>项目基本可满足基层医院开展婴幼儿眼病临床诊疗工作的<span style="color: black;">需要</span>,对所需器械和设备<span style="color: black;">需求</span>不高,多为眼科临床工作<span style="color: black;">平常</span>所备。有<span style="color: black;">要求</span>的眼科医疗<span style="color: black;">公司</span>可<span style="color: black;">按照</span>学科发展方向<span style="color: black;">选取</span>开展相应的特殊<span style="color: black;">检测</span>项目。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">器械和设备消毒</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1. 非接触类眼科<span style="color: black;">检测</span>器械和设备:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">包含</span>手持式裂隙灯显微镜、手持式电脑验光仪、非接触眼压计、OCT<span style="color: black;">检测</span>仪等,可<span style="color: black;">运用</span>75%乙醇或3%过氧化氢棉球擦拭。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2. 接触类眼科<span style="color: black;">检测</span>器械和设备:</span></strong><span style="color: black;">在<span style="color: black;">运用</span>圆规角尺、压平眼压计、前房角镜、三面镜及<span style="color: black;">关联</span>接触类眼科<span style="color: black;">检测</span>器械前,应<span style="color: black;">运用</span>高碳脂肪酸钾盐进行清洗,并<span style="color: black;">运用</span>清洁流水(自来水)冲洗3~5min。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">当可能已被传<span style="color: black;">患病</span>患儿<span style="color: black;">运用</span>或当地有传<span style="color: black;">患病</span>流行疫情时,应当<span style="color: black;">首要</span>清洗器械,再以75%乙醇或3%过氧化氢棉球仔细擦拭后方可<span style="color: black;">运用</span>;</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">亦</span>可将压平眼压计的测压头、前房角镜、三面镜等放入10%次氯酸钠(家用漂白粉)、3%过氧化氢或70%异丙基醇中浸泡5min后<span style="color: black;">运用</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">不论采用何种<span style="color: black;">办法</span>进行消毒,在<span style="color: black;">运用</span>前均应<span style="color: black;">运用</span>清洁流水(自来水)或生理盐水等彻底清除消毒剂,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span>引起眼表<span style="color: black;">损害</span>。儿童开睑器、结膜镊、巩膜压迫器等应<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>数量准备,采用高温蒸汽进行消毒。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">检测</span>记录</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1. <span style="color: black;">通常</span>临床资料,如性别、出生孕周、出生体重、<span style="color: black;">纠正</span>胎龄、<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>合并全身<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>及<span style="color: black;">检测</span>日期等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2. 眼科基本信息,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>双眼的眼压、屈光状态、条栅视力(或其他<span style="color: black;">选取</span>性观看法<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结果)、角膜横径等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3. <span style="color: black;">检测</span>项目结果,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>眼前节和眼后节等<span style="color: black;">检测</span>数据、图像和描述。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4. 全身<span style="color: black;">麻木</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">检测</span>记录<span style="color: black;">意见</span>制成电子表格形式。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">来</span><span style="color: black;">源:中华眼科杂志</span><a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">返回<span style="color: black;">外链论坛: http://www.fok120.com</span>,查看<span style="color: black;">更加多</span></span></a></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">责任编辑:网友投稿</span></p>
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