「阀门精选论文」高温高压耐磨球阀的研制
黄美林,吴怀敏,王忠渊,项光洪,章苗苗,黄家巧,章魁胜,雷洪,谷辽勇,邵连通(浙江石化阀门有限<span style="color: black;">机构</span>)<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">摘要</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> 介绍了一种苛刻工况用高温高压耐磨球阀的设计制造要点,特殊加工工艺及冷热交变循环<span style="color: black;">实验</span>的设备和程序,为高端阀门的国产化<span style="color: black;">供给</span>借鉴。</span></p><div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/ac882a59b2084fceaa6e05c8ec154a47~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1728070640&x-signature=oxxJfRxo1qfpk3HB3k9cgtbqxDo%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">01 概述</h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在渣油、重油等劣质原油的加工过程中,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>其不仅黏度大<span style="color: black;">况且</span>含硫高,需采用特殊工艺<span style="color: black;">安装</span><span style="color: black;">才可</span>保持汽油的辛烷值。沸腾床加氢、浆态床加氢、悬浮床加氢等是冶炼重质、劣质油的特殊工艺<span style="color: black;">安装</span>,其中沸腾床加氢工艺是<span style="color: black;">日前</span>加工重质、劣质油的最有效<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。该工艺需要加入固体催化剂,硬度达60HRC,直径约为50μm,操作温度为400~460℃,操 作压力为18~22MPa。沸腾床渣油加氢<span style="color: black;">安装</span>用的高温高压耐磨球阀,不仅需适应气、液、固三相工况, <span style="color: black;">况且</span>要满足高温、高压<span style="color: black;">要求</span>下承受催化剂的冲刷、磨损和腐蚀,在温度、压力频繁变化的<span style="color: black;">要求</span>下,避免<span style="color: black;">显现</span>耐磨涂层剥落、疲劳交变等现象。</p>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">02 结构设计</h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">2.1 浮动球结构</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">一般</span>,金属密封球阀大多为固定球结构。沸腾床渣油加氢<span style="color: black;">安装</span>系统内的介质含有固体颗粒,为防止颗粒进入弹簧腔,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>阀门设计成浮动球结构。进口端为浮动式阀座,安装预紧碟形弹簧。出口端为固定式双面密封阀座,阀座由压环固定在阀<span style="color: black;">身体</span>部(图1)。阀座的前面为凹球面,与球体形成密封副。阀座的后面有2种结构,一种是平面密封,与阀体出口端内孔的硬质平面形成密封副,另一种是球面密封(图2)。阀座的后面是凸球面,阀体出口端内孔加工成凹球面密封面,二者形成密封副,对超硬密封面的研磨和配研都<span style="color: black;">特别有</span>益处。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/5ae6b23af0fd4b0fbd440d524555a50d~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1728070640&x-signature=RwblNzTqDbz%2FZq3ep7O2MewcPSo%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图1 沸腾床渣油加氢<span style="color: black;">安装</span>用耐磨球阀</p>
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<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/4893c43dadaa40c1b493629ac636c17e~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1728070640&x-signature=5n8yghkWle1EsYnB2jYJl3oReD0%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图2 双球面阀座结构</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">2.2 W形双曲面缺口</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">为减少球阀在启闭瞬间介质对阀座的冲刷,降低介质的流速,在球体的孔口设计W形缺口。国 的<span style="color: black;">有些</span><span style="color: black;">制品</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>设计了W形缺口,但只是对缺口处进行修磨。将W形缺口改为双曲面型(图3~图5), 双曲面型缺口可使球<span style="color: black;">身体</span>孔通道和球体外球面的连接处均为相切平滑过渡,避免相交尖角过渡,即使打磨<span style="color: black;">亦</span>达不到相切效果。该球体孔和外球面均需硬化处理,W形双曲面缺口对防止局部应力集中和硬化层剥落起到良好效果。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,双曲面型缺口<span style="color: black;">增多</span>了其加工工艺的<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>性,需要在五轴联动加工中心上安装edgecam软件进行编程<span style="color: black;">才可</span>完成。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/4695c8026a7c4409ab97b4316ac86829~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1728070640&x-signature=1rGoKPzynEMoq8V6%2Fd5sTsMkZN8%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图3 球体通道口的 W 形缺口</p>
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<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p26-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/882886a4d6f54926b4e8489f3ff5a7fd~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1728070640&x-signature=Y98T%2B%2FzeZlScgjN%2BBhF1ea5d1FA%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图4 图3A-A剖视图</p>
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<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p26-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/51b1eecbb48d46da93b4acb06d74d9e9~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1728070640&x-signature=XKtTYEwK5pB%2FWz092a8HpsLTEhs%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图5 图3B-B剖视图</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">2.3 T形压力自紧密封圈</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因为</span>介质是高温高压且其温度冷热交变,对阀体、阀盖连接端的密封垫<span style="color: black;">需求</span>很高。法兰密封面设计2道密封,外面是榫槽连接面加缠绕式垫片,里面是T形自紧密封圈。该自紧密封圈的外侧各有15°斜面与阀体、阀盖的对应斜面<span style="color: black;">构成</span>密封副。该处密封副<span style="color: black;">需求</span><span style="color: black;">拥有</span>硬度差。T形密封圈采用F347H,经固溶和稳定化处理,硬度较低,但对阀体、阀盖的密封面则堆焊 STL硬质合金,能满足硬度差<span style="color: black;">需求</span>。T形自紧密封圈还有一个功能,<span style="color: black;">便是</span>当介质压力增大时,会使密封圈<span style="color: black;">出现</span>变形,贴紧密封面,达到自紧密封效果。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">2.4 表面硬化处理</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">球体和阀座密封面可<span style="color: black;">按照</span>阀门<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的加工工况,<span style="color: black;">选择</span>超音速喷涂(HVOF工艺)、火焰粉末重熔 技术(SP工艺)和激光熔覆技术,来<span style="color: black;">加强</span>表面硬度和抗擦伤性能。超音速喷涂WC或CrC ,涂层厚度为0.3~0.6mm,硬度大于65HRC,结合强度约为100MPa,过渡层为机械结合。火焰粉末重熔和激光熔覆的过渡层为冶金结合,抗剥落的效果更理想。阀<span style="color: black;">身体</span>腔、流道和球体孔均采用超音速喷涂耐磨合金,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>抗冲刷性能,喷涂硬化层硬度为64~68HRC,结合强度大于69MPa,涂层的有效厚度为0.2~0.5mm。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">2.5 阀杆</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">浮动球阀的开启扭矩很大,阀杆的设计不仅要<span style="color: black;">选择</span>耐腐蚀、耐高温、强度高的材料,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>能承受计算扭矩2.5倍以上的操作扭矩。阀杆下端外表面及凸台上平面应堆焊硬质合金,与填料接触表面用超音速喷涂硬化层,还要精磨并抛光,其表面粗糙度值Ra <0.1μm。</p>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">03 有限元分析</h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">阀门在定型设计前,要用有限元对阀门的应力场、温度场等进行综合分析。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">3.1 阀体、球体应力分析</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span>模拟计算,得到阀<span style="color: black;">身体</span>壁等效应力分布图,如图6所示。阀<span style="color: black;">身体</span>壁最大等效应力分布在进出口流道处,最大等效应力约为185MPa,阀<span style="color: black;">身体</span>壁其余部位的等效应力较小,均<span style="color: black;">少于</span>标准规定的应力。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/20d19a61725245fea3436cb524862dbe~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1728070640&x-signature=0XzhkbLkSbHLjTxgJu9YBlSm5d4%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图6 阀<span style="color: black;">身体</span>壁应力分布</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)阀体应力分析结果</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">由图6看出,阀体最大应力分布在进口端流道和阀杆孔处,最大等效应力约为153MPa,阀<span style="color: black;">身体</span>壁其余部位的等效应力较小,均<span style="color: black;">少于</span>标准规定的应力。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)球体应力分析结果由图6得出,球体最大应力分布在流道处,最大等效应力约为109MPa,阀<span style="color: black;">身体</span>壁其余部位的等效应力较小,均<span style="color: black;">少于</span>标准规定的应力。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">3.2 阀杆应力分析</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)阀杆等效应力分析</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span>模拟计算,得到阀杆等效应力分布云图,如图7所示。阀杆最大等效应力分布在上端,最大等效应力约为275.09MPa,其余部位的等效应力较小,均<span style="color: black;">少于</span>许用应力。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/fbe0bf58f86b487ab47f365891f27e79~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1728070640&x-signature=QZFvp2H87urfts5uVXlgZxpDobg%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图7 阀杆应力分布图</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)阀杆剪应力分析<span style="color: black;">经过</span>模拟计算,得到阀杆剪应力分布云图。阀杆最大剪应力为66.366MPa,<span style="color: black;">少于</span>材料的许用剪应力。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">3.3 温度场分析</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">阀门在关闭状态下与介质接触,热交换达到平衡状态。阀体与介质接触的壁面最高温度在阀体中腔,为550℃,最低温度在出口端法兰,温度为190℃。阀门内壁温度场的分布如图8所示。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/62b6f754f0ac475e97b5156a548d8cb0~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1728070640&x-signature=RNGqzhgAlAsw2DVN1VwmKTIdze4%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图8 阀门内壁面温度场</p>
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<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">04 检验和<span style="color: black;">实验</span></h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因为</span>耐磨球阀安装在渣油加氢催化的关键<span style="color: black;">安装</span>上,介质工况严苛,又是替代进口<span style="color: black;">制品</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>阀门出厂前应进行下列三类<span style="color: black;">实验</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)按API598标准进行出厂压力<span style="color: black;">实验</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)冷热交变循环<span style="color: black;">实验</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)静压寿命<span style="color: black;">实验</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">4.1 出厂压力<span style="color: black;">实验</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">根据</span>API598标准,在室温下进行壳体液压强度<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,高压液体密封<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,低压气体密封<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,还要进行开关动作<span style="color: black;">实验</span>(空载、带载各5次),观察<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>有卡阻现象,还用带数显的扭矩扳手测试开关扭矩,分别记录开、关扭矩最大值。在室温下还要用氦质谱检漏仪<span style="color: black;">根据</span>ISO15848-2标准,检测体、盖连接处和阀杆填料函处的氦泄漏数值,应该达到标准B级<span style="color: black;">需求</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">4.2 阀门冷热交变循环<span style="color: black;">实验</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">沸腾床渣油加氢<span style="color: black;">安装</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>分为两部分,<span style="color: black;">第1</span>是反应部分,第二是催化剂在线加排部分。催化剂在线加排部分存在温度(150~453℃)和压力(0~19.94MPa)交变<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>耐磨球阀应进行冷热交变循环<span style="color: black;">实验</span>。冷态(室温)<span style="color: black;">实验</span>内容和<span style="color: black;">办法</span>与阀门出厂压力<span style="color: black;">实验</span>的内容和<span style="color: black;">办法</span>相同,热态<span style="color: black;">实验</span>比较<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>。阀门热态<span style="color: black;">实验</span><span style="color: black;">安装</span>由阀门加热系统、压力系统和测控系统<span style="color: black;">构成</span>(图9)。阀门加热系统由电阻丝加热的高温箱和阀门推送<span style="color: black;">公司</span><span style="color: black;">构成</span>。压力系统由气瓶组、汇流排、调压<span style="color: black;">安装</span>、增压泵、气路切换箱、高压管路等<span style="color: black;">构成</span>。测控系统由传感单元、采集<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>单元、<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>回路、人机界面等<span style="color: black;">构成</span>。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/1b83f17a0b46417eaea5a4e089c57619~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1728070640&x-signature=9q9vvHSRaK1IEcIL4e96AZddybk%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图9 阀门热态<span style="color: black;">实验</span><span style="color: black;">安装</span></p>
</div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">阀门进行热态<span style="color: black;">实验</span>时,<span style="color: black;">首要</span>将阀门安装试压盲板、阀门内腔、填料函处、箱内等处<span style="color: black;">安置</span>温度传感器,另一端接入<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>柜。当阀<span style="color: black;">身体</span>温度升至设定温度后,保温,进行空载开关<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,测试空载开关扭矩。<span style="color: black;">而后</span>向阀内充入额定压力的氮气或空气,进行带载开关动作<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,测试带载开关扭矩,并进行进出口2端压力密封<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>流量计分别测出进出口端的阀座泄漏量。测试后将阀门取出,冷却至室温,再按API598标准进行各项<span style="color: black;">实验</span>,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>开关动作<span style="color: black;">实验</span>、空载、带载扭矩测试和低泄漏<span style="color: black;">实验</span>。<span style="color: black;">根据</span><span style="color: black;">这般</span>的冷热交变循环3次,<span style="color: black;">才可</span>认定为<span style="color: black;">实验</span>结束。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">4.3 阀门静压寿命<span style="color: black;">实验</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">S-zorb<span style="color: black;">安装</span>的反应过滤器用的高频球阀,开关操<span style="color: black;">做为</span>2.5万~3万次/a,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>在研制小口径 (DN≤50)阀门时,最好按JB/T 8861标准进行静压寿命<span style="color: black;">实验</span>。<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>静压寿命<span style="color: black;">实验</span>设备的厂家较多,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可采用专业的检测<span style="color: black;">实验</span>系统,对<span style="color: black;">制品</span>的结构、选材、密封面硬化效果等可作出<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>评判。</p>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">05 结语</h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">随着石油化工技术的<span style="color: black;">提高</span>,耐磨球阀的应用<span style="color: black;">行业</span><span style="color: black;">逐步</span>扩展,中压部分广泛应用在催化裂化、连续重整和S-zorb催化脱硫<span style="color: black;">安装</span>,高压部分<span style="color: black;">重点</span>应用在沸腾床加氢、浆态床加氢、悬浮床加氢、固定床加氢及煤气化、煤液化、煤焦油加氢等<span style="color: black;">安装</span>,<span style="color: black;">另一</span>在多晶硅行业、矿产行业、造纸行业等<span style="color: black;">亦</span>都<span style="color: black;">海量</span><span style="color: black;">选择</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">下期论文:平板闸阀非对<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>密封结构的设计与分析</span></strong></p>
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