血液病的初期信号有哪些？
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">血液病<span style="color: black;">指的是</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>在血液、骨髓、脾及淋巴结等的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。常表现为外周血红细胞、白细胞和血小板质或量的改变。以红细胞改变为主的<span style="color: black;">便是</span>常说的贫血或红细胞<span style="color: black;">增加</span>症。以白细胞变化为主的有白血病和粒细胞减少/缺乏症等，而血小板减少或功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>则<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为血小板减少性紫癜。<span style="color: black;">通常</span>常把<span style="color: black;">因为</span>血小板和<span style="color: black;">血液</span>凝血因子<span style="color: black;">反常</span>所<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的<span style="color: black;">流血</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为<span style="color: black;">流血</span>性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 血液病的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>信号<span style="color: black;">重点</span>有：</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 1、贫血</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 贫血<span style="color: black;">便是</span>血液中的红细胞和血红蛋白减少。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">平常</span>的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>有：骨髓造血功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>，如再生<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>性贫血、白血病、多发性骨髓瘤、淋巴瘤、恶性肿瘤骨髓转移等;造血原料缺乏，如缺铁性贫血、营养不良性贫血;细胞破坏<span style="color: black;">太多</span>如溶血性贫血;丢失<span style="color: black;">太多</span>如女性<span style="color: black;">大姨妈</span><span style="color: black;">太多</span>、消化道慢性失血或外伤大<span style="color: black;">流血</span>等。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 贫血的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现有面色苍白、心慌气短和<span style="color: black;">头昏</span>耳鸣等。有些<span style="color: black;">病人</span>常因心悸而误认为是患了心脏病，有的<span style="color: black;">由于</span>耳鸣而去五官科就诊，有的<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">头昏</span>、失眠、记忆力下降就将其当作神经系统<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>治疗，<span style="color: black;">此时</span><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>做血常规<span style="color: black;">检测</span>就会<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>是贫血。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 2、红细胞<span style="color: black;">增加</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">红细胞<span style="color: black;">增加</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>血液中的红细胞数<span style="color: black;">增加</span>，正常值为(3.5-5.5)x1012/L，红细胞<span style="color: black;">增加</span>时<span style="color: black;">达到</span>(6-10)x1012/L，血红蛋白高达170-240g/L。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> <span style="color: black;">平常</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>有：真性红细胞<span style="color: black;">增加</span>症、继发性红细胞<span style="color: black;">增加</span>症(如高原居住、肺部<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>、发绀性先天性心脏病、肾病变、<span style="color: black;">各样</span>肿瘤等)、相对性红细胞<span style="color: black;">增加</span>症(如严重脱水、烧伤、等)。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">红细胞<span style="color: black;">增加</span>的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现有：皮肤、粘膜<span style="color: black;">明显</span>红紫，尤以面颊、唇、舌、耳、鼻尖和四肢末断为甚，眼结膜充血。<span style="color: black;">此时</span><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>做血常规<span style="color: black;">检测</span>就会<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>红细胞<span style="color: black;">增加</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 3、<span style="color: black;">流血</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 血液病<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">因为</span>血小板减少或功能<span style="color: black;">反常</span>，<span style="color: black;">血液</span>中凝血因子不足，血管受到破损时，很容易<span style="color: black;">流血</span>。轻者<span style="color: black;">初期</span>有鼻腔或齿龈<span style="color: black;">流血</span>，重者会有皮肤大片青紫色的淤斑、吐血或便血，其至因脑<span style="color: black;">流血</span>而死亡。血常规<span style="color: black;">检测</span>可见血小板数量减少。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 4、黄疸</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">血液里红细胞寿命约为120天，<span style="color: black;">因为</span>某些<span style="color: black;">原因</span>的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>，红细胞易被破坏， 寿命缩短，<span style="color: black;">这般</span>就会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>溶血性贫血，表现为黄疸。这是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>红细胞破坏释放出的血红蛋白，经过分解代谢产生胆红素<span style="color: black;">太多</span>，病人血液里胆红素含量<span style="color: black;">升高</span>，致使皮肤与巩膜发黄。=</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/80/v2-4e95fa3360f7359de5d48eb20d5bc70f_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>，当有人<span style="color: black;">显现</span>黄疸时，不要只想到是患了肝病，<span style="color: black;">亦</span>要<span style="color: black;">思虑</span><span style="color: black;">是不是</span>患了血液病。溶血性贫血的病人还会伴有腰痛、尿色加深呈酱色或葡萄酒色等症状。<span style="color: black;">经过</span>血液<span style="color: black;">检测</span>可<span style="color: black;">即时</span>确诊，预后良好。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 5、发热与感染</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 白细胞减少或质量<span style="color: black;">反常</span>，可<span style="color: black;">引起</span>机体抵抗力降低而易于合并感染，感染<span style="color: black;">出现</span>时<span style="color: black;">常常</span>发热。血液病<span style="color: black;">病人</span>，<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是恶性血液病(如白血病、恶性淋巴瘤等)<span style="color: black;">病人</span>，发热是较<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的症状。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/80/v2-a4a7fce0b618d73232500e20aee166b1_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>血常规提示白细胞减少，<span style="color: black;">或</span>是发热的时间长，用抗感染的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>效果<span style="color: black;">不良</span>等<span style="color: black;">状况</span>，均须进一步做骨髓像<span style="color: black;">检测</span>，<span style="color: black;">知道</span>诊断。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 6、白细胞数<span style="color: black;">增加</span>或减少</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 白细胞数<span style="color: black;">增加</span>常为继发性，<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">指的是</span>中性粒细胞<span style="color: black;">增加</span>。<span style="color: black;">指的是</span>年龄大于1个月的儿童和各年龄<span style="color: black;">构成</span>人外周血中性粒细胞计数大于7.5x109/L和<span style="color: black;">少于</span>1个月的婴儿大于26x109/L。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">血液病中，骨髓增殖性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>、急、慢性白血病等都<span style="color: black;">能够</span>中性粒细胞<span style="color: black;">增加</span>为<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现、许多非血液系统恶性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">亦</span>常伴有中性粒细胞<span style="color: black;">增加</span>。<span style="color: black;">况且</span>中性粒细胞<span style="color: black;">增加</span>的癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>死亡率高。部分血液系统<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>以白细胞减少为最初表现，<span style="color: black;">一样</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span><span style="color: black;">警觉</span>!</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 7、肝、脾和淋巴结肿大</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">非常多</span>血液病<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>肝、脾和淋巴结肿大，如急慢性白血病、淋巴瘤等。淋巴结肿大<span style="color: black;">初期</span>在双侧颈部最为<span style="color: black;">显著</span>，<span style="color: black;">亦</span>易于发现，但常被误诊为淋巴结核或炎症。肝、脾肿大且在上腹部肋下角触及肿块，易被误诊为是肿瘤或肋骨。例如，慢性粒细胞性白血病的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>表现是脾肿大，常在偶然体检时才被<span style="color: black;">大夫</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>，有的<span style="color: black;">已然</span>延误了<span style="color: black;">初期</span>治疗的机会。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 8、腰痛</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"> 可见于多发性骨髓瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>，<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>病人大<span style="color: black;">数年</span>纪<span style="color: black;">很强</span>，容易误认为是腰椎<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>，<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span><span style="color: black;">重视</span>。</p>
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