我的教育心得：谈阅读理解段落大意题破解之法-天涯论坛

b1gc8v 发表于 2024-10-3 15:10:03

我的教育心得：谈阅读理解段落大意题破解之法

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谈阅读理解段落大意题破解之法--Sophi
  自2023年浙江高考英语采用全国卷I败兴，浙江师生掀起了对全国卷I的分析和科研。笔者做了一下近期三年（2021-2023），发掘了一个规律，即这三年每年的阅读理解D篇中都设置了一题段落大意题（2021年第35题，2022年第34题，2023年第32题）。于是，笔者翻阅了近期有些模拟卷，搜集、整理了有些段落大意题。经过分析，笔者发掘，针对此类题考生通常能够从以下这些方面着手。
1、辨析段落结构，定位主题句。
段落是句子的集合，亦是语篇的重要构成部分。有时，为了追求某些效果，段落能够是一个句子，例如小说等文学文本。但绝大都数，段落有非常多个句子构成。试卷中，出题者常常对由多个句子形成的段落设置段落大意题。英语段落中，常显现的句子类型为主题句、支持句、总结句和过渡句。这四类句子虽然不必定同期都出此刻一个段落里，但做为考生要学会分辨和判断，尤其是主题句。主题句通常出此刻段首、段中和短尾，抓住了主题句，段落大意就一目了然了。 如2023年6月新课标I卷的第32题：
What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?
A. The methods of estimation.B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors.D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
以下是第二段的内容：
①This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. ②Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate.③When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate.④ If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. ⑤In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.⑥If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
通读以上段落，不难发掘①是主题句，②到④从正反两方面进行解释，⑤、⑥句从专业术语方面进行解释。因此本段重点讲了这种效应成立的一个事实基本，即这个效果的底层规律，因此该题选B。
（二）、寻找过渡句，确定承上或启下。
正如上面所说到的，过渡句亦是作者在段落中常用的一种句子类型。过渡句，顾名思义即一个句子承接或总结上面的内容，同期提示或领起下面的内容，简单地说便是的功效是总结上文，引出下文。它可能出此刻段落中，对一个段落是前后段进行承上启下，亦可能出此刻段首，总结上一段，引出下一段。因此，考生在阅读中，需留意这般的句子，倘若能找到这般的句子，段落大意题就迎刃而解了。如以下这一题：
What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A. The influence of social media. 
B. The truth behind the statistics.
C. The different examples of Climate change effects.D.Young peoples easy exposure to climate problems.
①In 2019, more than 1.4 million young people around the globe took part in the School Strikes for Climate Action protests that were largely prompted by a 17-year-old Swedish activist Greta Thunberg. The inspirational teenage is far from the first or last young person to fight for a better environmental future.
②With the rise of social media in recent years, young people around the globe have easy access to surprising information about how were currently failing to look after the Earth. Websites such as YouTube provide accessible coverage on ecological matters and links to new scientific information are easily shared between peers. But,its not just online research that exposes the truth,and its not a distant threat either.Climate change is around us.Our oceans are 30 percent more acidic (酸性的) due to carbon pollution,an increase of droughts and heatwaves means a loss of crop production and forest is cut down every second.
③Of course,just because young people are now readily armed with statistics doesnt mean all adults will eagerly listen to them. Many write off young activists simply due to their age,and others still arent willing to see the environmental challenges we face, but that doesnt mean a diligence cant be made.
...
细读第二段，不难发掘第二段中But,its not just online research that exposes the truth,and its not a distant threat either.这一句是一句过渡句，前半句总结了前半段的内容：青年人在网上能够接触到非常多关于地球环境变差的信息，后半句引出气候变化就在咱们身边。经过分析这一句过渡句，考生会发掘，其实这整一段都是在讲青年人容易接触到气候问题。
解答这一段落大意题，考生还可从第三段段首的第1句入手，这一句在语意上亦是个过渡句，其中just because young people are now readily armed with statistics是对第二段的总结，而doesnt mean all adults will eagerly listen to them这一部分引出了下文。因此，要概括第二段的段落大意，考生可利用这一过渡句的前半部分，容易得出答案D。
（三）、关注表现规律关系的词，把握段落行文走向。
作者在写一个段落时，为了更清晰地表达自己的观点，常常会运用有些表现规律关系的词。如and, also, or, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way,that is to say等暗示并列关系；…and so…; another important factor/reason…; as consequence; as a result; in consequence;because; consequently; for the reason that; for the same reason; for; hence;therefore; thus等暗示因果关系；yet; but; unless; despite that; in spite of; though; although; even though; however;  regardless of等暗示转折关系；in one word; in brief; in short; in summary; on the whole; in conclusion; the conclusion can be safely drawn that…; to conclude; to sum up; summing up;all in all等暗示转折关系，这儿仅例举几种平常的规律关系。在进行段落归纳时，考生要有认识地去寻找这些表现规律关系的词，利用这些词理顺段落背面的规律，从而抓住段落的中心意思。如2022年新高考I卷第34题：
What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
以下是第五段的内容：
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
在这一段的第1句中，有一个表现并列关系的also，结合全部第1句，考生马上就能得出这一段作者为科研成果又供给了一个证据，故该题选A。
（四）、熟练写作手法，化繁为简。
英语高考阅读理解所选的语篇大大都是说明文，尤其是D篇。而说明文经常会运用举例子、下定义、列数字、引用等写作手法。这些写作手法，在段落中重点起到辅助功效。考生在阅读时，如遇到这些写作手法，可大胆地把运用这些写作手法的语句去掉，把段落化繁为简，从而便于概括段落大意。如以下段落大意题：
What is this paragraph mainly about?
A. ChatGPT’s output can be compared with undergraduate work.
B. ChatGPT could threaten lower-end jobs potentially.
C. It explains what artificial general intelligence is.
D. It illustrates that ChatGPT is limited to a specific set of tasks.
①While ChatGPT is not infallible,Oxfords wooldridge compares its output to well-written undergraduate work. ②For example, when askedwhat is a “tificial general intelligence” the chatbot responds,“It refers to a type of artificial intelligence that is capable of understanding or learning any intellectual task that a human being can.In other words AGI is a type of AI that is able to perform any cognitive function that a human being can, rather than being limited to a specific set of tasks.” ③This level of output poses a threat to those at the lower end of the employment market. ④According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), around 1.5 million jobs nationwide can be automated away, with those at greatest risk including restaurant waiters.
在以上段落中，②所在句子是一个例子，④是引用，因此考生在概括此段时，可把这两句去掉，全部长段就可简化为如下：
While ChatGPT is not infallible,Oxfords wooldridge compares its output to well-written undergraduate work.This level of output poses a threat to those at the lower end of the employment market.
这般，这段的大意就呼之欲出了。它重点讲了ChatGPT高水平的输出能力对雇用市场的底层劳动者构成为了威胁，因此该题选B。
（五）、寻找高频词，圈定段落中心。
文案的每一个段落都是围绕一个中心展开的，因此作者难免会在同一个段落中运用表现这个中心的同一个词或同一个意思的区别的词，咱们把这般的词叫高频词。考生在做阅读大意题时，可圈出这类词，从而定位主旨大意。如2021新高考I卷中的第35题：
What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A. Its appeal to the public.B. Expectations for future studies.
C. Its practical application.D. Scientists with new perspectives.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hopethat in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
在这一段中，作者运用了两个hope，一个作动词用，还有一个是作名词用，但都暗示期盼的意思。可见，这一段表达了作者的期望，因此该题选B。
又如本文第二条中的例子（如下），咱们亦能够经过找高频词的办法来解答。在这一段中have easy access to, accessible, easily shared between peers, not a distant threat, aroud us等词都是围绕easy exposure展开的。
With the rise of social media in recent years, young people around the globehave easy access to surprising information about how were currently failing to look after the Earth. Websites such as YouTube provideaccessible coverage on ecological matters and links to new scientific information are easily shared between peers. But,its not just online research that exposes the truth,and its not a distant threat either.Climate change is around us.Our oceans are 30 percent more acidic (酸性的) due to carbon pollution,an increase of droughts and heatwaves means a loss of crop production and forest is cut down every second.
以上是破解英语阅读段落大意的五个常用办法。考生在解题时可按照详细的语段内容，选取相应的解题办法。需要指出的是，有时，一个语段能够用多种办法来解，从多个维度来思虑。
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我的教育心得：谈阅读理解段落大意题破解之法